Chemical isici ithini. Izakhiwo kanye isicelo tin

Ngalinye timphawu chemical ohlelweni gqwa, futhi lafunda kubo izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ahlukile. Sinenkosi izakhiwo eliyingqayizivele, futhi abaningi ekwenzeni umnikelo kwesithathu abalulekile ekuphileni komuntu futhi khona ngokuvamile. Ayikho ngaphandle futhi ithini chemical isici.

Kwethulwa abantu metal iphindela endulo. Lokhu isici chemical iye yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni impucuko womuntu kuze kube yilolu suku tin izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa kabanzi.

Tin emlandweni

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lo metal, esesikhundleni, njengoba abantu ngaphambili, ngisho ezinye izakhiwo imilingo ingatholakala emibhalweni yeBhayibheli. Ezibucayi nokwenza ngcono izimpilo tin ukudlalwa ngesikhathi "ithusi" ekhulwini. Ngaleso sikhathi, isikhathi eside kunazo zonke ingxubevange metal ukuthi wayenazo lo muntu wayesemdala lethusi, ke ingatholakala ngethusi ukwengeza tin chemical isici. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, le nto ikhiqizwa yonke into kusuka amathuluzi ziphethe amagugu okuhloba.

Ngemva kokutholakala property ingxubevange yensimbi-tin busetshenziswe, yebo, lapho isetshenziswa ukuba esikalini efanayo, kodwa zethusi, kanye nezinye Alloys abaningi bahileleke namuhla umuntu kule mboni, ubuchwepheshe kanye imithi, kanye nosawoti wensimbi, isib, ezifana chloride ithini, okuyinto etholwe ukusabela tin chlorine, lolu ketshezi amathumba at 112 degrees Celsius, kahle oncibilikayo emanzini, it yakha crystalline hydrates kanye intuthu emoyeni.

Elementi isikhundla Periodic Table

Chemical isici ithini (Igama Lesi'Latin stannum - «stannum" uphawu ebhaliwe Sn) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev kufanele ahlelwe olunezinombolo amahlanu esikhathini yesihlanu. Ingabe isotopes eziningana, ezivamile - the IKhompyuthaYami 120. Lokhu metal nalo subgroups eyinhloko iqembu lesithupha, kanye carbon, i-silicon germanium futhi Flerov. indawo yayo ubikezela izakhiwo amphoteric, ngokulinganayo tin nokungapheleli esakuzuza acid, kanti izici eziyisisekelo okuzokwenziwa ezichazwe ngezansi kabanzi.

The Periodic Table iqukethe atomic weight tin, okuyinto ilingana 118,69. ² ukucushwa electronic 5s 5p ² ukuthi ukubunjwa izinto ivumela metal eziyinkimbinkimbi ine isimo namachibi of +2 futhi +4, enika ama-electron kuma p-sublayer noma amane futhi s- futhi p- bethulula ngokuphelele olwelwesini lonke ezimbili kuphela.

Electronic isici isici

Ngokwe-idijithi kanambambili zama-athomu tin isikhala perinuclear yakhiwa ukhombe electron amahlanu, benza ahlelwe amazinga ezinhlanu, nakho ahlukaniselwe eziningi sublevels. Abokuqala ababili babe kuphela s- p-sub-amazinga, kanye kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu kukhona eqhekeza mithathu ku s-, p-, d-.

Cabanga sangaphandle electron ezingeni, njengoba kuyintando isakhiwo bese ugcwalisa electron ukunquma athomu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali. Esikhathini unexcited isimo isici liveza Valence amabili, kukhona shintsho excitation i-electron kusukela sublevel s-p esihlalweni singenamuntu sub-ungqimba (okungase nesibalo esiphezulu zezinto ezintathu electron ayibhangqiwe). Kulokhu, ithini has a isimo Valence namachibi - 4, kusukela electron kungekho abhanqiwe, futhi kungakho ngokuhamba nokuxhumana chemical ku sublevels zabo akukho okubambe.

Simple izidakamizwa zensimbi izakhiwo zalo

Simple izidakamizwa tin kuyinto umbala esiliva metal libhekisela eqenjini fusible. Metal elithambile, kalula amenable ukuba ukusonteka. izici eziningana semvelo sawo metal ezifana ithini. Izinga lokushisa ngezansi 13.2 degrees Celsius liwumngcele ushintsho metal tin powder ukuguqulwa kuhambisana ushintsho umbala ngesiliva-elimhlophe grey ndaba, futhi ukwehla density. Tin liyancibilika at 231,9 degrees, namathumba at 2270 degrees Celsius. White crystalline tetragonal isakhiwo ithini nensimbi ichaza pohrustyvanie isici lapho eguqa bafudumale endaweni by ngomshikisho inflection crystal izidakamizwa ngokumelene nomunye. ithini Gray has syngony cubic.

Chemical tin izakhiwo babe essence ezimbili, lingena kokubili ukusabela esidi eziyisisekelo, okubonisa amphoteric. I metal ihlangana alkalis, futhi acid ezifana sulfuric futhi nitric acid, iyasebenza ekusabeleni ne Halogen.

ithini Alloys

Kungani evame ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni sensimbi okumsulwa Alloys nge kumaphesenti athile yezingxenye ephambili? Iqiniso ukuthi izakhiwo semvelo sawo ingxubevange, okuyinto ungenayo i metal ngazinye, noma lezi izakhiwo okukhulu (isib conductivity, ukumelana ukugqwala, passivation noma ukusebenza ubunjalo bomzimba futhi amakhemikhali of izinsimbi, uma njll kunesidingo). Tin (isithombe sikhombisa isampula metal okumsulwa) kuyingxenye Alloys eziningi. Ingasetshenziselwa njengenhlangano okufakiwe noma isizinda impahla.

Okwamanje, kukhona inani elikhulu a ingxubevange metal, ithini (ngentengo yabo sehluka kakhulu), sibheke ethandwa kakhulu futhi wasebenzisa (ukusetshenziswa Alloys ezithile ngeke hamba esigabeni ezifanele). Ngokuvamile, stannuma Alloys abe nezici ezilandelayo: ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu, ongaphakeme ukuma, a ubulukhuni amancane amandla.

Ezinye izibonelo Alloys

• Ingxubevange of ithini nomthofu nabanye dopants (antimony, ithusi, cadmium, i-zinc, isiliva, indium) - lo okuthiwa tin solder, iphesenti stannuma therein best kunenze nisondelane izakhiwo kumele kube 49-51 noma amaphesenti 59-61. amandla Bond kuqinisekisa kumiswa isixazululo eziqinile tin ziboshelwe metal evele.
• Garth - i ingxubevange tin, phambili ne-antimony - oluyisisekelo inki typographical (yingakho is hhayi Kunconywa ukuba bopha ukudla iphephandaba, ukuvimbela ingress lokuhlala engadingeki lezi zinsimbi).
• Babbit - tin ingxubevange, okuhola yethusi antimony - libhekene ongaphakeme friction, okusezingeni eliphezulu bafake ukumelana.
• Kuvele ingxubevange ye indium-tin - impahla fusible, okuyizinto refractoriness esingokwemvelo, ukugqwala ukumelana namandla amakhulu.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu compounds yemvelo

Tin yakha uchungechunge compounds yemvelo - imikhando. I metal 24 amafomu ekhuthaza amaminerali, abaluleke kakhulu ngemboni has tin oxide - cassiterite kanye namajoka - Cu ₂ FeSnS _4. Tin abahlakazekile ungqimba lomhlaba, futhi compounds ezakhiwe kubo, banendabuko kazibuthe. Imboni seliphinde lasebenzisa poliolovyannyh acid usawoti kanye ithini silicates.

Tin nomzimba womuntu

Chemical isici tin liyisici mkhondo nokuqukethwe kwalo ambalwa emzimbeni womuntu. cluster wayo lomkhulu e bone izicubu, lapho okuqukethwe evamile metal kusiza ekuthuthukiseni esifike ngesikhathi futhi kusebenta kwato jikelele of the system zemisipha. Ngaphezu amathambo, ithini ugxilisa ku emathunjini ipheshana, amaphaphu, izinso nenhliziyo.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi ukuqongelela ngokweqile metal kungaholela poisoning jikelele zomzimba, futhi kulapho ukuchayeka eside - ngisho enqabayo zofuzo. Muva nje, le nkinga ngempela olufanele, njengoba isimo emvelweni of imvelo kushiya okuningi okufanele oyifunayo. I awokuthi lokudakwa ne tin izakhamuzi amadolobha nezindawo emhlabeni izigodi zezimboni eseduze. Ngo ubuthi kakhulu kwenzeka ngo ekuqongeleleni emaphashini tin nosawoti, ezifana chloride stannous, nabanye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, trace element ukuntula kungabangela Ukwehla ekukhuleni, ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa kanye nezinwele.

isicelo

I metal iyatholakala ngokukhangisa izitshalo steel eziningi kanye nezinkampani. It ikhiqizwa ngesimo ingots, izinduku, wire amasilinda, anodes lomcebo elula okumsulwa ezifana ithini. Intengo zokhahlamba kusuka ruble ngayinye kg 900 kuya ku-3000.

Tin injalo emsulwa kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa. Alloys evame ukusetshenziswa kanye compounds - usawoti. solder Tin isetshenziswa endabeni kunenze nisondelane izingxenye okuyinto bangaveziwe okushisa aphakeme futhi ilayisha ezinzima mechanical, eyenziwe ingxubevange ithusi, insimbi, ithusi, kodwa hhayi Kunconywa ekhiqizwa kusuka aluminiyamu noma Alloys yayo. I izakhiwo kanye izici Alloys tin zichazwe isigaba esifanele.

Solder esetshenziselwa solder chips, kulesi simo enh based metal Alloys ezifana ithini. Photo sikhombisa inqubo ngokusebenzisa ingxubevange tin-phambili. Ukusebenzisa ke ungasebenza ngempela nomzimba omncane.

Ngenxa ukumelana layo eliphezulu ukugqwala tin isetshenziswa womshini yensimbi esemathinini (tinplate) - amakani imikhiqizo ukudla. Kwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi amazinyo, ithini abathintekayo sokwenza filling amazinyo. Tin-embozwe brownies ahamba Alloys yayo ekhiqizwa amabombo. banikela ngendlela ebalulekile le ndaba ebalulekile futhi Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka.

izixazululo aqueous of enjalo stannous nosawoti, fluoroborates, sulphates futhi chloride ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo electrolyte. oxide Tin - nokucwebezela okuzothile ngoba izitsha zobumba. Ngu yethula plastic kanye izinto zokwenziwa of ahlobene ezehlukene tin kungenzeka ukunciphisa flammability yabo futhi ukuzihlalela intuthu eyingozi.