Isilinganiso Vintage ubude, endaweni, mass. Inani alinganise ubudala nezilinganiso yamanani Rus

Namuhla, ngamunye kithi ekubizweni izinyathelo ezithile nesilinganiso isebenzisa imigomo yesimanje kuphela. Futhi engokwemvelo. Nokho, ukutadisha umlando noma ukufunda izincwadi, thina zivamise amazwi anjengokuthi "span", "Arshin", "indololwane", njalo njalo. D.

Futhi lokhu ukusetshenziswa imigomo futhi evamile, ngoba akayena neze nesilinganiso izinyathelo ubudala. Isho ukuthini, bonke abantu kufanele bazi. Kungani? Okokuqala, kuba indaba okhokho bethu. Okwesibili, ulwazi olunjalo kuyinto inkomba ezingeni okuhlakanipha kwethu.

Indaba le izinyathelo

Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuqonda akhawunti art. Kodwa kwakungenele. Ukuze silondoloze Ezimweni eziningi ezidingekayo futhi amayunithi ezithile ubude, ubudisi nesikhala. Isilisa sabo wakhuphuka e amafomu ezingalindelekile neze. Ngokwesibonelo, iyiphi ububanzi kuchazwe ukuhwebelana, noma izinyathelo. izinyathelo Vintage wokulinganisa eziphathelene nokukhula komuntu noma ukucacisa izicubu lemali kwakuhambelana nokuka ubude umunwe noma ngokuhlanganyela, isandla span, and so on. E., Lokho bonke okungukuthi uhlobo insimbi sokulinganisa, njalo sise uqobo.

On ngendlela ethakazelisa kakhulu ukunquma ubude okhokho bethu, singafunda zemihla ngemihla futhi izincwadi zasendulo. "Nokujikijela itshe" Lokhu okungukuthi, waphonsa bakhe, futhi "isibhamu wadubula", kanye "perestrel" (uhla indiza imicibisholo), kanye nokunye. Ngezinye izikhathi yokukala ibanga lapho olwengeziwe wakuzwa ukukhalela sesilwane. Kwakuyisikhathi "Iqhude", "inkunzi ukubhonga," nokunye. D. An isilinganiso ezithakazelisayo ubude owawukhona phakathi kwezizwe yeSiberia. Ubethula ngokuthi "beech" futhi kwakusho eseneminyaka ngaphansi ibanga lapho umuntu ongaboni benziwe ijongosi elilodwa ithole uphondo.

zemihla eyayisekhona, singaphetha ngokuthi izinyathelo endala nesilinganiso eRussia uvele namakhulu eminyaka 11-12. Kwakumelwe amayunithi ezifana amamayela, eziyisikhombisa izinyawo, indololwane ne-span. Nokho, ngalezo zinsuku, izindlela ezenziwe umuntu sokunquma obuphelele wayesalokhu eziguquguqukayo. Bona iyehluka ngandlela-thile kuncike ubukhulu kanye kushintsha njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Yezindaba zemihla ngemihla 13-15 eminyaka, sifunda ukuthi izinyathelo endala nesilinganiso zemizimba okuxekethile (ngokuvamile wokudla) - Kad, hlangana neengcezu, amakota futhi Osmino. Emakhulwini eminyaka 16-17. Le migomo kuye kwanyamalala ukusetshenziswa. Isilinganiso esikhulu zemizimba okuxekethile kusuka le nkathi iba ingxenye yesine ka okuyinto cishe kwakulingana kuya pudam eziyisithupha.

igama elithi "spool" litholakala ezinguqulweni eziningi imibhalo ngenkathi Kievan Rus. Lokhu iyunithi isisindo kwaba ukusabalala efanayo berkovets futhi Pud.

Ukunqunywa obuphelele

Vintage izinyathelo nesilinganiso tintfo lucobo akuzona olunembile kakhulu. Kuyefana nasendleleni sokunquma ubude izinyathelo. Le yunithi lalisetshenziswa Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, ePheresiya nase-Egypt. Isinyathelo Human, ubude obuphakathi kuyinto 71 cm, ibanga kunqunywa ngisho phakathi emadolobheni. iyunithi okunjalo isetshenziswa esikhathini sethu. Nokho, namuhla, pedometers ekhethekile amadivayisi uzimisele ibanga kanye titepisi uhambo indoda.

Kala ubude, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se emazweni amaningi aseMedithera, yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula iyunithi efana, zinjengomhlambi wezimbuzi. Ukukhuluma lingatholakala emibhalweni, yangekhulu yokuqala yeminyaka BC. e. Izigaba zazilingana ibanga lapho umuntu kushiwo ngejubane ezolile angaya kusukela ekuseni kuze kube isikhathi lapho inhlamvu yelanga ngokuphelele izovela lalingabonakali emkhathizwe.

Njengoba ekukhuleni komphakathi abantu baphelelwe edingekayo eliningi elinikelwe. Kule ndaba, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa imayela sasendulo saseRoma ilingana izinyathelo 1000.

Vintage izinyathelo obuphelele yokulinganisa ezizweni ezihlukahlukene sihluke nomunye. Ngakho, amatilosi Estonia kunqunywa ibanga amashubhu. Lokhu kwaba indlela umkhumbi waze aphethwe isikhathi igcwele ngokuphelele ukubhema ugwayi ipayipi. Isilinganiso efanayo obuphelele kusukela baseSpain babiza ugwayi. Japanese Uchaze ibanga "ihhashi izicathulo". Kwakuyisikhathi indlela ukuthi kwakusazodlula isilwane kuze ephelele bafake utshani ematheni esikhundleni isicathulo sakhe.

Amanani Key ukunquma ubude e Rus

Khumbula isisho esidala yokukala izinyathelo. Omunye wabo ajwayelekile kithi kusuka ebuntwaneni: "Kusukela ebhodweni amayintshi amabili, futhi ukazchik kuphela". Kuyini ubude iyunithi efana? ERussia, kwaba elilingana ububanzi Inkomba neminwe phakathi. Kulokhu, ngasinye singamasentimitha angu kwakulingana komunye-nesithupha ngemitha. Namuhla, lesi silinganiso kuyinto 4,44 cm Kodwa ngesilinganiso esidala Russian ka -. Uzipho - engu-11 mm. Ithathwe kane, kwaba lingana kuze fike amayintshi.

ERussia, ezinye izinyathelo ubudala wokulinganisa babe lisetshenziswa ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane izindlela zokuhwebelana namanye amazwe. Ngakho kwaba khona ubukhulu ngokuthi besebenzisa izindinganiso. Kwathi igama elithi Persian "Elbow". Kulesi ulimi, kuzwakala sengathi "Arches". Came amayadi angu elilingana 71,12 cm, kanye abathengisi ababevela emazweni akude, ukuletha usilika Chinese, velvet futhi brocade Indian.

Ukulinganisa out indwangu, abathengisi Oriental wadonsa yakhe kwengalo yakhe ehlombe. Ngamanye amazwi, benza ulinganise ithephu izimpahla. Yingaleso elula kakhulu, ngoba lokhu ithuluzi wokulinganisa wayenaye njalo. Nokho, abathengisi ngobuqili ngifuna abasizi nge izingalo emifushane, egcekeni ukuthi kwadingeka izicubu ezincane. Kodwa kwasheshe kwaphela. Iziphathimandla eziphoqelelwe amayadi angu olusemthethweni, ayesetshenziselwa ngothi lwawo. Baphenduka ube umbusi sokhuni senziwe eMoscow. Amakhophi zinsizakuphila athunyelwa kuwo kulo lonke elaseRussia. Futhi ukuze ukuthi akekho ongasho ngokuqiniseka ukukopela kancane bese unciphise egcekeni, umugqa uphela ka bensimbi, okuyinto lufakwa inhlamba emphakathini. Kuze kube manje, yokukala ayisasetshenziswa. Nokho, igama elithi wenani ezinjalo kuba ezijwayele sonke. Mayelana naye, bese utshela izaga kanye nesilinganiso izinyathelo ubudala. Ngakho-ke, indoda onokuqonda uma ethi 'simbone phansi ngezinyawo eziyisithupha. "

Yini enye eRussia inquma ibanga?

Kunezinye elithile obuphelele lasendulo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinyawo eziyisikhombisa. Ukukhuluma leli gama wokuqala okukhulunywa ngaye "The Tale of ekuqaleni Kiev-Pechersk Monastery" eyaqala ngekhulu le-11. Futhi izinhlobo ezimbili kungamafathomu ayekhona. Omunye wabo ligcina uthi lokuphotha luzungeza, okuyinto ilingana ibanga phakathi ichopho umunwe phakathi, eyeluliweyo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Inani izinyathelo nesilinganiso endala lolu hlobo zazilingana 1 m 76 cm kungamafathomu Uhlobo lwesibili -. SKEW. Kwakuyisikhathi obuphelele kusukela isithende izicathulo ku lonyawo lwakhe lokunene kuze kufike esihlokweni selinye umunwe phakathi isandla sakhe sokhohlo welulela phezulu. Ubukhulu kungamafathomu etshekile kwaba cishe 248 cm. Kwesinye isikhathi eside okukhulunywa encazelweni Yakha yabasubathi womuntu. Bathi anakho i etshekile izinyawo eziyisikhombisa kwamabili ukuphakama emahlombe.

Old Russian isilinganiso sokulinganisa amabanga ezinkulu - ensimini noma amamayela. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lezi zimiso zitholakala emibhalweni ngekhulu le-11. imayela ubude 1060 m. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli gama ekuqaleni ezisetshenziselwa nesilinganiso emazweni umhlabathi. Wayesho ibanga phakathi the ematfuba igeja.

Vintage izinyathelo ubuningi yokulinganisa babe ngezinye izikhathi igama ukudlala. Ngakho, nge wokubusa Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676 GG.), A umuntu omude kakhulu kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i Kolomna amamayela. Kabakhohlwanga eside ezihlekisayo namuhla.

Kufika 18. eRussia bayisebenzisa kahle kule yunithi njengoba mezhevaya amamayela. Yena kulinganiswa ibanga phakathi imingcele zokuhlala. Ubude lokhu imayela kwaba 1000 amayadi angu. Namuhla 2.13 km.

Enye elithile obuphelele lasendulo yayingesinye span eRussia. Inani layo kwaba cishe ikota yebahlali egcekeni futhi kwaba cishe 18 cm Kukhona .:

- "span ezincane", okuyinto ilingana ibanga phakathi amathiphu eyeluliweyo isithupha kanye index ngomunwe wakhe;
- "span esikhulu" ulingana nobude ngaphandle phakathi isithupha futhi umunwe phakathi.

Abaningi elidala saga kuthathwe izilinganiso abonisa kithi futhi leli nani. Ngokwesibonelo, "eziyisikhombisa buchopho." Ngakho uthi indoda sihlakaniphe kakhulu.

Iyunithi kulencane lasendulo ubude ubhekwa umugqa. Kuyinto elilingana ububanzi okusanhlamvu kakolweni kuyinto 2,54 mm. Kuze kube manje, lo yokukala esetshenziswa Buka Factory. ubukhulu Swiss kuphela samukelwe - 2,08 mm. Ngokwesibonelo, usayizi iwashi "Wokunqoba" amadoda sika imigqa 12, futhi abesifazane "Dawn" - 8.

iyunithi European ubude

C 18. IRussia kwelulwe kakhulu ubudlelwane bayo nokuhwebelana amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Yingakho kunesidingo ukuze izinyathelo ezintsha ukuze izilinganiso ukuthi ingafaniswa European. Bese uPetru Ngachitha kabusha metrological. isinqumo sakhe abanye English amabanga kulinganiswa kwangena ezweni. Lawa kwakungamadodana izinyawo, amayintshi kanye ngamamitha. Ikakhulukazi okwandile zalamaqembu.I etholwe shipbuilding futhi ibutho lasolwandle.

Ngokwe-legend, okokuqala ezikhonjwe egcekeni namanje 101, Kwakuyisikhathi elilingana nobude ekhaleni kukaHenry mina (King of England) kuze kufike esihlokweni selinye umunwe phakathi isandla sakhe, eyeluliweyo endaweni evundlile. Namuhla, le ibanga 0.91 m.

Foot negceke - izilinganiso wokulinganisa vintage zihlobene nomunye. Owehla evela igama lesiNgisi «unyawo» - unyawo, lesi silinganiso ilingana ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ngemitha. Namuhla izinyawo - kuyinto 30,48 amasentimitha.

Kusukela izwi Dutch for isithupha, uthatha igama layo kule yunithi njengenhlangano intshi. ekuqaleni Yini kulinganiswa ibanga? Kwaba ulingana nobude okusanhlamvu ezintathu zebhali noma ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu omisiwe we isithupha. Kuze kube manje, i-intshi eyodwa kuyinto 2,54 cm futhi wasebenzisa sokunquma ububanzi kwangaphakathi amathayi, amashubhu kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Kwe uhlelo

Ukuze sinikeze kalula ushintsho kusuka eyodwa kuya kwenye, e Rus amatafula ekhethekile ziye zanyatheliswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi basondeze izinyathelo lasendulo. Amayunithi abadabuka kwamanye amazwe, owahlangabeza Russian, babekwa i setshwayo. Ngo etafuleni elifanayo, baletha labo amayunithi eziye zasetshenziswa kuleli zwe.

Nokho, ukudideka ne simiso izinyathelo eRussia lokhu kwakungesona isiphelo. Emadolobheni ahlukene ukusebenzisa amayunithi abo. Ukuphela kwalesi sabekwa kuphela ngo-1918, lapho Russia kwi ohlelweni imethrikhi.

ivolumu Ukulinganisa

Umuntu kufanele kulinganiswe lucobo ketshezi ngobuningi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, waqala ukusebenzisa zonke elatholakala kuye ekhaya (amabhakede, izimbiza kanye nezinye izitsha).

Yiziphi nesilinganiso endala ivolumu izinyathelo senzeka eRussia? emizimbeni Okuxekethile, okhokho bethu alinganiswe:

1. Osminnikom noma Osmino. Lena iyunithi lasendulo elilingana 104,956 amalitha. Igama efanayo esetshenziswa futhi endaweni ukuthi kwaba 1365.675 imitha square. Osmino yokuqala okukhulunywa ngayo imibhalo kusukela ngekhulu le-15. It is kabanzi eRussia ngenxa usizo kwalo, njengoba kwaba nenani bangaphasi kwekota izikhathi ezimbili. Kwakukhona ngisho ejwayelekile ezithile ngesilinganiso. He is a tank, okuyinto yayilokhu izidlela nje yensimbi ukugwedla. Grain is batheleka a yokulinganisa Osmino uppers. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa okuqukethwe bagwedla ukwakha emaphethelweni ilungiswe. Amasampula iziqukathi efanayo ezazenziwe ngethusi futhi wamthumela yonkana Russia.

2. Bamba, noma kadyu. Lezi amathangi yokulinganisa ezazivamile eminyaka 16-17. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, bahlangana kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Shackles kwaba ngesilinganiso esikhulu zemizimba okuxekethile eRussia. Futhi igama iyunithi livela imiphongolo ekhethekile (nezikhamo), owawuvela aguqulelwe nesilinganiso. Ukulinganisa inkomishi phezu Ukuthokomala ayindilinga metal ukuthi kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi usike emaphethelweni zobuqili ukuthengisa imali ezincane zokusanhlamvu.

3. Quarter. Lesi isilinganiso ivolumu kuncuma ubuningi kafulawa, okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke a imithwalo quarter ku yahlakazeka ebanzi, njengoba kwadingeka usayizi zama-practical (1/4 izibopho). Lokhu yokukala esetshenziswa eRussia kusukela 14 kuya Ngekhulu le-19.

4. Kul. Lesi isilinganiso ubudala Russian lisetshenziswa izinto luyimbudumbudu, ilingana 5-9 pudam. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi igama elithi "esakeni" kanye kwakusho "noboya". Leligama lisetshenziswa ngoba iziqukathi ithungwe kusukela ngesikhumba sesilwane. iziqukathi kwesikhathi efanayo ezenziwe ngensimbi nokwelukiweyo izinto.

5. amabhakede. isilinganiso esinjalo wawobaba kunqunywa ubungako balokho okusamanzi. Kukholakala ukuthi ebhakedeni ibekwe endaweni izinkomishi yezitolo 8, ivolumu ngamunye okuyinto 10 Charka.

6. imiphongolo. Okunjalo iyunithi abahwebi Russian esebenziswe lapho ukuthengisa iwayini izifiki. Kukholakala ukuthi omunye umgqomo iqukethe 10 amathini.

7. amabhodwe. Lokhu webhodwe ubumba uthola isebenza nesilinganiso ivolumu iwayini. Ukuze izingxenye ezahlukene Rus korchaga zazisuka 12 kuya ku-15 amalitha.

yokukala isisindo

Old uhlelo Russian wezinyathelo ezifakiwe, futhi iyunithi yokulinganisa isisindo. Ngaphandle kwawo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhweba umsebenzi. Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene isilinganiso lasendulo mass nesilinganiso. Phakathi kwabo:

1. spool. Ekuqaleni leli gama lalibhekisela uhlamvu lwemali encane igolide, okuyinto yokukala. Ngokuqhathanisa isisindo sayo nezinye izihloko eziyigugu, ubumsulwa ensimbini eyigugu wayezimisele, abenziwe kuyiphi.

2. Pud. Lokhu iyunithi isisindo elilingana 3840 futhi kwakuhambisana kuya spool 16,3804964 kg. Ngisho Ivan Grozny beyalwa ukuba nesisindo noma yimuphi umkhiqizo pudovschikov kuphela. Futhi kusukela 1797, emva umthetho ku izilinganiso eseqala ukuveza izinsimbi eyindilinga elihambisana eyodwa futhi ezimbili pudam.

3. Berkovets. Igama lalesi amayunithi mass lisuselwa Swedish ukuhweba edolobheni Bjerke. Omunye kwakulingana berkovets pudam 10 noma 164 kg. Ekuqaleni, ezifana enkulu usayizi abathengisi kuncuma isisindo wax noju.

4. Abelana. Lokhu yokukala eRussia sasisincane kunazo zonke. isisindo sakhe kwaba 14.435 mg, okuyinto ingafaniswa 1/96 we spool. Ngokuvamile, ingxenye asetshenziswe mints.

5. Pound. Ekuqaleni, yokukala isisindo wayaziwa ngokuthi "i-hryvnia." Inani layo sifana spool 96. Kusukela 1747, i-ganda waba nesisindo inkomba, esasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba u-1918

endaweni Ukulinganisa

Ezinye izindinganiso ziye kusungulwe okhokho bethu, futhi ukunquma ukubaluleka izwe. Lokhu lasendulo nesilinganiso izinyathelo ndawo, kuhlanganise:

1. skwele. Ukukhuluma lolu phiko, ilingana 1,138 sq. amakhilomitha, itholakala imibhalo eyaqala 11-17 eminyaka.

2. Ukunikela Okweshumi. Lena iyunithi ubudala Russian, okuyinto ukubaluleka oluhambisana 2400 sq. amamitha angu-umhlabathi olimekayo. Kuze kube manje, okweshumi kuyinto 1,0925 amahektha. Le yunithi isetshenziswa ekhulwini le-14. UJoyce wayaziwa njengomshumayeli isikwele kabani izinhlangothi babe 80 kuya ku-30 noma kungamafathomu 60 kuya 40. Lokhu okweshumi kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso breech futhi ubelokhu isilinganiso eyinhloko phansi.

3. Quarter. Lokhu elithile umhlabathi olimekayo kwaba iyunithi, okuyinto esingamahektare nengxenye. Akwaziwa ingxenye yesine kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo sikhulu saphikelela kuze 1766 igama layo, lolu phiko okuvela endaweni izinyathelo, okungase ukuhlwanyela rye ngo inani ¼ ivolumu umahluleli.

4. Soha. Le ndawo yokukala esetshenziswa eRussia kusukela ngomhla ka 13 kuya ekhulwini le-17. Sasebenzisa ke zentela intela ukukhokha. Futhi kukhona izinhlobo eziningana igeja, kuye ngobukhulu besikhumba saleso indzawo lenhle kakhulu. Ngakho, lolu phiko kwaba:

- lapho kuzohanjiswa equkethe 800 amakota zwí zilima;
- Isonto (600 amakota);
- black (amakota 400).

Ukuze ukwazi ukuthi zingaki okuhanjwa iyatholakala ku State isiRashiya, olwenziwa kwabantu taxpaying amazwe. Futhi kuphela 1678-1679 GG. iyunithi kwendawo itsetfwe inani egcekeni.

Ukusetshenziswa yesimanje wezinyathelo ubudala

Kwamanye amayunithi, incazelo umthamo, endaweni kanye nebanga, iziphi kabanzi lokuphila elalisetshenziswa okhokho bethu, esikwaziyo namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amazwe, ubude namanje alinganise amamayela, ngamamitha, izinyawo kanye amayintshi, futhi isetshenziswa ukupheka kanye ganda spool.

Nokho, iningi amayunithi ubudala asihlangabeze izincwadi, izindaba zomlando izaga.