Inkulumo uhlobo: definition, izinhlobo. ubugagu

EGrisi lasendulo, ikhono ayiveza kahle imizwa kubhekwa art. Nokho, ngezigaba ngokuyinhloko eyenziwa phakathi krasnosloviem, izinkondlo kanye nekulingisa lokusungula kuphela. Mpendulo ikakhulu esichazwa ngokuthi isayensi izwi futhi izinkondlo, nephrozi lekufundzisa. She - imbongi kanye master yamagama. Endulo, mpendulo wafundisa. Izipikha kakhulu yakhetha amasu ithatha olusankondlo, enombono beqinisa imiva yokukhuluma kwakhe. Namuhla, inkulumo uhlobo ukunquma kuncike zokuxhumana emkhakheni, eigenfunction okuhambisanayo: zokuxhumana, ukuxhumana kanye isinyathelo.

Bheka ongqondongqondo ezahlukene mpendulo

Esikhathini ukubukwa zezazi eziningi zasendulo wathola iBhayibheli lifanisa amakhono bokukhuluma ubuciko umdwebo bese ebaziwe, futhi isayensi yezakhiwo. Kodwa amazwi anjengokuthi ngokuvamile bheka iyakholweka. Ngokuvamile kubhekwe ubugagu njengoba sakhe udade ubuciko scene kanye izinkondlo. Aristotle ngokuphathelene "mpendulo" wakhe "Poetics", eqhathanisa ubugagu kanye izinkondlo, ekutholeni kunokuthile ofana phakathi kwazo. Futhi Cicero, e izitatimende zomphakathi besebenzisa amasu esebenza. Kamuva inkulumo uhlobo njengoba ubugagu akha uxhumano phakathi izinkondlo, ubugagu kanye nekulingisa lokusungula. Kungokufanayo Lomonosov M. V emsebenzini wakhe ku mpendulo ( "Quick Qala Guide ukuze kuzuze abalandeli krasnosloviya") ekhuluma ngendawo kubaluleke kakhulu yezingxenye bokubeka ngokunikeza izinkulumo zeningi. Ngokusho nenchazelo, ubugagu kusho euphony, isb "Khuluma kahle." Ubukhazikhazi futhi amandla izwi, sichazwe ngokucacile by ezimele, uyakwazi ukuze ajabulise futhi ukwanelisa izinkanuko womuntu. Okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, injongo eyinhloko isikhulumi. imibono Okufanayo sivezwa encwadini Merzlyakov AF "Ngo izimfanelo imbongi eyiqaphuqaphu kweqiniso" (1824).

mpendulo kanye izinkondlo Nathi

Merzlyakov uyazicabangela imbongi eyiqaphuqaphu njengoba abantu emsebenzini ofanayo lokudala. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ingabe ayihlukanisi omkhulu okhona phakathi imbongi eyiqaphuqaphu. On nesihlobo ezithile wezinkondlo krasnosloviya elinendawo uhlobo inkulumo, wabhala Belinskiy V G. Wagomela ukuthi inkondlo - kuyinto isici obucacile (hhayi umgomo kodwa indlela). Okhulumela enkantolo Russian Koni A. F. wabhala mayelana nekhono zeningi njengoba kuyiqiniso lokusungula, nobuciko kanye kuhlanganisa tincenye tesakhiwo senkondlo, uzwakalise ngomlomo. Yena - indoda kumele abe umcabango yokudala. Ngokusho UConnie, umehluko phakathi imbongi eyiqaphuqaphu siwukuthi bangamalungu omunye kanye ngokoqobo efanayo woza, kusukela timvo letehlukene.

Kuyini uhlobo inkulumo? Ukuchaza umqondo wenkulumo

Umbono ovamile kwenkulumo sitolikwa izichazamazwi kolimi izincwadi njengenhlangano isikhulumi umsebenzi usebenzisa ulimi okuhloswe ngazo ukusebenzisana namanye amalungu aleli qembu ulimi, nokusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene inkulumo, ngenhloso okuyinto - ukudluliselwa okuqukethwe eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi ulwazi okuhloswe ngaso isilaleli futhi umkhuthaze ukwenza noma ukuphendula. Kuthatha isikhathi bese efakwa umsindo (kubandakanya ngaphakathi) noma ngokubhala. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi misebenzi kuyintando inkumbulo esinqunyiwe noma incwadi. Ngo yesimanje umkhuba ubugagu kungaphezu ngobugagu olusankondlo, njengoba kwakunjalo nasendulo. Uhlobo inkulumo kunqunywa inhloso izindlela. Ukuze uhlobo inkulumo ngayinye imakwe izinhlobo zabo, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye bahlukaniswa ngokomthombo nangezinga izinkomba nezitayela. Lokhu kwamasiko ifomu inkulumo kusho ukumelana uhlobo kokuba ingqikithi, bemvelo sitayela kwengoma.

Izinhlobo zeningi (izwi) uhlobo

Ngo yesayensi yanamuhla, inkulumo uhlobo ihlukaniswa kanje: setepolitiki, zezemfundo, zokwahlulela, inhlalakahle, isonto kanye zenkolo (Ezingokomoya). Uhlobo yokukhuluma uhlobo libhekene into ethile yokukhuluma kokuba izici e yayo ukuhlaziywa uhlelo kanye nokuhlolwa efanayo.

Ukwahlukanisa wumumo isimo esinjengalesi thematic. Ucabangela ukusebenza ngaleso simo, isihloko kanye nenjongo yawo. ukukhathazeka setepolitiki: ukusebenza ngesikhathi izihloko kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, amasiko, nezimpikiswano zokuziphatha, ezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, imibiko isifinyezo, zamanxusa, ezempi kanye imibuthano yokushisekela izwe, agitatorial ePhalamende. Indawo ekhethekile kungokwalabo mpendulo engokomoya esontweni futhi ukuphila zenkolo. Kubalulekile isethulo kanye nokugqugquzelwa izindikimba zenkolo.

izitayela Theological nalokuhlelekile

Ngu isitayela isonto-zenkolo ubugagu anezigaba yokukhuluma izinhlobo, kuhlanganise ukushumayela, ukubingelela, nasemisakazweni, izingxoxo, izintshumayelo, izincwadi, izinkulumo ezikoleni zenkolo, nokukhuluma nabezindaba (abantu abefundisi). Lokhu uhlobo ekhetheke: njengoba abafundi ngokuvamile kholwa. Izihloko izinkulumo ezithathwe emiBhalweni, emibhalweni yoBaba Church kanye neminye imithombo. Ukudlala uhlobo eqanjwe izici olusemthethweni, ibhizinisi kanye izitayela zezemfundo. Kusekelwe uhlelo kusho ukuba khona asemthethweni. Inkulumo enjalo igxile ukuhlaziya isimo kuleli zwe, imicimbi yomhlaba, ngenhloso okuyinto - ukugqamisa ulwazi oluthile. Bahlanganisa ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nezinye amaqiniso anjalo, ukuhlolwa izenzakalo, izincomo, imibiko mayelana nomsebenzi owenziwayo. Njengomthetho, zingabantu abazinikele izinkinga zangempela noma ihlanganise izingcingo, izincazelo ubunjalo ezincwadini izinhlelo.

Ukukhethwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ngokolimi

Kulokhu, okokuqala nesihloko kanye target ukubeka ukusebenza kubalulekile. Ezinye izinkulumo zezombusazwe libhekene izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala agcwele sitayela lesihlelekile, okusho impersonality noma isisho ababuthakathaka, Incwadi yezithombe, silulumagama zezombusazwe, matemu (isib, kwezomnotho). Lezi zici elichaza izici uhlobo inkulumo futhi ukucacisa ukusetshenziswa (sibonwa, ngokomzwelo) ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emhlanganweni umbiko okusalungiswa umlingisi, kodwa wenziwa nokusetshenziswa silulumagama eyayivame nolwamagama. Isibonelo okuphawuleka umbuzo Stolypina P. A. "ngakwesokudla abalimi ukushiya umphakathi" (zilethwe uMkhandlu WoMbuso ka 03/15/1910)

bokukhuluma zezemfundo kanye zokwahlulela

Ukuze ubugagu zezemfundo libhekene inkulumo, ngokusiza ekwakheni uhlobo yalelozwe yesayensi ehlukile argumentativeness ezijulile, logic namasiko. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkulumo emayunivesithi, imibiko yocwaningo kanye nokubuyekeza (okuthunyelwe). Yiqiniso, isitayela ulimi ubugagu zezemfundo iseduze yesayensi, kodwa livame ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi ekhululekile futhi ezibukwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Academician Nechkin ubhala Klyuchevskoi njengenkosi yabo abakhuluma isiRashiya kahle. Kliuchevskoi silulumagama ocebile ukuze kungenzeka ukuthola amazwi eziningi zezilimi tetemibhalo, lihlale linemibhikisho ethandwa, izaga kanye eziphilayo izinkulumo ejwayelekile amadokhumenti ubudala. bokukhuluma Academic emhlabathini Russian kwamiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. futhi yayihloselwe ovukayo ukwazi komphakathi nezombusazwe. Platform ngesizathu ukusebenza eziphambili oratorical baba university departments. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eminyakeni 40-60. bafika ukusebenza ososayensi abasha, eyayibonakala libhekene imibono okuqhubekayo European. Granovsky, Soloviev, izigaba, Mendeleev, Stoletov, Timiryazev, Vernadsky Fersman, Vavilov - abafundisayo, ngubani okungenazinkinga izethameli ngenkulumo yakhe.

Izikhulumi yeKambiso art ukunikeza umthelela abahlosiwe futhi ngempumelelo izilaleli. Ukunikeza: umshushisi (umshushisi) futhi ummeli (ukuzivikela) inkulumo.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso amafomu

Ukuhlukahlukana bemvelo uhlobo lokusetshenziswa kolimi kungenxa yokuba khona izinhlobo eziningi umsebenzi womuntu. Izinhlobo izitatimende abhalwe futhi ngomlomo. Zibonisa nezimo lwalowo nezinkinga ngenxa okuqukethwe, isitayela, amathuluzi (silulumagama, phraseology, lolimi), kwakhiwa. Ububanzi bokusebenzisa ukhiqiza izinhlobo zayo kanye nezinhlobo. Lezi zihlanganisa umthengi inkhulumomphendvulwano, indaba, ngokubhala, amadokhumenti ibhizinisi oda.

Heterogeneity kudala nobunzima ekutholeni uhlobo jikelele izitatimende.

Inkulumo izinhlobo zihlukaniswe yesibili futhi oyinhloko (elula eziyinkimbinkimbi). Inxanxathela - kulotshiwe (ikakhulukazi izincwadi, izihloko zesayensi, njll). Simple - zokuxhumana ngenkulumo. Uma ukugxila kuphela eyinhloko, kuzoba khona isimo "vulgarization" yenkinga. kuphela Ukutadisha ezimbili izinhlobo bunye ukubaluleka kolimi philological.

Inkinga izinhlobo Bakhtin

Isilinganiso izitayela ezivamile (kazwelonke) kanye ngabanye - lolu daba izitatimende eziyinkinga. Ukuze ukujwayelana isitayela, udinga ukuba enze izinto ngendlela wemfanelo yombuzo wokutadisha uhlobo (inkulumo). Iqiniso lokuthi sikwazi khona ngokoqobo kuphela ngesimo amazwi obuphathekayo ngabanye ekhuluma kubantu (abadlali), wathi Bakhtin. Inkulumo izinhlobo ziyisisekelo umbono wakhe ngale umqondo wako ube njengosuku iyunithi yangempela yokukhulumisana. Ngokusho Bakhtin, it is waphonsa ngesimo isitatimende, futhi ngaphandle kwalo ngeke kube khona lapho. Ushintsho yokukhuluma izifundo - isici sokuqala kusho. Okwesibili - lena ukuphelela (ubuqotho), okuyinto has a uxhumano nge:

• into-umuzwa ukukhathala;
• inkulumo ngenhloso (intando isikhulumi);
• amafomu ekupheleni, izingoma ejwayelekile futhi ekupheleni uhlobo.

isitatimende Uhlobo kuhlelwe inomthelela ukukhetha silulumagama. MM Bakhtin inamathela kakhulu Genre amafomu. Ngokusebenzisa ukuqashelwa uhlobo kusukela ekuqaleni, kufanele ukuxhumana nomuzwa inkulumo yonke. Ngaphandle kwale bekuyoba nzima ukukhulumisana futhi cishe kungenakwenzeka.

uhlobo ngomlomo

Oral - kungcono inkulumo ukuthi umuntu ozwa. Kulokhu, ukhetha yilabo kuphela 'izithombe umsindo "ukuthi abasondelene naye, zicacile. Yonke enye into is eqiwe, njengoba besho, "nezindlebe zezithulu." Lokhu kuyadingeka ngoba wonke amazwi ukusakaza inkulumo, kwelamanje ngemva komunye, zisenza sibe izithombe isimiso tiga tenkhulumo, contiguity, logic. Ukukhulumisana isebenzisa okulandelayo ngetemlomo Inkhulumo izinhlobo:

• ingxoxo - Ukuhwebelana noma olunye ulwazi;
• izincomo - udumo interlocutor, ogama njongo - ukumjabulisa;
• indaba - a Monologue ngomunye interlocutors, injongo okuyinto - indaba umcimbi, umcimbi, njll.;
• ingxoxo - inkulumo interlocutor okuhloswe, okuyinto ihlose ukwazisa, ukucacisa noma ukuthola ubuhlobo;
• impikiswano - inkhulumomphendvulwano kuhloswe ngazo ukuthi kutholakale iqiniso.

Kuyinto ngomlomo njengoba zibhalwe, imithetho yayo neziqondiso. Ngezinye izikhathi abanye ngamaphutha zokukhuluma, njengolimi, izitatimende sidle, isakhiwo ababuthakathaka, kokuphazamisa, reprises, futhi izinto ezifanayo - yisimo ezidingekayo imiphumela yimpumelelo futhi ngempumelelo.

Ingxoxo esencwadini yesiHlabelelo izinhlobo inkulumo

Inkhulumomphendvulwano kuhambisana ukusetshenziswa esiyisibopho kudingekile nokuchazwa inkulumo uhlobo izindlela "paralinguistic". Everyday-umthengi inkhulumomphendvulwano - yindawo yezihlahla ulimi "okuxubile", okuyinto nokobana umsebenzi wezokuxhumana ngokuqondene obuseduze izindlela non-namalimi wemiphakathi. Isici nobuntu ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa inkulumo kuyinto isimiso inkhulumomphendvulwano. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindima bezokuxhumana kushintshana isimo (indima Ukubuyiselwa emuva). Ngokusemthethweni, kubukeka sengathi lokhu: omunye uthi - ekulalela yesibili. Kodwa lokhu kuyinto uhlelo ekahle, okuyinto cishe ingekho ifomu okumsulwa. Uyakuzwa ngokuvamile uhlala yokwenziwa noma ukumisa okwesikhashana igcwalisa nobuso, ukunyakaza komzimba (paralinguistic wokuxhumana). Izici agcwele umthengi inkhulumomphendvulwano:

• kukhona engahlelelwe;
• ezihlukahlukene nezindaba engxoxweni;
• ushintsho ngokushesha;
• indlela levamile ;
• bikho bamatshe;
• ngokomzwelo futhi ekhululekile.

Funda ubuciko ubugagu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu!