Isihloko kwabantu futhi lasungulwa zomlando

Noma yimuphi isayensi has into yayo, okuyinto umphumela Abstraction theory, nokuthi ikuvumela ukugqamisa amaphethini athile ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza sikhungo. I ngokucacile kwabantu ukuthi study umphakathi. Ngakho ake sibheke indlela ukunquma isihloko abasunguli kwabantu.

Ogyust Kont, owaqamba igama elithi "kwabantu", wayekholelwa ukuthi isihloko isayensi Uwumphakathi lephelele, ogxile kwemvume jikelele. Lesi sakamuva ngokuyisisekelo ubunye yomlando wabantu, bese ukwakheka kwabantu uqobo. Omunye umsunguli wesayensi, usosayensi IsiZulu Herbert Spencer, wachitha ukuphila kwakhe konke, ubona ngaphambili esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu, okuyinto umahluko njengoba ikhula futhi igcina sibonga ubuqotho ezikhungweni zakamuva nomphakathi. Ngokusho Spencer, isihloko kwabantu - umphakathi, esebenza indima umzimba womphakathi lapho izinqubo Integrative ngokuhlanganiswa kwamangqamuzana ngenxa ukuvela tikhungo tetenhlalo.

Marx, oye wahlala kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe e-England, ezibucayi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Comté futhi Spencer. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi Marx kubhekwe ukuthi esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu ungaphakathi esibucayi ojulile futhi salandelwa sezenhlalo. Ngokushesha edala bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, okuyinto kwachazwa ngokuthi owesifazane ebamba izinto yomlando. Ngokusho kwakhe, inkampani ngeke ngezithukuthuku imibono, kodwa ngezithukuthuku okokusebenza amabutho ithele. Ukulandela mbono, isihloko kwabantu - umphakathi njengenhlangano uhlelo organic, ukuthuthukisa ohlangothini bobunye ubuqotho ngokusebenzisa isigaba umzabalazo nokuvukela.

Ngakho, abasunguli isayensi uvumile ukuthi isihloko yakhe ikhonza umphakathi njengento engokoqobo. indima Direct kwetinhlavu izindlela ezahlukene sebedlale zenhlalo-ifilosofi kanye nokubalulekile kanti futhi izindlela zezombusazwe.

Eyesibili isigaba yentuthuko isayensi oluphathelene nokuthuthukisa yayo ubunye indlela. Olubonisa inkathi abameli ekuseni Classic theory kanye methodological. Ngalesi sikhathi (80s kwekhulu le-19 - ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yokuqala) uya ukuthuthukiswa izimiso eziyisisekelo methodological zocwaningo yomphakathi, nokuqaphela ukuthi ukulifunda ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene isihloko nezindlela yokuthola idatha enokwehla kuso. Isandla esibalulekile kule isiqondiso esenziwe sezokuhlalisana kwabantu German F. Tennis. Phakathi nenkonzo yakhe yokuba ngokwesayensi ukuthi ihlaziye izibalo zenhlalo, baqhuba izifundo enokwehla we ekilasini engezansi Hamburg uphenyo isimo ubugebengu kanye nezinga ukuthambekela maqondana ukuzibulala. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi kubonakala kwabantu enokwehla njengendlela isiyalo achazayo.

Ngokusho ithenisi, kwabantu into izinhlobo social, umphakathi nomphakathi, okuncike nokuxhumana abantu beqhutshwa intando kwakhiwa. Nokho, okuqukethwe kanye imithombo izohlala oluvelele. Esikhathini esifanayo, Adler ngenkuthalo ukuhlola isihloko yokuhlalisana kwabantu namasiko, okuyi izici zezenhlalo of kumiswa amasiko nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Nokho, kamuva le tiyori liye wagxeka.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ezakudala ovuthiwe theory kanye methodological. Le nkathi wawuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye eminyakeni yekhulu lama-20 70. Isihloko kanye nendlela ye isayensi ezihlobene eduze ngaphezulu. Omele zalesi sigaba iyona sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Russian-American Pitirim Sorokin, wadala "uhlelo kwabantu", eyayisekelwe ku-theory kanye nendlela ye nesilinganiso ncono kwesive. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo umphakathi - isethi wangempela uxhumana abantu, lapho isimo isihloko incike izenzo zakhe emasimini ncono kwesive. Leli lungiselelo uchaza, okokuqala kunakho konke, isihloko kwabantu.

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ukuqonda entsha ye isayensi, okunye classical Ngokusho kwakhe, abekho abantu bekulokhu esikhungweni futhi isihloko umphakathi njengoba umlingisi esebenzayo phakathi amalungu asondele - .. A. Touraine futhi P. . Bourdieu, i-British MG Archer futhi Giddens okwamanje, zibhekene imibuzo: Ingabe yasenqaba lesi ukuqonda classical mayelana nale ndaba, noma umane abadinga ukuthuthukiswa.