Inkulumo ethi "u-Stolypin's tie": kusho ukuthini?

UPyotr Stolypin wayengumuntu wesifundazwe, oguquguqukayo omkhulu. Wazalelwa ngo-1862 eDresden, wafa eKiev, ngo-1911. Ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, uStolinpin wayephethe izikhala ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, wayengumbusi wesifunda sezobukhulu baseKovno, ababusi baseSaratov nabakwaGrodno, oyinhloko-nkulu kanye nongqongqoshe wezepolitiki yangaphakathi.

Brief biography

Emlandweni waseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iStolypin yaziwa njengomuntu ongu-state and reformer. Indima yawo yayibaluleke kakhulu ekucindezelweni kwezinkinga zika 1905-1907. Ngo-1906, uNicholas II wamnika isikhundla sikaNgqongqoshe Wezinqubomgomo Zangaphakathi. Isikhathi esithile emva kwalokhu, uHulumeni kanye noDuma State womhlangano wokuqala baqedwa. U-Stolypin naye wabekwa uNgqongqoshe. Ngenkathi esesimweni sakhe esisha, esabambelele waze wafa, wabamba izikweletu eziningana. Emlandweni, le nkathi ibhalwa njengenguquko yezolimo. Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwezinguquko kwakungeniswa kwendawo yangasese ehlelwe yilabo abalimi. Umthetho otholwe emakhotho asezempi uye waqinisa izinhlawulo zobugebengu obukhulu. Ngokulandelayo, uStolin wayegxeka ngenxa yalokhu kuqina. Phakathi kweminye imicimbi eyenziwa yiNdunankulu, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukwethulwa kwezemstvo ezifundazweni ezisentshonalanga, ukuvinjelwa kokuzimela kwe-Grand Duchy yaseFinland, ukuchithwa kwe-Duma yesibili, ukuguqulwa komthetho wokhetho. Zonke lezi zinguquko zanikele ekuqedeni kwezimpikiswano zika 1905-1907. Ngomsebenzi wePyotr Arkadevich emabintana amabili ahlanganisiwe, ayenziwe yimaphiko: "U-Stolypin's tie" ne "Stolypin wagon". Ngokusho kwababhali-mlando, lezi zinkulumo ezimbili zishaya indiza igama le-reformer. Ake sibone ukuthi yini ebangela lo mbono.

"Isibopho sikaStolypin"

Le nkulumo enamaphiko okwesikhathi eside idalulwe igama lomuntu omkhulu waseRussia. UPetr Arkadevich wahluke emakhono akhe e-oratorical. Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa kaningi emihlanganweni ye-Duma. Omunye wabo wabonakala inkulumo ethi "u-Stolypin's tie". Unyaka okwenzeke ngawo ngo-1907. Umhlangano wabanjwa ngoNovemba 17 (ngokusho kwesihloko esidala). Umlobi wegama elithi "Stolypin tie" (isithombe se-reformer sinikezwe esihlokweni) - Fedor Rodichev. Le cadet edumile yabe isukuma kudoti. Ukuqala kwenkulumo yakhe kwabangela ukuthukuthela phakathi kwamaphini. Eqhubeka nenkulumo yakhe, uRochechev wayelahlekelwa yinkinga yakhe. Futhi ngothando lwakhe wakhumbula inkulumo ethi "ikolishi likaMuravyov" nguPurishkevich. Kwakungenxa yemisebenzi kaGeneral Muraviev, ehlobene nokuxoshwa kovuko lwasePoland ngo-1863. Ngokombiko womhlangano, uRochechev waqhubeka wathi: "Okuthiwa yi-collar Muravyov kuyobizwa kamuva ngokuthi" u-Stolypin's tie. "Incazelo ehlinzekwa nguRochechev isikisela intambo yomthi.

Ukusabela kwamaphini

Intukuthelo entsha yentukuthelo idabula egumbini ngokushesha. AmaDepu yonke indawo amemeza ukuthi kwakungenangqondo futhi engathembeki ukuhlambalaza omele umbusi. Kwase kuthi abanye babo baya enkundleni bese bezama ukumphoqa uRochechev ukuba athathe kuyo. Abaphathi babenemibono nemibono ehlukene yezombangazwe . Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu, bonke babonisa isimo sengqondo sabo esibi kakhulu kulo mcimbi. Inkulumo yeCadet yagxeka uPurishkevich ngokwakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, umhlangano weDuma waphazamiseka. Ekumemeza kokuqala uStolin obala futhi okhathazekile ushiye ekamelweni. Usihlalo weDuma Khomyakov kanye nezikhonzi zamulandela.

"Isehlakalo siphelile"

U-Stolypin, njengenkosikazi, ngesikhathi sokuphumula wadlulisa inselele ye-cadet ku-duel. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthola izindaba, uRochechev wagijima waya ePyotr Arkadevich futhi phambi kofakazi abaningana waxolisa, esephendukile ngesenzo sakhe. U-Stolypin waxolela i-Cadet. Lesi senzakalo siphelile. Izindaba zokuthethelela kukaRochechev ngokushesha zisakazezezela abaphathi, ziletha ukuthula kubantu. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kofakazi bokuzibonela, ngemva kwalesi sigameko, uStolpin akazange aphinde asonge isandla sikaRochechev. U-State Duma wathatha izinyathelo ngokushesha. Ngokuba inkulumo yakhe ethi "Stolypin tie" uRochechev isusiwe emihlanganweni engu-15.

"Inganekwane YeReformer"

Lesi sigameko singahlala siyingxenye yendaba. Noma kunjalo, inganekwane yaqala ukuphila impilo yayo. I-Bolsheviks efaka igama elithi "Stolypin tie" lisho ukujeziswa kwabantu abangenacala yizinqumo zezinkantolo zamasosha, amandla abo anikezwe yi-reformer. Kwesinye sezihloko zakhe, uLenin wabhala ngoPyotr Arkadyevich ngokuthi "u-hanger-hanger no-policromist, ozilungiselele ukuthunyelwa kwezikhundla ngokuhlukunyezwa kwabalimi."

Umlando oqhubekayo

Ngokungangabazeki, amaBolshevik akakwazanga ukuthethelela iStolpin ukwamukelwa komthetho ezinkantolo zamasosha ezazama ukucima amalangabi omfutho, ukuyeka ukuphanga nokuhlukunyezwa kwenguquko ye-1905-1907. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko zihlehlise ukuqala kokuvukela kuka-1917. Ngaphansi kwamandla amaSoviet, inkolelo-ze yazulazula kusuka encwadini eyodwa yomlando kuya kwenye. Inkulumo ethi "u-Stolypin's tie" ngaphansi kwethonya lombuso wamaKhomanisi sekube ilebula. Ngesinye isikhathi umsebenzi wonke wokuguqula uPeter Arkadievich wancishiswa kuphela kule nkulumo. Kule fomu, inkulumo ethi "u-Stolypin's tie", eqinisweni, iye yasinda nanamuhla.

I-Socotravel

Ngokwenhlolovo, kwelinye lamanethiwekhi omphakathi kuphela 22% kwabaphenduli bewazi umlando wangempela wokuvela kwegama elithi "Stolypin tie". Amaphesenti angu-9 kwabaphendulile acabange ukuthi le fomu yabonisa ukuthukuthela kwabantu mayelana nokuphindaphindiwe, ukubulawa kanye nokuhlolwa kwezindawo "zokuguqula". Abangu-9% abaphendulile batjengisa umbono wokuthi kwakungumfashini ngaleso sikhathi esiboshiwe iStolpin. Cishe abangaba ngu-49% abaphendulile babe nomuzwa wokuthi ngaleyo ndlela i-reformer yaqinisa inzwa emaphethelweni.

"Stolypin Wagon"

Lena enye inganekwane, ngokuqhubekayo ilandela igama le-reformer. Phakathi nemisebenzi yakhe iStolpin yaqaphela kakhulu izindawo ezisempumalanga zoMbuso. Ekhuluma ngo-1908, ngo-Mashi 31, ku-State Duma emhlanganweni mayelana nokukwazi ukwakha isitimela ku-Amur, wathi isibonakaliso seRussia yi -ukhozi ephethe izinhloko ezimbili. Ubheka empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Ekhuluma ngokuthi izinyoni eziphezu kwezinkanyezi nazo zinamandla, uStolpin, Nokho, waphawula ukuthi uma ikhanda elilodwa liqedwa, ukhozi ophezu kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ngeke lube namandla, luzophuma nje. Kanye nomphathi oyinhloko wokuphathwa komhlaba nokulima, uKrivoshein, uPeter Arkadevich ngo-1910 wenza uhambo lokuhlola eVolga naseNtshonalanga Siberia.

Inqubomgomo yokuguqula isimo

Imisebenzi kaStolypin maqondana neSiberia yayikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwabalimi basezindaweni zaseYurophu zezwe kuya ezindaweni zayo zamahhala. Le nqubomgomo yayiyingxenye yezinguquko zezolimo. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-3 bathuthela eSiberia. Izindawo zokuhlala ezingaphezu kuka-3 400 zasungulwa e-Altai Territory ngesikhathi sezinguquko. Bahlala abantu abangaphezu kuka-600 000, okwakungaba ngu-22% wabakhile besifunda sonke. Abahlali-abahlala ezweni baletha ukusabalalisa mayelana nezigidi ezingu-3.4 zezizwe ezingenamhlaba.

Ukuthuthwa kwabalimi

Ngo-1910 kwakhiwe amakhansela akhethekile kwabokufika. Behluke kunabo abajwayelekile. Umehluko wawuyingxenye yemoto eyayivinjelwe ngokuphelele. Kwakuhloswe ukuthutha ukuqoqwa kwemfuyo kanye nemfuyo. Kamuva, lapho kufika amandla aseSoviet, ama-grilles afakwa kumafasitela. Izinqola zaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukuthunyelwa ngokuphoqelelwa kokulala nezinye "izakhi eziphikisanayo" nase- Asia Ephakathi naseSiberia.

Umbono kaSolzhenitsyn

Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Gulag Archipelago" umbhali uchaza umlando wokubukeka kwezimoto ezinjalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uSolzhenitsyn ungumlingisi waseStolypin. Evikela umguqukisi, ezincwadini zakhe wazama ukulungisa izinkolelo ezikhona eziphathelene negama likaPeter Arkadevich. Njengengxenye yegama elithi "Stolypinsky" umbhali uhlongoze imoto "Stalinist". Ngakho-ke, kukhona incazelo engalungile yezinhloso ezinhle ze-reformer. Kodwa-ke, uma uStolin engase abize i-duel kaRochechev ngokuthuka, akakwazanga ukuyeka leli manga.

Ekuphethweni

Abacwaningi, abakhuluma iStolin, bekhuluma ngenhlonipho ethile ngokungahloniphi kwakhe. I-reformer yayilungiselelwe futhi yonke imisebenzi yayo, kwenziwa imizamo eyishumi nanye. Ukugcina kwabo kwenzeka eKiev. Esikhathini sokudutshulwa kwesibhamu sikaDmitry Bagrov. Phakathi nalolu mzamo, uStolin wamukelwa isilonda sokufa. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, uPyotr Arkadevich wafa. Umsebenzi waseStolin wawubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umbuso. Izinguquko zakhe ziye zaba umlando njengenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu. Imishwana eminingi iStolin, ekhulunywa ngaye emihlanganweni yeDuma, yaba nephiko.