Iyini iMinyaka Ephakathi, iyini le nkathi? Izinkathi Ephakathi: incazelo, isikhathi sesikhathi kanye nokwenziwa kwesikhathi

"I-Middle Ages" igama lihlelwe isikhathi eside kakhulu kunesikhathi esibekiwe. Yethulwa ekuqaleni, ukuze inqume isikhathi sokuvinjelwa okuqinile kuyo yonke into ehlotshaniswa ne-Antiquity. Lesi yisikhathi esilandela ukuwohloka koMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma, futhi saqhubeka saze safika ekubuyiseleni, lapho isithakazelo eRoma lasendulo naseGrisi saphela ngamandla.

Izikhathi ezihleliwe ziyashintshashintsha

Ilinganiselwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-6 leminyaka le-16, futhi le minyaka leminyaka ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iMinyaka Ephakathi. Kodwa, yiqiniso, isikhathi esiqondile sama-Middle Ages asungulwa. Kunemiqondo eminingi. Kubizwa nangokuthi ukuphela kwekhulu le-17, emva kokuwa kukaConstantinople ngo-1453 (omunye wemingcele yokuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi), izenzakalo ze-epochal zalandelwa emva kokunye, zanikeza inkululeko eningi kubantu. Futhi ngamunye wabo eqenjini elithile lezazi-mlando likhonza njengosuku lokuphela "kwezikhathi ezimnyama," nakuba leli gama lifaneleka kakhulu kuma-Middle Ages Aphakathi NamaKhakathi. Izinsuku zezinsuku zokuqala zihlanganisa ukutholakala kweMelika (1492) nokuqala kweNguquko (umzabalazo wokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kweSonto LamaKatolika), ewela ngo-1517. Kwabe sekulandela i-Revolution yesiNgisi, ekupheleni kwempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ukuphetha kokuthula kweWestphalia nokulingana kwamalungelo amaKatolika namaProthestani. Futhi yilowo nalowo kulezi zenzakalo ezijabulisayo eYurophu kubhekwa yi-Modivists ngangokunokwenzeka izikhathi zokugcina zama-Middle Ages.

Izikole ezahlukene - imibono ehlukile

Abameleli be-modewistics bafunde ngokuyinhloko umlando wama-Middle Ages aseYurophu, futhi empeleni izenzakalo ezifanayo zenzeka eRussia, futhi nakakhulu, e-Asia, e-Afrika, eMelika esanda kutholakala. Phakathi kwezazi ezikhona abasekeli beMinyaka Ephakathi. Ezingqinisweni zabo, zisekelwe emininingwaneni ephelele kakhulu mayelana nezinguquko ezinkulu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi wesintu ngokuphelele. Ukuqala kwezikhathi zanamuhla bacabangela ukuqala kwe-Great French Revolution. Asikho isivumelwano phakathi nokuqala kwalesi sikhathi. Ku-"History of Humanity" - i-encyclopedic edition ye-UNESCO - umngcele ophakathi kwezwe lasendulo ne-Middle Ages uhlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokuvela kwamaSulumane. Ngokusobala, wonke ososayensi unelungelo lokubona kwakhe.

Umqondo ojulile

Ngakho-ke yikuphi "Izinkathi Ephakathi"? Kuyinto, ngamazinga omlando wesintu, isikhathi esifushane, esasihlanganisa okuningi. Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi zaziguqulwa, izinkolo ezintsha namazwe ayevela, amazwekazi avuleka futhi ososayensi abahlakaniphile bazalwa abaguqula umbono wezwe nesayensi yonke, kwaba khona "ukufuduka kwabantu okukhulu". Ngokusobala, umqondo onjalo onguchwepheshe kufanele ubhekwe ezindizeni ezahlukene. Ngempela, kunikezwa ukuthi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yayiyizihlukumezi, kanjani ukukhwabanisa ngesikhuthazo ngisho nokuphikisana, khona-ke ukuphela kwalesi sikhathi kufanele kuthathwe njengokulingana kwamalungelo abamele amakholwa ahlukene, hhayi ukubonakala kobuciko bezinkolelo zokuvuselela kabusha.

Abazalwane bakaGemini

Iyini iMinyaka Ephakathi? Ngokufushane kufana nalokhu - isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komlando phakathi kwe-Antiquity (i-Ancient World) ne-New Time. Yenye indaba lapho i-Antiquity iphela khona, futhi i-New Times iqala. Isigaba ngasinye somlando sihambisana nokwakheka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho: i-Antiquity - uhlelo lwesigqila, i-Middle Ages - feudal, Isikhathi esisha - isazi-capitalist. Izikhathi zama-Middle Ages emazweni aseYurophu, futhi hhayi nje kuphela, zihambisana ngokugcwele ngokuphelele, kodwa, ngokwesibonelo, eRussia izidumbu zayo zabhujiswa kuphela ngo-Okthoba 1917. Kwamanye amazwe, izenzakalo ezishintshayo zama-feudalism azizange zincotshwe kuze kube manje. Futhi mayelana neYurophu, imibono yabacwaningi ihlukahluka. Kuthiwa ukuthi isikhathi eside imiphakathi yasendulo yayinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, futhi kuzo zonke izigaba. Ngokusobala, kwakuyiqiniso, ngoba ushintsho lwamafomu aluhambanga ngomyalo.

Umsuka womqondo

I-version evamile iwukuthi ukuqala, ukubusa kanye nokwahlukana kwezinto zobufebe kuyi -Epoch of the Middle Ages. Futhi leli gama laziswa ngabantu base-Italy (isibonelo, Flavio Biondo), owaqondisa imizamo emikhulu yokuvuselela isiLatini yesiGreki. Babika isikhathi esandulela isikhathi sabo futhi bahlukana nabo esikhathini esidala abakhulekelwa yibo, inkulumo ephakathi ae aevum, ezwakala ngokuthi "me im ayuim", okusho ukuthi "yobudala obuphakathi". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-Middle Ages afushane kangakanani uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhona kwezwe lasendulo, izikhathi zalo ezihlukene zavezwa izici ezihlukile, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuhlaziywa kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Isidingo sokwenza isikhathi

Imele ukuhlukaniswa kwekhulu le-12 leminyaka yengxenye yomlando ibe yizikhathi ezintathu eziyinhloko. Owokuqala ubhekisela esikhathini eselulekile kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesihlanu kuya phakathi kwe-XI, futhi kuthiwa yi-Middle Ages. Ama-classical, noma ama- Middle Ages aphezulu, afika ngokushesha ngemuva kwesigaba esedlule (i-XI leminyaka) futhi aphela ngekhulu le-XIV. Kamuva, i-Middle Ages yokugcina, ibizwa nangokuthi i-Early Time Time. Isikhathi salo sangekhulu le-14 le-16. I-historiography yekhulu lama-20 ishintshile kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya lesikole saseFrance, esakhiwe emaphepheni omagazini ethi "Annals", okwathi ngemva kwalokho saqanjwa. Bafaka phambili umqondo "weMinyaka Ephakathi".

Izici ze-Early Middle Ages

Ukuqala kweNkathi Ephakathi kuhambisana nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwezizinda lapho kuvela khona impucuko yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Isici sesici se-Early Middle Ages yilona ukubunjwa kwezwe ensimini yaseNgilandi, eFrance, eSaxony naseRussia. Phakathi nale nkathi, ehlala njalo cishe emakhulu amahlanu, kwakukhona "ukufuduka kwabantu okukhulu", ngokususelwa ekuhlaselweni kwamaHuns ase-Asia kuya eMpumalanga Yurophu, okuyinto eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma. Abantu abacindezelwa yi-Huns bahamba ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseGaul, eSpain, e-Italy naseDacia. Esinye isici esivela kule nkathi yomlando yikuguquka kusuka ebuhedeni kuya enkolweni yobuKristu, okwenzeka ngaphansi kweSonto LamaRoma Katolika, okubambe iqhaza kulokhu kulukhuni ukugcizelela.

Umbuso wamaFranks

I-Middle Ages ukubusa kwesonto. Kwakuwumgogodla wezwe lonke lempumalanga, lahlanganisa izizwe ezizungeze lona, futhi libuye libheke phambili emphakathini. Ubuhlobo obusha bokukhiqiza bubekwa-ubuholi bemvelo buvela, ngokusekelwe ekubusweni kwempahla emikhulu ehlala kuyo. Akunakwenzeka ukushiwo ukuvela kule nkathi yesifunda samaFranks, owabusa ubukhosi baseCarolingians, omelele wakhe, uCharlemagne, izindawo ezihlangene ezifinyelela ngosayizi endaweni ehlala eMbusweni WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma. Londoloza futhi lo mbuso uhlulekile. Ngama-Middle Ages asekuqaleni, ukuhlukahluka kwemingcele yezifunda ezikhulayo kuyisici. Konke kusetshenziselwa ukwakheka nokubunjwa. Ezinye izitayela zokubhala ziqala ukuthuthukisa - i-Middle Ages yaba yisikhathi segolide sokuphakama kwe-Heroic epos. Ngokuvamile, "i-Middle Ages" yi-Lay of Igor's Host "nesiNgisi esithi" Ingoma kaRoland ", iSpanishi" Inkondlo Ngecala "kanye nesiNgisi esithi" Ingoma yamaNibelungs ". Ngakho izikhathi zazingekho "mnyama".

Izimpi nokuncintisana njengezinjini zentuthuko

Leli gama lesigaba esilandelayo - "phezulu", "classical", "ekhulile" Ephakathi Ephakathi - kubonisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, konke okwaqala ngesikhathi sangaphambilini sekuphelile futhi kwafinyelela phezulu (kwaba yikhiqiza kakhulu). Ekugcineni kwakhiwa ubudlelwane bobuciko, amandla asemandleni amakhulu, awakhiwa ubukhosi-obumele (lapho ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kuthatha abahlanganyeli emakilasini ahlukene). Le nkathi yayinezici zayo kuphela - ziqala ukuveza amaphalamende namaqembu ezombangazwe. Awuhambisani nalesi sici sesikhathi kanye namaphutha egazi. Impi ye-Dynastic ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose eyathatha ingxenye yesigamu yabantu bezwe, lapho ingxenye yabantu abazinikele kubamele beGeneragenet-Lancaster, yabulala abasekeli baseYork, okungukuthi, iBrithani yabhubhisa iBrithani. Esinye isici esihlukanisayo salesi sikhathi yizimpikiswano ezidlalayo, isibonelo, uJohn Ball noTy Tyler eNgilandi.

Amagugu okwakhiwa kwesikhashana

Iyini iMinyaka Ephakathi? Lena yakhiwo enkulu, ehlanganisa ngokwayo izitayela ezingu-4 - "uCaroling Renaissance" (okuthiwa ubukhosi obubusayo esifundazweni saseFrankish), ubuciko base-Ottonian (emva kommeli wobukhosi bukaSaxon o-Otton I the Great), izitayela ze-Romanesque nezamaGothic. Izimbali zamuva, ezivela eFrance ngekhulu le-XII, zenzeke ngesikhathi seMinyaka Ephakathi. Yonke yeYurophu izibonelo ezimangalisayo zalezi zindlela zokwakha. Futhi "Gothic" - lokhu ngokuvamile umhlobiso waseYurophu, ibhizinesi layo lebhizinisi. I-Cologne Cathedral (1248-1437), i-Notre-Dame de Paris (1163-1437), amasonto amaGothic namasonto asePrague - angafaniswa nobuhle obungenakuqondakala. Akulona okungenani aphansi kunomsebenzi we-Renaissance.

Ama-horror we-Middle Ages adidekile

Iyini iMinyaka Ephakathi? Le Njala Enkulu, isifo sobunzima, noma i-Black Death, yi-Inquisition, amabutho abulala igazi kanye noJacqueria - ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwamazwe aseFrance (ama-Jacques-simpletons) ngo-1358. Kodwa-ke, ama-Middle Ages asekupheleni abuye abizwe ngokuthi i-Early Time Time, okuwukuthi, ukukhula okusheshayo kwaqala kuzo zonke izindawo - amadolobha aqiniswa, imisebenzi yezandla zakhiwe, izakhiwo zazalwa, futhi ukuhweba kwakulokhu kukhula. Kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini, ezamasiko, zesayensi nezombusazwe eYurophu. I-Papacy iyahla, i-Pivot ye-Middle Ages. Ukuguqulwa kwama-formations kwakulungiswa yizimpikiswano zomphakathi ophansi, ongakaze ube khona kulolu suku ngobukhulu namandla, iNetherlands evukela kanye neMpi Elikhulu Lamazwe aseJalimane.

Ukuqonda kwendabuko

Esikhathini sethu ukubuyekezwa kweNkathi Ephakathi kunqunywa ukucabangela izici zezwe ngalinye, kodwa futhi ngokuqaphela ukuthi inqubo eyodwa noma enye le nqubo yomlando ibonakala kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ayikho isikhathi esithile esithile. Ikhulu le-XVII - isikhathi lapho ubudlelwane be-feudal buphuma khona, futhi kuqala ukuzalwa kwe-capitalist.

Kodwa kwakuyizinhlekelele ezenzeka ekhulwini le-15 leminyaka-indlala, izifo ezimbi, ukuhlukunyezwa kweNkantolo Yamacala Ezibucayi, ukudala isithombe esicasulayo, njengokungathi sisebhisini likaHeronymus Bosch, futhi sasihambisana neNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, kaningi ngaphansi kwencazelo ye-Middle Ages akuyona imisebenzi enhle yezincwadi nezakhiwo, ukutholakala Okukhulu, nemililo eyashisa abantu abaphikisayo, kuhlanganise noGiordano Bruno, imaski embi emhlophe enezinyosi, lapho odokotela bahamba khona emigwaqweni engcolile yamadolobha. Ngaleso sikhathi abaseYurophu abazange bazigeze ngisho. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside igama elithi "eliphakathi" lizofana nemigomo enjengokuthi "dense", "emuva", "downtrodden".