Amasiko emazwe angama-caliphate: izici nomlando. Umnikelo we-Caliphate yama-Arabhu kuya kwi-World Culture

Isikhathi lapho izwe lamaSulumane lalibuswa yi-Caliphate, libizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Age yamaSulumane. Le nkathi yaqala kusukela ku-VIII kuya ku-XIII leminyaka AD. Kwaqala ngokuvulwa kweNdlu Yokuhlakanipha eBaghdad. Lapho, ososayensi abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba bafuna ukuqoqa konke okwakutholakala ngaleso sikhathi ulwazi futhi bahumushe ngesi-Arabhu. Isiko lamazwe oCalphate ngalesi sikhathi sabhekana nokuthuthuka okungakaze kube khona. I-Golden Age yaphela ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kweMongol nokuwa kweBaghdad ngo-1258.

Izimbangela zokuthola amasiko

Ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, isakhi esisha, iphepha, langena kusuka eChina laya ezindaweni ezahlala ama-Arabhu. Kwakungabizi kakhulu futhi kulula ukwakhiwa kunesikhumba, okulula kakhulu futhi okuqinile kune-papyrus. Ibuye ilandise kangcono inkinobho, okwenza kube lula ukwenza amakhophi wemibhalo yesandla ngokushesha. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwamabhuku wephepha kuye kwaba kubiza kakhulu futhi okungabizi kakhulu.

Isizukulwane esilandelayo se-Caliphate, Abbasids, sisekela ukuqoqwa nokudluliswa kolwazi. Wayebhekisela kulokho okwakushiwo uMprofethi Muhammad, owathi: "Inki yososayensi ingcwele kakhulu kunegazi lomfel 'ukholo."

Isiko lamazwe we-Arab Caliphate asizange siphume emoyeni omncane. Kwakusekelwe ekuphumeleleni kwemiphakathi yasendulo. Imisebenzi eminingi yamandulo yakudala yahunyushwa ngesi-Arabhu nasePheresiya, futhi kamuva yaba isiTurkey, isiHebheru nesiLatini. Ama-Arabs ahlanganisiwe, aguqulelwe futhi anwetshiwe ulwazi oluvela emandulo, isiRoma, isiPheresiya, isiNdiya, isiShayina kanye nezinye izinto.

Isayensi nefilosofi

Isiko sobuKhalisa sasihlanganisa amasiko amaSulumane nemibono yabalingisi basendulo, ikakhulukazi u-Aristotle noPlato. Izincwadi zefilosofi zesi-Arabhu nazo zahunyushwa ngesiLatini, okufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yaseYurophu.

Ukuthembela kwabandulela iziGreki ezifana no-Euclid no-Archimedes, izazi zezibalo ze-Caliphate kuqala zahlela ukuhlolwa kwe-algebra. Ama-Arabs azisa amaYurophu ezinombolweni zaseNdiya, uhlelo lwezingxenye zamadayimali.

Emzini waseMoroccan kaFez ngo-859 eyunivesithi yasungulwa. Kamuva izikhungo ezinjalo zavulwa eCairo naseBaghdad. Emayunivesithi, imfundiso yenkolo, umthetho kanye nomlando wamaSulumane bafundiswa. Isiko lamazwe obuKhalisa sasivulekele ithonya langaphandle. Phakathi kwabafundisi nabafundi kwakungewona kuphela ama-Arabhu, kodwa nabangaphandle, kuhlanganise nabangewona amaSulumane.

Imithi

Esikhathini sekhulu le-IX ensimini yeCaliphate yaqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemithi, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesayensi. Abacwaningi ngalesi sikhathi, u-Ar-Razi no-Ibn Sina (u-Avicenna) bahlela ulwazi lwanamuhla mayelana nokwelashwa kwezifo futhi bawahambisa ezincwadini kamuva ezaziwa kabanzi eYurophu ephakathi. Ngenxa yama-Arabhu, izwe lamaKristu laphinde lathola odokotela bamaGreki baseGreek uHippocrates noGalen.

Isiko lamazwe oCalphate ahlanganisa amasiko wokusiza abampofu ngokusekelwe emithethweni yamaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, emadolobheni amakhulu, kwakunezibhedlela ezikhululekile ezanikeza usizo kuzo zonke iziguli ezaziphendukela kuzo. Babexhaswe ngemali yezenkolo - abashayeli. Emkhakheni we-Caliphate wabonakala izikhungo zokuqala zomhlaba zokunakekela abagulayo.

Ubuciko obuhle

Izici zenkambiso ye-Caliphate yama-Arab babonakala ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko bokuhlobisa. Imihlobiso yobuSulumane ayikwazi ukudideka ngamasampula obuciko obuhle bezinye imiphakathi. Amaphepathi, izingubo, ifenisha, izitsha, izakhiwo zangaphandle kanye namakamelo angaphakathi angaphansi kwezakhiwo zazihlotshiswe ngamaphethini abalingiswa.

Ukusetshenziswa komhlobiso kuhlotshaniswa nokuvinjelwa kwenkolo esimfanekisweni sezidalwa eziphilayo. Kodwa kwakungalandelwa njalo njalo. Emifanekisweni yezincwadi, izithombe zabantu zazisakazwa kabanzi. Futhi ePersia, eyayiyingxenye ye-Caliphate, i-frescos efanayo eqoshwe ezindongeni zezakhiwo.

Izinto ezenziwe ngeglasi

IGibhithe neSiriya, ngisho nasendulo, kwakuyizikhungo zokukhiqiza ingilazi. Engxenyeni ye-Caliphate, lolu hlobo lobuciko lwalondolozwe futhi luthuthukisiwe. Esikhathini sama- Middle Ages zakuqala, ingilazi engcono kakhulu emhlabeni yakhiqizwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi nasePheresiya. Isiko eliphakeme kunazo zonke lobuchwepheshe lobuCalphate laziswa amaNtaliyane. Kamuva amaVentians, esebenzisa isipiliyoni sabamakhosi bamaSulumane, adala imboni yabo yeglasi.

I-Calligraphy

Isiko se-Arab Caliphate sigcwele ukuzama ukuphelela nobuhle bemibhalo eqoshiwe. Imfundiso yenkolo echazwe kabili noma i-Excerpt ye-Quran yayisetshenziswa ezihlokweni ezihlukahlukene: izinhlamvu zemali, amathayili e-ceramic, i-metal grills, izindonga zezindlu, njll. Abafundisi ababeyazi ukuthi ubuciko be-calligraphy babenesikhundla esiphakeme emhlabeni wama-Arab kunabanye abaculi.

Izincwadi nezinkondlo

Esikhathini sokuqala, isiko lamazwe oCalphate lalibhekene nokugxila ezintweni ezingokwenkolo nesifiso sokuthwala izilimi zesifunda nge-Arabhu. Kodwa kamuva kwaba nenkululeko yezigaba eziningi zokuphila komphakathi. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kwaholela ekuvuseleleni izincwadi zasePheresiya.

Izinkondlo zaleso sikhathi zenzalo enkulu kakhulu. Amavesi atholakala cishe kuyo yonke incwadi yasePheresiya. Ngisho noma isebenza ngefilosofi, izinkanyezi noma izibalo. Isibonelo, cishe isigamu sombhalo wencwadi ka-Avicenna ngemithi ibhalwe evesini. Ama-panegyrics aqhubekile. Izinkondlo zama-Epic nazo zaqala. Okuphezulu kwalesi simo kuyinkondlo "Shahname".

Izindumiso ezidumile "Izinkulungwane nobusuku obunye" nazo zinomsuka wasePheresiya. Kodwa okokuqala baqoqwa encwadini eyodwa futhi babhalwa ngesi-Arabhu ngekhulu le-13 eBaghdad.

Izakhiwo

Isiko lamazwe obuKhalisa sakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lazo zombili imiphakathi yasendulo yangaphambi kweSulumane kanye nabantu abakhelene nama-Arabs. Okucacile ngokucacile lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubonakala ekuklanyeni. Izakhiwo zesitayela saseByzantium naseSyria ziyisici sokuqala kwezakhiwo zamaSulumane. Abadwebi nezakhiwo zokuhlobisa izakhiwo eziningi ezakhiwe ensimini ye-Caliphate kwakuyizihambi ezivela emazweni angamaKristu.

I-Mosque Omkhulu eDamaseku yakhiwa esakhiweni seBasilica likaJohane uMbhapathizi futhi cishe ngokuphindaphindiwe ifomu layo. Kodwa ngokushesha isitayela sezakhiwo zobuSulumane savela. I-Grand Mosque yaseQueirovan eTouis yaba yisibonelo kuzo zonke izakhiwo zenkolo zamaSulumane ezalandela. Inomumo wesigcawu futhi iqukethe i-minaret, igceke elikhulu elizungezwe yi-porticos, nehholo elikhulu lomthandazo elinemizi emibili.

Isiko lamazwe e-Arab Caliphate sasibikezele izici zesifunda. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zasePheresiya zazibhekwa ngamagceke afakwe amahhashi, okwakhiwa kwe-Ottoman - izakhiwo ezinezindlu eziningi, i-Maghrib - ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu.

I-Caliphate yayinezohwebo eziningi kanye nezibopho zezombusazwe namanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, isiko lakhe sathonya kakhulu abantu abaningi nemiphakathi.