Ithambo occipital kuyinto yabantu noma yezilwane skull: isithombe kanye nesakhiwo

Ithambo occipital Yekhanda, isithombe ukuthi okusesihlokweni esithi, ayibhangqiwe. Itholakala phansi ezingemuva ikhanda. Lo msuka kuyingcenye lwaleli futhi ehilelekile kumiswa base. Ngokuvamile esikoleni ukuzwa lo mbuzo: "ithambo occipital Yekhanda - flat noma ijabulise?" Ngokuvamile, zonke izakhi esiqinile ikhanda kukhona isakhiwo esisodwa. ithambo occipital, kanye nabanye, flat. Kuhlanganisa izakhi eziningana. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

ithambo occipital Yekhanda: Anatomy

Lo msuka ehlangene yesikhashana futhi parietal ngu sutures. Ithambo occipital Yekhanda kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezine. It has a umsuka cartilaginous futhi membranous. Ithambo occipital Yekhanda lesilwane kuhlanganisa:

1. Izikali.
2. Amabili condyle articular.
3. Umzimba.
4. Amabili inqubo jugular.

Phakathi uthe izingxenye kukhona imbobo enkulu. therethrough Thumela kwenzeka phakathi ngobuchopho umgogodla canal ingaphakathi. Human skull occipital ithambo sihambisane isici nhlonhlo kanye 1st vertebra wesibeletho. Kuhlanganisa:

1. Izikali.
2. Condyles (mass lateral).
3. Umzimba (basilar okuyingxenye).

Phakathi kwabo njengoba pore ezinkulu. Bona ingaphakathi cranial ixhunywe umsele umgogodla.

isikali

Kuyinto ipuleti ezimise spherically. Ngaphandle ubuso bayo kuyinto convex, futhi yangaphakathi - ngilugweda. Uma ucabangela isakhiwo wethambo occipital Yekhanda, kufanele uhlole isakhiwo plate. On ubuso bayo yangaphandle kukhona:

1. I protrusion (inion). It uvezwa uhlobo kokuphakama maphakathi esikalini. On palpation kahle ngokwanele ukuba azwakale.
2. endaweni occipital. It imelelwa izikali ingxenye engenhla projection.
3. Aphakeme kakhulu umugqa nuchal. It kumamenyu kuqala kuphawu oluphezulu INION umngcele.
4. umugqa phezulu Nuchal. It uyagijima ezingeni phakathi udebe lwangezansi kanti ohlangothini eliphakeme.
5. Iphuzu eliyinhloko. It yedlula onqenqemeni engenhla kanye imbobo occipital.

Ebusweni engaphakathi

Iqukethe:

1. kokuphakama Cruciform. Itholakala ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ugema kwangaphakathi futhi furrow le transverse futhi ephakeme itheku sagittal.
2. protrusion langaphakathi. Itholakala at kwalapho kuhlangana khona sinuses emithambo yegazi.
3. ridge langaphakathi.
4. Imisele, omunye sagittal futhi sinuses ezimbili transverse.
5. Opistion. Leli phuzu yobunikazi. It kulingana maphakathi emaphethelweni ezingemuva Magnum foramen.
6. Basion. Lokhu kwezimo noma imibandela ethile iphuzu elihambisana maphakathi umphetho waphambili Magnum foramen.

Ebusweni engaphakathi has a isikali nempumuzo, kubangelwa ukuma kanye nobuchopho ulwelwesi eduze nalokho.

mass lateral

Ngo Ukwakheka yabo iqukethe:

1. izinqubo Jugular. Ibeka imingcele ezindleleni kuvulwa igama elifanayo ezinhlangothini. Lezi zici sihambisana vertebral izinqubo transverse.
2. isiteshi Sublingual. Nendoda evela e-ecaleni kanye phambi Magnum foramen. Kuyinto samanje XII emsipheni.
3. ndima Condylar ngokufanele ngemuva condyle. Kuyinto samanje emissarnaya Vienna.
4. tubercle Jugular. Itholakala ngaphezu isiteshi of emsipheni hypoglossal.

umzimba

Limelela phambi. umzimba eziphezulu phambi ukuvunwa. It zihlukaniswa:

1. ebusweni Ngezansi. Kuyinto samanje pharyngeal tubercle, pharyngeal suture okunamathiselwe indawo.
2. Imigqa yangaphandle ezimbili (imiphetho). Basuke exhunywe kwi mbhoshongo timphawu yesikhashana.
3. Scat (ngaphandle phezulu). It ihlose kule ingaphakathi cranial.

I lateral ingxenye enamadwala inkatho phansi ukuhlukanisa itheku.

ukuhambisana

Ithambo occipital Yekhanda ixhuma kumila izakhi lwaleli. Kusebenza njengomnyombo ukuhlobana ikhanda nomgogodla. Njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, ngokucabangela ikhanda exhunywe kwi ilungu nhlonhlo bese ithambo occipital Yekhanda. Uhlobo kokubonisa - synchondrosis. Uxhumano yenziwa nge ebusweni phambi emzimbeni. Njengoba le parietal ithambo occipital okushiwo ngokuhlanganyela. Esikhundleni esiku uxhumano iphuzu itholakala. Ibizwa ngokuthi "lambda". Kwezinye izimo, lapho kutholwa amathambo interparietal. Kumiswa It is kusukela phezulu izikali ahlukaniswe kuwo ngumuntu umphetho transverse. Kusukela amathambo temporal of emalungeni skull occipital isici okushiwo:

1. Petro-jugular. inqubo Jugular sihambisane tenderloin kwegama ofanayo ithambo yesikhashana.
2. Petro-basilar. I lateral ingxenye isizinda ixhunywe isici petrous.
3. Occipital-mastoid. ingxenye Mastoid sihambisane yesikhashana ongaphakeme emuva indiza ilungu.

Nge-Atlanta phansi ebusweni ayizindunduma we condyles ixhunywe ingxenye ngilugweda we vertebra 1st entanyeni. kwakhiwa Kukhona ngokuhlanganyela uhlobo diarthrosis. Kuyo kukhona capsule, synovium, uqwanga.

Amaqoqo

Tiniketwe ngesimo ulwelwesi:

1. Front. Itholakala phakathi base esihlasela amathambo futhi igobela le Atlas.
2. Emuva. Le nqwaba sisalokhu phakathi izingxenye ezingemuva vertebra lokuqala entanyeni imbobo occipital. Ifakiwe ezinhlwini ebusweni ohambelana umsele umgogodla.
3. Lateral. Lokhu ulwelwesi uxhuma inqubo jugular of cross-vertebral.
4. Ikhava. Kuyinto ezinwetshiwe ezingemuva longitudinal we ulwelwesi ekufezeni phambi intuba enkulu. Le nqwaba ludlulele izakhi periosteum skull isizinda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona:

1. nemisipha Alar. Aya ingxenye lateral emgodini omkhulu.
2. izinyo umsipha. It Idlula inqubo vertebra 2nd entanyeni kuya onqenqemeni phambi imbobo enkulu.
3. aponeurosis okukha phezulu. It is exhunywe kwi elingenhla umugqa nuchal.
4. aponeurosis Deep. It is fixed ngesisekelo ithambo occipital.

imisipha

Bona bazihlanganise:

1. Occipital umugqa eliphakeme. Kukhona zigxilé epicranius esiswini.
2. Upper umugqa nuchal. Kukhona awashintsheki ibhande, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius kwemisipha. Endaweni efanayo kuba besigaxa esinqunyiwe kanye occipital imisipha.

Emgqeni ongezansi awashintsheki:

1. imisipha Direct ezingemuva ikhanda elincane. It unamathele inqubo spinous we vertebra 1st entanyeni.
2. iqonde Emuva enkulu. Basuke nasezinsikeni inqubo spinous we vertebra 2nd entanyeni.
3. imisipha etshekile engenhla ikhanda. It unamathele inqubo transverse the 2nd vertebra wesibeletho.

Brain (igobolondo kanzima) nezinzwa

Ekwenzeni imiphetho anemifantu transverse unamathele tentorium cerebelli. ubuchopho isikela omiswe isabelo saso labaqaphi elingemuva. Yena unamathele imiphetho anemifantu e aphakeme itheku sagittal. Falcula zigxilé Crest occipital kwangaphakathi. Through the foramen jugular kukhona namabhuzu imizwa:

1. Glossopharyngeal (IX).
2. Vagus (X).
3. Isandiso (XI). ukudlula Izimpande zakhe umgogodla ngokusebenzisa Magnum foramen.

On condyles level isiteshi ngokusebenzisa hypoglossal emsipheni umusi uya XII.

ukulimala

Isakhiwo ithambo occipital Yekhanda kangangokuthi kube kakhulu ekuthonyweni umonakalo lokukhanda. Noma kunjalo, kungaba ephelezelwa sina, kwezinye izimo, kuholele ekufeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ithambo occipital Yekhanda ivikela emsipheni optic. Futhi kungabangela umonakalo ekulahlekelweni okuphelele noma okuyingxenye lokubona.

zokulimala

I umonakalo ezilandelayo:

1. ukwa ecindezelekile wethambo occipital Yekhanda. Uvela umthelela mechanical ngento blunt. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ubuchopho ngokuvamile ewela iningi umthwalo.
2. umonakalo Comminuted. Kuyinto kokunikezwa kwe-elementi ubuqotho, kuhambisane kumiswa izingcezwana letingemasayizi lahlukene. Lokhu kungaholela ukulimala isakhiwo ingqondo.
3. ukwa Linear wethambo occipital Yekhanda. Liphinde limelele kokunikezwa kwe-elementi ubuqotho. Kulokhu, umonakalo uvame ukuhambisana waphuka nezinye amathambo, ukuxukuzeka nobuchopho contusion. ukuhlukumezeka radiograph okunjalo libukeka isiqeshana mncane. Ungixoxela ugebhezi, okungukuthi, amathambo akhe occipital.

umonakalo Kugcine ungachazwa ngokuthi izakhi ukufuduka isihlobo komunye nomunye - hhayi ningi than isentimitha. Lolu shintsho zingaba kungaqashelwa hhayi nganoma iyiphi indlela avele. ukulimala anjalo ngokuvamile iningi kwenzeka ezinganeni ngesikhathi sokudlala asebenzayo. Uma ingane lugujwa liwile ikhanda nesicanucanu, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela.

icala ekhethekile

Skull seyonakele, esithinta Magnum foramen. Kulokhu, zingabantu imizwa elimele kanye nobuchopho. Isithombe emitholampilo libhekene izimpawu bulbar. It kuhambisana iziyaluyalu amasistimu zokuphefumula futhi senhliziyo. Imiphumela ukulimala ezinjalo ziba zimbi kangangokuba zingenza. Lokhu kungaba ukuhlukumeza imisebenzi ethile yobuchopho, futhi osteoma amathambo entanyeni, ngisho nokufa.

TBI

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko ukulimala kobuchopho:

1. Abangele ukulimala ebuchosheni.
2. Ecindezela.
3. Ukulimala.

Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukuxukuzeka zihlanganisa yokufikelwa isimo isikhathi imizuzwana 30. kuze kube isigamu sehora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu waphawula isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, isiyezi, ubuhlungu ekhanda. Kungenzeka short-term inkumbulo ukulahlekelwa, ukucasuka, umsindo nokukhanya. Ngesikhathi umonakalo esifanayo ithambo occipital futhi ukuxukuzeka waphawula uphawu eziyinkimbinkimbi. ukulimala okuncane owabonakaliswa nokulahlekelwa ukwazi. Kungenzeka emifushane (imizuzu embalwa) noma zokugcina amahora ambalwa. Ngokuvamile imakwe ukukhubazeka unyakazise imisipha yobuso, inkulumo iziyaluyalu. Lapho ukulimala kobukhulu ngokulinganisela ephawulwe ukusabela okubi kwebafundzi, baphendukele ekukhanyeni, kukhona i-nystagmus - ukudikiza okungalindelekile esweni. Uma umonakalo ezinzima ukuze isisulu angawa izinsuku ezimbalwa equlekile. Kulokhu, kungase kwenzeke kokucindezelwa zobuchopho. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa hematoma. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, kokucindezelwa kungabangela edema, noma izinsalela. Lesi simo ngokuvamile kudinga ahlinzwe ngokushesha.

imiphumela

Ukulimala wethambo occipital kungabangela eyodwa emaceleni agnosia visuospatial. Lokhu odokotela isimo shayela ukwephula izinhlobo ezahlukene okuqonda. Isisulu, ngokukhethekile, abakwazi ukubona nokuqonda isikhala ukuthi okusele kwawo. Kwezinye izimo, abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ukulimala Yekhanda, okuyinto abazitholile, ungameli ingozi kuwo. Nokho, noma yikuphi ukulimala yayo, kungakhathaliseki kobukhulu isidingo sokuya esibhedlela. isimo Ayikho izimpawu proyavlyayayuscheesya kusaqalwa kungabangela nemiphumela emibi ngendlela efanayo.