Intengo izindleko e-US Shale uwoyela ngo-2014

imithombo yezwe ngokugcwele ajabulise umphakathi, ukudalula iqiniso lokuthi "oluthambile yokuvukela" livelile e-United States. Ngokusekelwe kulokho amaqiniso isitatimende kulezi tisetjentiswe? Kukhona, ngokukhethekile, umqondo wokuthi izindleko US Shale umkhiqizo kawoyela ngo-2014 unqabile kangangokuthi umkhakha American for the isizinda "igolide black", isimiso, awubi nandaba nokuthi wamanje emhlabeni izintengo lo mkhiqizo. noma ngabe kusemthethweni? Yiziphi izici ezithinta izindleko uwoyela oluthambile yizinkampani American?

Kuyini uwoyela oluthambile

Okokuqala, akanhlanhlatsi encane theory ukuba lodaba. Kuyini uwoyela oluthambile? Intengo izindleko umkhiqizo siyaphi ukunquma?

Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkokhelo uwoyela etholakala isiRashiya umuntu ezingeni emgwaqweni igama ezivamile - "slate". Okokuqala - lena umkhiqizo, kanye eyodwa ukuthi kukhiqizwa ngendlela classical, kuqukethwe ungqimba ekhethekile zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Zibizwa ngokuthi "amasleyithi". Kodwa kukhona omunye umkhiqizo. Ngaphansi uhlobo olufanele lwamafutha Ungase futhi kumelwe kuqondwe njengelakhiwe amasleyithi ezinjalo, okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi "oluvutha kalula". Ababona, eqinisweni, iqukethe umkhiqizo izakhiwo okufana kakhulu uwoyela - uwoyela oluthambile. Futhi ubuchwepheshe ezithile walulama futhi ngaphansi ukucubungula.

Ngakho, igama elithi "amafutha oluthambile" lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela ngezindlela ezintathu. okungukuthi:

- lapho bekhuluma "uwoyela oluthambile";

- analogu abaseduze yohlobo yendabuko uwoyela, kodwa kuvela uhlobo kanye namasimu asemaphandleni;

- ezikhishwe oluthambile resin.

Njengoba umkhiqizo, lapho uphethiloli kungenziwa ekhiqizwa, wasebenzisa, ngaleyo ndlela, eyesibili neyesithathu. Ngaphambi kokuhlola ukuthi izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela oluthambile, ake wazi ukuthi eziningi Ongoti umbono ukuthi izindleko ezihlobene ukuthola ngamunye imikhiqizo emibili okukhulunywa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, uwoyela eyatholakala kusukela uwoyela oluthambile, ezibizayo.

Ubani owukuphela uwoyela oluthambile?

Uma ucabangela izici ezithinta izindleko uwoyela oluthambile, sizofunda imininingwane imali, lapho umsebenzi ofanele. Ngokwe imibiko eziningi ejensi kohlaziyo, e-United States - umholi wezwe izinqolobane ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, okukhulunywa ngakho. The main Amasimu uwoyela, ezihlobene Shale isigaba, amanga amaMelika ngo isimo Texas, ezindaweni we olusentshonalanga futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Futhi izinqolobane okuphawulekayo okuthiwa "Sands uwoyela", okusho zitholakala eCanada.

Kukhona ezifakwa esiphawulekayo esithi "oluthambile" futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise eRussia, kanye kulawo mazwe ukuthi ekushalazela njengenkulumo namuhla amandla amandla - Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine. Kuhlola lungaba uyalulama lwamafutha oluthambile kuyinto engalingani kakhulu kochwepheshe. Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izibalo evumela eliphezulu izibalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi esobala, izibikezelo umugqa ejensi ahlukahlukene, buka lokwentile, ngokukhethekile, inani imithombo emkhakheni, kungase kube okungaqondile noma ngokuphindaphindiwe ebuyekeziwe.

izinkomba izindleko

Ukuze uthole ukuthi yini engase ibe izindleko ezilinganiselwa uwoyela oluthambile e-US, siphendukela eziningi uchwepheshe imithombo. Imininingwane Kushicilelwe ku izifundo ezifanele olwenziwa eminyakeni ezahlukene, usinikeza idatha okuxubile kakhulu. Kungani? Ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi izindleko US ukukhiqizwa oluthambile uwoyela encike ngqo kwi subtype kwalo mkhiqizo (ngenhla, siye sabona ezimbili eziyinhloko)? Ngokolwazi e imithombo eminingana, kuba.

Ngo-2012, umagazini i-Time eshicilelwe idatha elandelayo. Ziyakwazi Nokho, ezimayelana izitayela global. Nokho, umbono walokho kungaba izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-United States, lolu lwazi angasinika.

Ngokusho uchwepheshe ulinganisela ngesisekelo okuyinto Umagazini i-Time eshicilelwe izibalo, ukukhiqizwa 1 emgqonyeni lwamafutha uwoyela oluthambile ngo-2012 zaba mayelana $ 100. Futhi, Inkomba mafutha amanga phakathi laphakathi, futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, bese ngaphansi kwengxenye - 50 zamaRandi. Ngakho, ezashiwo nathi ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko embonweni wokuthi izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-US nakwamanye amazwe kuncike subtype ezithile umkhiqizo kuqinisekisiwe, uma sithatha idatha ngonyaka 2012.

Amafutha e-United States futhi emhlabeni wonke

Uma siqhathanisa izinga wawubona ngoba ngonyaka ofanayo kulabo abonisa izindleko zokukhiqiza yalolu hlobo amaminerali eRussia, umehluko, ngisho esimweni umkhiqizo eshibhile kuyoba sobala. "Classical" uwoyela ekhishwe Russia kubiza cishe u- $ 15. Futhi e-Saudi Arabia, ngasendleleni, nokuthi ushibhile - mayelana 8. Nokho, zonke lezi izibalo kanye nemibono ochwepheshe 'washintsha. Ngakho-ke, imihlahlandlela eseduze kuphela.

Yiziphi idatha yamuva nje, kulo nyaka? Ukwandiswa noma okuphambene nalokho, yehlile izindleko ezilinganiselwa ukukhiqizwa e-US uwoyela oluthambile? 2014 - unyaka ekwindla amanani emhlabeni ngoba "igolide omnyama". Ingabe ikhona ubuhlobo phakathi ijubane lamafutha oluthambile futhi lo mkhuba emakethe?

Ibalulekile imibono yesikholwa ochwepheshe ngale ndaba Liyindawo ezahlukene. Okokuqala, indlela ehlukile kakhulu ubale izindleko. Lokunquma ukuthi kubangela enkulu mpikiswano - intela isizinda.

Noma ngaphandle izintela?

Abanye osomnotho ukubala izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-United States, ukugxila yokuthi ukukhiqizwa salo kungaphansi intela ubuncane. Nokho, ngokuphathelene-product efanayo nalena ezivezwa indlela evamile, kubalulekile ukuba ukhokhe izimali zonke. Izinzuzo yiso maqondana Shale uwoyela. ERussia, isibonelo, kanye nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, uthumela "igolide black", elihambisana imali ngaphezulu.

Uma US nakwamanye amazwe izinkomba izintela babe engaqhathaniswa ke, nalokha sitjheja kwezibalo ngo-2012, ngokusho kongoti, amafutha American wawuzoba izindleko akuthandeki. Manje wonke amacala ahoxiswa umkhiqizo USA, ngenxa yezinzuzo intela kungaba ngempela, abahlaziyi bathi, izindleko azungeze $ 50 noma ngaphansi.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kukhona umbono wokuthi uhlobo ezifanele amacala endaweni yengcebo US - yindlela yokuhlola engesiyo abalulekile ngokuya ngokubala izindleko amafutha, njengoba slate umkhiqizo kukhiqizwa e-US, ikakhulu sigxile emakethe yasekhaya. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi bentela American ngokwabo "ukuvumela" ngokwabo uphethiloli ezishibhile.

Umkhuba ukunciphisa izindleko?

Phakathi izazi iyona mqondo wokuthi eminyakeni e-United States izindleko uwoyela oluthambile uwela. Ngesisekelo agumenti - ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa workability. Ibalulekile imibono yesikholwa ochwepheshe ngale ndaba nazo ihlukaniswe. Kukhona izilinganiso owawuthi emgqonyeni lamafutha oluthambile manje kubiza baseMelika mayelana $ 48 - futhi lingaphansi ngempela kwesilinganiso emhlabeni, abahlaziyi ezilotshwe 2012. Kodwa kushintshwe for izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - ngomqondo obanzi kufakazela zokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngaphandle-ke, uyavuma ukuthi lesi sibalo ye-United States ngo-2012 kwaba okufanayo njengoba isilinganiso emhlabeni (phela amaMelika - umholi ongenambangi ezimakethe zomhlaba). Nalapha futhi, uma sicabangela amafutha akhishwa asendaweni, hhayi kusukela oluthambile ngu ukucubungula kwabo.

inzuzo ukukhiqizwa futhi intengo kawoyela

kanjani izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-United States, kwamanye amazwe futhi amanani emhlabeni ngoba "igolide abamnyama"? Ibalulekile imibono yesikholwa ochwepheshe, futhi lokhu isikhathi ezihluke kakhulu. Kodwa kubalulekile ukufunda ukuthi bathole indlela yabo kule izici ezithinta izindleko uwoyela oluthambile. 2014 futhi edidayo kakhulu ngokuya amanani kawoyela. Manje baye sesinciphe kakhulu. Will ukukhula - nje akekho ongasho.

Abahlaziyi OPEC, ngokukhethekile, bakholelwa ukuthi ukube amanani kawoyela emhlabeni isikhathi eside izohlala ngezansi amadola 90 umphongolo ngamunye, bese oda umsebenzi isigamu US "oluthambile" corporations kuyoba ezingenanzuzo. Futhi, ochwepheshe IHS bakholelwa ukuthi ibhizinisi izogcina umkhiqizo kawoyela bakwazi, ngisho noma amanani emhlabeni kuwele 57 zamaRandi umphongolo. Ezinye ebucayini kokuhlaziywa izipesheli, International Energy Agency. Ngokusho kochwepheshe lokhu isakhiwo, isizinda uwoyela oluthambile e-US kuyoba inzuzo ngempela uma amanani emhlabeni ningaweli ngezansi $ 80 umphongolo. Abahlaziyi Citigroup, esikhundleni salokho, akholelwa ukuthi ukuba silondoloze "slate" umkhakha e-United States kuyoba isilinganiso esanele zamadola 75.

Kukhona inguqulo ezithakazelisayo: uma amanani kawoyela emhlabeni izoyenqaba, US corporations, ithela "igolide abamnyama" ngeke ngandlela-thile, baphoqwa ukuba uthuthukise base zobuchwepheshe ukuze zinciphise izindleko. Ochwepheshe abasondelene lo mbono ukholelwa ukuthi "uwoyela oluthambile" umkhakha has a ikhono elikhulu kule ndaba. yobuchwepheshe obukhona, bayakholwa, e eziningi zokuhlola futhi eziningi izici kahle ziphansi ngisho nalabo asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uwoyela ngendlela yendabuko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abahlaziyi bathi, amaMelika kuzokhulisa workability. Ngenxa lokhu kungase izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-United States kuze kuthinteke. Ngokusho Accenture ejensi ukuhlolwa, izindleko ezifanele angawa ngo-40%.

Wemigqomo kufanele lukhule

Noma kunjalo, phakathi ochwepheshe kuba iphuzu ezivamile umbono: ngisho noma US Shale uwoyela ukukhiqizwa izindleko imayelana $ 50, ukukhiqizwa yayo izohlala, noma kunjalo, inzuzo izinkampani US. Kodwa ngaphansi kombandela owodwa - kuyilapho amanani kawoyela emhlabeni samanje ekuqaleni kwehlobo ngo-2014 - cishe u- $ 110 umphongolo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ngeke kudingeke ucabange indlela ukunciphisa izindleko uwoyela oluthambile. Nokho, $ 80, - amanani wamanje "igolide omnyama". Okusho ukuthi, uma omunye ithobela lo mbono, amafemu American manje on the esengozini inzuzo. Mayelana bankruptcies mass amafemu okwamanje ukwahlulela by ulwazi isizinda phambili ekukhulumeni kwabezindaba, namanje akuyona.

izici izindleko

Ingabe kunendaba, uwoyela oluthambile ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo? Intengo izindleko Iziphi izici ezanquma esekelwe okuqukethwe izinqubo zokukhiqiza isizinda "igolide abamnyama"?

Phakathi abalulekile ngokuya izindleko izimo - impilo emithonjeni. Iqiniso lokuthi uwoyela oluthambile limbiwa ngumuntu ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene ngokuphelele uma ziqhathaniswa ukuthuthukiswa imali bendabuko. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza off kahle umuntu ngokushesha izikhathi eziningana. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi imishini efakwe ukwenziwa uwoyela oluthambile, ngokushesha ngemva ukuthuthukiswa imithombo yendawo kufanele noma ukubhala off ngenxa yokuguga, noma ukuthuthela kwezinye izinto. Yiqiniso, kungase kuhambisane nezindleko ezidingeka.

Esinye isici - lo we oluthambile uwoyela ukujula. Kanye ukufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile eseduze, okuyinto waziphatha isizinda "igolide abamnyama" nokusetshenziswa izindlela ezifanele. Kuye izindleko isisetshenziswa ukujula ingahluka kakhulu.

Ngakusasa isici esibalulekile - nokwanela kokuhlaziywa ukubaluleka oluthambile izinqolobane. Kungenzeka ukuthi utshalomali olwenziwe ngesisekelo izibikezelo ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo awunaso isikhathi ukuze asule uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi uwoyela nje iphele lwalowo msebenzi. Kukhona okungase kufaniswe ezithakazelisayo - e-Los Angeles Times waphuma ukushicilelwa, othi omunye emasimini uwoyela ezitatimendeni phambili California futhi langempela izikhathi ukuhlukana 25.

Esinye isici - khona komakhelwane nge ezifakwa ezifanayo oluthambile igesi. Iqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, kahle isakhiwo kungabanga nenzuzo, kuphela uma uzobe kukhiqizwa zombili izinhlobo zikaphethiloli.

Amathemba "oluthambile yokuvukela"

Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini izinombolo ezibonisa izindleko uwoyela oluthambile e-United States, 2013 kanye 2014 imelele runaway baseMelika isizinda amaminerali imithombo okunye.

Ngokusho izibikezelo lochwepheshe ehlukahlukene iziphathimandla, izinkomba ngeke kuphela ukukhula eminyakeni ezayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Energy Imininingwane Administration (omunye lamahhovisi egatsha e-USA) ukholelwa ukuthi 2019 ukukhiqizwa kwe uwoyela oluthambile e-US uyofinyelela imiphongolo abayizigidi ezingu-9.5 ngosuku (manje - 3 million).

Phakathi kwezici ezingavimbela izinkampane United States ukuthuthukisa - sekushiwo yithi ngenhla mkhuba yisabelo elincani ezifakwa okunye. Uma idiphozi evamile lingathuthukiswa iminyaka eminingi, izinga indinganiso oluthambile - iminyaka 3-5. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amafutha umthombo kahle ingase mpilo ngama-90% noma ngaphezulu.

Ibikezela ngisho nochwepheshe American ngokwabo mayelana amathemba ukuthuthukiswa "oluthambile" zihluke kakhulu. Isibonelo elula. Yileyo Amandla Ulwazi Administration ibikezela ukuthi enye yezindawo ezinkulu US imali - Bakken - 2040 ukukhiqizwa uwoyela oluthambile kuyoba mayelana 1 million imiphongolo ngosuku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvumelana sikhungo legatsha ukuhlolwa Thumela Carbon, inkomba ukuze Bakken akuyona ezingaphezu kuka eziyinkulungwane 73. Barrel. Umehluko izibikezelo - ezingaphezu kuka-ngokuphindwe kayishumi. Kukhona ukungafani phakathi kwe izilinganiso izakhiwo ezimbili futhi maqondana izinqolobane ezithile uwoyela oluthambile eCalifornia. By endleleni, futhi kwezinye izimo, i-Energy Imininingwane Administration kakhulu kubuyeketa izibikezelo zayo zamafutha Amasimu. Kwesinye isenzakalo, ukulinganisa lancipha ngu 96%. Nokho, njengoba kuphawulwe Ochwepheshe abathile, zimali, kokwenza isinqumo mayelana nendlela ukutshala izimali zami kule umkhakha, lingasuswa safakwa umhlahlo kuqala.

Nokho, ochwepheshe akhuthaza ukuba asheshe afinyelele eziphethweni nesibikezelo. Kuyadingeka ukuba ziyayiqaphela indlela batfutfukise ubuchwepheshe best ukuqinisekisa iyashelela futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, i-imvelo ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha American ekuthuthukiseni imali yokuxhasa "igolide abamnyama" ngeke amanani kawoyela futhi global.