Robert Haynlayn: lwezincwadi, imisebenzi engcono

Omunye enkulu abalobi American - Robert Haynlayn - wazalelwa e Missouri, July 7, 1907. Ibid wachitha eseyingane. Negalelo elikhulu kunawo wonke ukwakheka ubuntu bengane kwakungumkhulu wakhe ngubani, ekuqaleni, batshala kuye uthando lokufunda, futhi, okwesibili, ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo ezinhle kuye, ezifana ukuzinikela kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo. Bobabili uthando wayedlala chess, lifundisa ukucabanga okunengqondo.

Ezemfundo nokuzilibazisa

Umndeni Robert ziqinile isiko yobuKristu, ngakho-ke wakhuliswa umoya samaPuritan esiqinile. Kwakuwusuku imfundiso LaseWeseli, ethandwa esifundeni US. Lalihlanganisa kuvinjelwe ukuphuza utshwala kunoma iyiphi ubukhulu, ukugembula, dancing nokunye okuningi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Heinlein isukile lezi imithetho enzima abathintekayo izinhlamvu ezincwadini zakhe.

Esikoleni, ingane ayeyithanda kunazo zonke wesayensi ngqo: nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, nezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. umbono wakhe okwase kushintshe ngayo lapho ezwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaCharles Darwin. E Kansas City, lapho ayehlala khona, indawo yakhe ayeyithanda kwakungu emtapweni wezincwadi womphakathi, lapho wahosha zonke izincwadi kungenzeka ezihlokweni ngenhla.

kumiswa

Robert Haynlayn wayenabafowabo ezintathu nodadewabo abathathu. Walandela isibonelo abadala - Rex - waqhubeka sebuthweni. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba emzini Annapolis, lapho kwakukhona khona United States Naval Academy. Uhlelo eMelika wabhaliswa encintisana kulezi amanyuvesi ngempela inkimbinkimbi. Ngokungafani amanyuvesi empini, lapho ukuthumela ngayo imeyili yonke imininingwane ebalulekile Kusadingeka futhi uthole izincomo esihle congressmen ngubani ingakhipha quota ukulaliswa esibhedlela. Isimo nzima yokuthi, ngokuvumelana nemithetho emikhayeni sokuqeqesha, umuntu oyedwa kuphela ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwane ungase uthole. Ngakho wayevele umzalwane osemdala, Rex, kodwa uRobert akazange adikibale futhi waqala nasekhulwini abantu abaphethe izinhlamvu nezicelo.

Kuleli wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uRobert Haynlayn wafunda Yiqiniso eyodwa e-University of Missouri. Lapho sokuqeqesha eseqala ukukhetha izicelo, kubonakala sengathi wathola izicelo ezingu-50 zivela kubantu 50 nomunye zokusebenza 50 kusukela umfakisicelo efanayo. Lokhu kwaba Robert. Uye langena ngempumelelo futhi zayiswa Bancroft Hall. Okubizwa ngokuthi ehostela midshipmen, lapho amasosha baphile.

imikhumbi

Izikhungo kamuva kuyobonakala umsebenzi umbhali. Ngo-1948 wabhala inoveli "Isikhala ubusosha» (Space ubusosha - eRussia nabo ihumusha ngokuthi "Isikhala Patrol"). Encwadini, umlobi ozitika izinkumbulo nostalgic isikhathi wachitha lemikhumbi yempi ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu ekucabangeni kwabo. I protagonist komkhiqizo eya patrol esikoleni, bese uya ku-uhambo ukuze Venus.

Robert Haynlayn yena umsebenzi wakhe asolwandle waphawula ezihlukahlukene impumelelo ekhaliphile. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi wakwazi ukugcina eyala bendabuko kukharikhulamu, it is uyabandakanyeka sokudubula, uthango wrestling. Kuzo zonke ulwela ukwenza konke lokhu, waba iqhawe Academy zabo. Ngemva kokudedelwa igama lakhe kwakunguJohane phezu uhlu amasosha engcono.

Waphothula Academy ngo-1929, Heinlein ukhushuliwe Ensign. Kwakuyisikhathi junior isikhulu isikhundla. Nakuba usengumfundi wayengumuntu intern ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene - "Utah", "Oklahoma" futhi "Arkansas". Injongo yokuqala samanje ayewutholile phezu othwala izindiza "Lexington", kuhlanganise US Navy lifaka. komsebenzi waso kwakuyindishi ukuqapha izinga ukuxhumana phakathi emkhunjini izindiza. Nokho, umsebenzi wajeziswa ngenxa isimo sempilo - isiphathiswa abasha kwatholakala ukuthi nginesifo sofuba. Ngisho nangemva kokuba Robert walulama, akazange avunyelwe ukubuyela enkonzweni, futhi emiswe umhlalaphansi.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wokubhala

Ukuhluleka ku ekuqhubekeni kwebhizinisi kanye izikweletu emalini ebolekwe inikezwe Heinlein isisusa ukuqala ukubhala ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo siqu wobuciko. Ngo-1939, wathengisa lo ukushicilela indaba yakhe yokuqala "Life Line". Ngemva kwalokho, yena etholiwe ikakhulukazi ukubhala imisebenzi, ukubekela eceleni zonke ezinye izinto zokuzilibazisa.

"Life Line" yalotshwa uhlobo yesayensi ukuthi sekuyinkinga leitmotif omhlaba wonke umsebenzi, okuyinto balandela Robert Haynlayn. Amazwana indaba iye yaba mihle, futhi umbhali wanquma ukuqhubeka "Line of Life" umjikelezo imisebenzi efanayo.

Umphumela waba "The History of the Future." Lo mjikelezo okwakudala okumbalwa izindaba, novellas and amanoveli. Uzungu komlando wesintu generalized esikhathini XXIII XX leminyaka. Okuningi okushiwo yincwadi yabhalwa ngesikhathi eqala umsebenzi lombhali, kanye kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1950. Umhleli Dzhon Kempbell ngokuthi ochungechungeni "Umlando Yesikhathi Esizayo," futhi wathuthukisa kuyo nezincwadi.

Ukuze kwemikhumbi elula, itafula ekhethekile, okubandakanya njengesisekelo esinembile sokubalwa kwezikhathi kanye nemlingisi lomcoka, umlobi okwakunzima Robert Haynlayn yena sidalwe fantasy yonke. Okuhamba phambili kwe-kulo mjikelezo isibe zakudala uhlobo futhi ngokwalo "Umlando" ngo-1966, waqokelwa "UHugo," kodwa udliwe ke "ngezizathu" Ayzeka Azimova.

izincwadi zezingane

noveli yokuqala eshicilelwe Heinlein yabonakala 1947. Kwakuyisikhathi "rocket umkhumbi" uGalileo "." Uzungu yencwadi ezixoxwa uhambo enyangeni. Ngaleso sikhathi, umshicileli wacabanga ukuthi lesi sihloko asihlobene kakhulu futhi ngeke ngamukeleke umphakathi. Ngakho, umlobi wathumela lo mbhalo wesandla Namadodana Charles SCRIBNER, lapho eqala ukukhiqiza imisebenzi ochungechungeni esakhula. Babehlale bemthanda izithameli core, kanye nabantu abadala. Kwakukhona eziningi uhlobo clichés, uRobert Heinlein. Izinkomba kufakwe izihloko mayelana njengabafokazi ikoloni yisinanakazana amaplanethi t. D.

Imiklomelo nempumelelo

Le noveli "Double Inkanyezi" waba ngowokuqala, owathola umklomelo ohlonishwa "UHugo". Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo umklomelo esifanayo wafuna umsebenzi "starship Troopers," "Isihambi kwelinye izwe", "The Moon -. UyiNkosikazi Harsh" Njengoba omunye wabasunguli be-uhlobo, umlobi okwengeziwe ahlonishwe nezinye imiklomelo, kuhlanganise kwakhe.

inoveli Okokuqala, okwakubekelwa wabhula kule "ingane" mqondo "Troopers starship", ebhalwe ngo-1959 kwi-wave yentukuthelo US Uhlelo zenuzi. Kusukela leli phuzu nombhali ukubaluleka okukhulu kwakukhona izisusa tembangave nezinye izinkinga ezibucayi.

Ngumfokazi Strange Land

Ngo-1961, wakhulula ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi owaziwa inoveli "ngumfokazi ezweni Strange" yakhe. Umphakathi ke American ishaqekile umbuzo abukhali wakhuliswa Robert Haynlayn. Ukucaphuna kuhlanganisiwe mpikiswano mayelana uthando lwamahhala, libertarianism, wokuziqambela, nezinye izimfundiso zefilosofi ezingamanga.

Le ncwadi wadalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi, okuyinto irekhodi umbhali. Esinye isizathu salokhu kwaba ke-ukucwaninga, okuyinto akuvunyelwe ukuba baphakamise imibuzo mayelana nezingqikithi ngokobulili. Kwelinye uhlelo lokuqala umsebenzi uye wabizwa ngokuthi "The Wayeyisihlubuki", okuyinto wembula incazelo kwendaba. I protagonist esiphongweni, wakhuliswa Martians, kuza emuva Earth, lapho waba uMesiya phakathi bendawo. Imingcele iboshiwe cishe ikota yebahlali umbhalo ngenxa yezisusa ngokobulili futhi zenkolo. edition Qedela kombhali waphuma ngo-1991.

Umkhiqizo babenegunya elikhulu kungabhekisela, kuhlanganise indaba Mowgli, Kipling isasetshenziswa. kakhulu Isihloko inoveli kuyinto zazibhekisela eBhayibhelini.

"Ngumfokazi ezweni Strange" siphakamisa impikiswano ngezingozi ukuhlanganisa wenkolo namandla. Wakhulela ukubukwa umkhaya wamaKristu uchazwe kabusha kombhali siqu ezimfundisweni zeBhayibheli.

Inani

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihloko kuyinto kwesikhashana enovelini "UJobe" kwaqhubeka. Kwaba incwadi satirical ukuthi sekuwuphawu kwesiteji lokugcina lwezincwadi, umlobi okwakunzima Robert Haynlayn. Imisebenzi Uthole kungabhekisela ezifihliwe eziningi ukuqhathanisa, okuyizinto umfundi ungakulungele ayengayisebenzisa kuqondwe.

Umlobi ubhekwa amakhosi amathathu omkhulu fantasy par Isaac Asimov futhi Arturom Klarkom. Igama lakhe kuhlobene eduze inkathi yokuchuma uhlobo lapho eseneminyaka ezidumile ikakhulukazi phakathi ubungako abafundi. Inkulumo-ze imibono yesayensi kulezi imisebenzi isibe uphawu ezibalulekile kanye walowo uhlanga isikhala, futhi izifundo eziningi kulesi siqondiso.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngonyaka iziqu (1929) Heinlein washada nentombi azi kusukela eminyakeni bakhe esikoleni. Nokho, ngenxa olusemthethweni umyeni uhambo umshado akusebenzanga, futhi ngokushesha unkosikazi wafaka isicelo sesehlukaniso. Ngo-1932, uRobert wanquma ukwakha ukuxhumanisa ukuphila kwabo isishoshovu sezombusazwe Leslin McDonald. emshadweni wabo sidonsa futhi kwaphela ngo-1947. Khona-ke umlobi washada Virginia Gerstenfeld, ayehlangana nabo ngesikhathi sempi, lapho esebenza e-Philadelphia.

Inkosikazi kunethonya elikhulu emsebenzini umyeni wakhe, kwaba imenenja yakhe noNobhala. Yena Kulungisa emaphutsa yonke imisebenzi yakhe phambi bangena ukushicilela. It esadlala indima ebalulekile emsebenzini, okuyinto lwenziwe ngo-Robert Haynlayn. Imisebenzi engcono nombhali zihlanganisa izigcawu liphefumulelwe umkakhe.