Umqondo Ukuxhumana. nokukhulumisana imisebenzi. Iqhaza, imisebenzi, ngokuyisisekelo zokuxhumana

Ukuxhumana ngomqondo ebanzi izwi - ukuxhumana, ukudluliswa kolwazi kusukela komunye umuntu. Lona umqondo ofanayo ngokomongo yenhlangano zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu inqubo (zokuxhumana ukukhulumisana phakathi kwabantu: exchange imicabango, imibono, ulwazi, imizwa, izinhloso) kanye into (okuyinto iqoqo amathuluzi obuchwepheshe ezisiza ukudlulisa ulwazi).

izici Ukuxhumana kukhona ulwazi kanye ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, ngokomzwelo futhi kuchumana zokulawula kanye yekuchumana. Nokho, abacwaningi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuchaza kubo. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda ukuthi luwumgogodla inkinga futhi indima zokuxhumana. Siphinde ngikuxoxele izici le nqubo.

inqubo Ukuxhumana kanye nendzima yayo

inqubo Ukukhulumisana exchange kolwazi eyenziwa phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu. Inhloso yayo ukuhlinzeka abantu incazelo eyayingasahambisani nokuqonda futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi, okuyizinto isihloko exchange.

Thina ezithumela futhi zamukele ulwazi ukuze:

• ukwazisa abanye abantu ngento (isibonelo, umbiko wephephandaba owakhishwa e noma teletext);
• ukuxwayisa abanye (ukukhala noma izimpawu zomgwaqo);
• ukuchaza into (ebhukwinitifundvo);
• jabulisa (sici ifilimu noma anecdote);
• noma ubani akholwe (obiza lutho poster);
• ukuchaza into (lelandzisako bomlomo noma obubhalwe).

Lena inhloso yokuxhumana. Njengengxenye yenqubo, iningi labo liyobe eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ifilimu ingase ukwazisa nekujabulisa, futhi nokuvikela futhi ukuchaza nokuchaza.

Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo wobuntu inqubo yokuxhumana

Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza thina konke kudinga ukuxhumana kukhona izidingo zenhlalo of the umuntu noma iqembu. Umuntu oqala inqubo yokuxhumana ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, izinjongo ngenhla yokukhulumisana ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• sokusinda;
• azidingayo;
• ukusebenzisana nabanye;
• nokugcina ubudlelwano;
• akhuthaza umuntu ukuba ucabange noma wenze ngendlela ethile;
• inhlangano izinhlangano kanye imiphakathi ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa;
• amandla phezu kwabantu (ikakhulukazi, ukukhuthazwa);
• ukubonakaliswa umcabango kanye nemvelo zokudala;
• ukuqaphela zezwe nesipiliyoni kwethu (lokho esicabanga ngayo thina, esikukholelwayo, ukuxoxa nabanye, ukuthi kuyiqiniso).

wabantu udinga amaqembu

izidingo Human zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• nomphakathi;
• siqu;
• kwezomnotho;
• zokudala.

Ngokwezinhloso zalo ukuqonda kanye nencazelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokuxhumana, okuyinto okwakwaziwa ososayensi imithetho ezihlukahlukene nokuxhumana, thina nezidingo zomuntu ngomuntu nesithakazelo, ngaphezu kwakho konke, nomphakathi kanye siqu.

izingxenye zokuxhumana

Uma kungekho ukuqonda mutual kufinyelelwa, singasho ukuthi ukukhulumisana akazange athathe indawo. Kule kusobala ukuthi kule nqubo, indima esebenzayo eyadlalwa izinhlangothi ezimbili. Inqubo zokuxhumana limelela nokuxhumana eziningana izingxenye ndawonye. Ukuhlola kafushane yibo ezinkulu.

okhulumisana

Khuluma, noma umthumeli - umuntu yakha umbono noma iqoqa ulwazi bese edlulisa ke. Umthumeli akuyona nje umthombo wokwaziswa. Iphinde izenzo isifaki khodi imilayezo okuhambisa nolwazi isiqophi semithombo wathola eziteshini impendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okhulumisana - kumuntu ophathiswe umthwalo wokunakekelwa kumiswa izethameli eziqondiwe ukudalwa noma ukukhethwa okuthunyelwe ukhiye.

isifaki khodi

Isifaki khodi noma wekhodi uhlobo Imininingwane ukuguqulwa okhulumisana. Kukhona wekhodi ezibhaliwe futhi ngomlomo.

Oral wukuthi ukudluliswa kolwazi Kwenziwa esebenzisa izindlela ngamazwi non-ngamazwi noma (ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuvamile kakhulu ukuthola ithoni, ngibone isimo sobuso bakhe, ukushukuma komzimba, kunokuba amagama evamile). I ukuhumusha imiyalezo abayizithulu inganikelwa njengesibonelo wekhodi ngamazwi. Kulokhu, amazwi abavamile kuthiwa okubhalwe nezinhlamvu ezikhethekile adluliselwa ekhelini kuyindlela okunye okungekhona ukukhuluma.

esephepheni Ibhalwe kuyinto zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• e, lapho izinhlamvu aguqulwa ku izimpawu (0 no-1);
• ekhethekile, lapho izinhlamvu aguqulwa ku imisindo (isib Morse Code).

Futhi isiteshi isiqophi semithombo

Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele into ezifana isiteshi. Lokhu kusho ngokudlulisa ulwazi (imihlangano, isabelo ebhaliwe, okudluliswa kokwaziswa ngomlomo, izingcingo, imibiko, memos, amanethiwekhi computer, meyili, nokunye. D.).

I isiqophi semithombo (emagama) uhlobo umyalezo ukuguqulwa umamukeli. Lena indlela efanayo nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukuqonda, kuphela kuleli cala asetshenziswa isiqondiso reverse bona.

Izithiyo nezithiyo

Yokudlulisa ulwazi engathiya izithiyo kanye nezingqinamba. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kubo: yobudala, ezenhlalo, amagama, ngokobuhlanga, ngokolimi, zezomnotho, zezombangazwe, ikhono lokuthola umamukeli ulwazi, umsindo, engaguqukiyo, ubuchwepheshe ukwehluleka, nabanye.

Indawo lapho uya khona, umphumela zokuxhumana, impendulo

Destination (umamukeli) - lokhu kumuntu umyalezo senzelwe, ngalo uhumusha. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka lwenethiwekhi thola abuye ahumushe lo mlayezo. Futhi ekugcineni, impendulo - kungcono ephendula umamukeli umyalezo.

zokuxhumana function

Kusukela ezinsukwini zika-Aristotle ongqondongqondo ziye zaphawula ukuthi le nqubo zokuxhumana kungaba ukuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kusukela izimo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kwemvelo, wamemezela ihlose wangempela amaqembu, inani ababambiqhaza, amasu kanye esebenzisa kokubulawa, njll kuncike imvelo. umsebenzi wezokuxhumana Kufanele sizimisele ikhumbula ezicini eziningana nomthelela kuwo. Inqubo langempela lokuthumela imilayezo, ngisho uma kwenzeka okufanayo ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana. Kulokhu, oyedwa noma bobabili ezibucayi, kubalulekile. Ungase futhi ukukhuluma ngalezi imisebenzi zokuxhumana, sisonke, okungukuthi, ngalokho yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni ukuphila emphakathini kanye ngabanye.

Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi zokuxhumana isehlane kuphela ngenjongo yocwaningo noma ukuhlaziywa zesayensi kanye isicelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukuba imisebenzi Consulting. imodeli Ukuxhumana kungenziwa ezakhiwa ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi umsebenzi yiyona eyinhloko futhi okuyinto - ebaluleke yesibili.

onobuhle zokuxhumana

Kuze kube manje, izincwadi zezemfundo nezobuchwepheshe uye zanqwabelana eziningi onobuhle yokuxhumana. Iningi lazo bachazwa ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi ekhulwini lama-20. Nokho, u-Aristotle ezihlongozwayo lokuqala onobuhle ezaziwayo. Ngesisekelo kungenzeka ukuchaza imisebenzi, ukuxhumana umsebenzi kanye nekubaluleka kwalo. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, "mpendulo" futhi "Poetics" sazi ethulwa imodeli elandelayo: "isikhulumi-isilaleli-ke." Waphawula ukuthi imodeli classical sikhona yonke indawo, njengoba kubonisa ngokugcwele isenzo zokuxhumana kokubili izinhlobo ebhaliwe kanye ngomlomo.

Noma kunjalo, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, lapho kwaqala media ezifana ifilimu, umsakazo, ithelevishini, imodeli zakudala ibilokhu ingasebenza modified. Ekhulwini lama-21, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ukuhlanganiswa kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe, lokhu imodeli kudinga ngaphezulu Uvisisa. Nalapha futhi abacwaningi ebhekene umsebenzi ukuchaza imisebenzi eyisisekelo zokuxhumana nowonk 'uwonke.

imodeli Jacobson

Ngokusho RO Jacobson, e umfuziselo obusebenzayo lomcimbi inkulumo noma zokuxhumana iqhaza Umthumeli nomamukeli. Umlayezo kudluliswa kusuka ngowokuqala wesibili. Lo mlayezo eyabhalwa ikhodi. Ngo imodeli, Jacobson umongo uyalandisa yokuthi ukuthi hlobo luni lokuqukethwe enza lo mlayezo ngolwazi ngocansi kubo. umqondo contact siphathelene isici zokulawula yokuxhumana.

imisebenzi Ukuxhumana Jacobson

Ngokusho imodeli Jacobson sika, imisebenzi eziyisithupha ezilandelayo:

• ekhululekile (loluvusa imiva) ezihlotshaniswa addresser, azwakalisa kwawo nesihloko okuqukethwe inkulumo;
• inshokutsi lebhacile, khomba focus on the uya khona, umthelela oyinhloko interlocutor;
• referentivnaya (engqondweni yethu, bomcondvofana, bomcondvophika) ngamakhasimende umongo futhi ireferensi into semantic ukuthi umelwe esigijimini;
• olusankondlo (bokukhuluma), iqondiswe ikakhulu kumbiko, okwenza kube imodeli womuntu kwansuku yobuciko ngamazwi;
• metalinguistic, okuyinto elihlobene nekhodi umyalezo ngocansi, ukuqonda kwakhe interlocutor, incazelo enembile;
• phatic, okuyinto iqondiswa ku-contact, nokugcinwa okuqhubekayo loxhumana naye, kunokuba eseyintsha umyalezo noma ukudluliselwa kwawo.

Transmission of ulwazi kuthinta ukuziphatha nezenzo yomuntu, ekuziphatheni kwakhe, isimo ezweni lakhe elingaphakathi nangenhlangano yakhe. Kuleli qophelo, futhi abanye imisebenzi yokuxhumana. Sinesithakazelo imininingwane yenqubo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngosizo yayo imihlaba engqondweni zabantu nihlanganyele.

Nokho, uma abantu kuphela akwazi ukungena kule nqubo? Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, ngomqondo othile, singacabangela umqondo yokuxhumana. imisebenzi yayo njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, esivela zokuxhumana womuntu. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuxhumana kungaba kwenziwe kuphela emhlabeni womuntu. Sikunikeza ukuba simazi kangcono ukwehlukana kwayo.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso zokuxhumana

Ngakho, le nqubo siyenzeka hhayi kuphela emphakathini wesintu. Ukukhulumisana nakho sici isilwane (ulimi izinyosi, capercailyes, besina kokuzalela yezinyoni) futhi izindlela, okusho izinto adalwe indoda (amasignali indle, amapayipi, ucingo kanye yocingo, ezokuthutha). okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi zokuxhumana kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngisho nemvelo ezingaphili. Isibonelo, wenziwa phakathi kwezitshalo ezithile.

Ikakhulukazi, ngomuthi Afrika, wamshaya ekhethekile enzyme zakhi zibe imvelo ngokwenye indlela ka Acacia ayehlasela indlulamithi odla ukhuni amahlumela. I amaqabunga emithi, ukuze uthole lolu lwazi ngokushesha ukuthola izinga, ngokuya wesilwane ejwayelekile ukudla engenakudliwa ngobubi bawo. inqubo ngenhla libhekene Imisebenzi esemqoka yokuxhumana futhi izimpawu zaso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke kungenziwa lichazwa ngegama zisithakazelise.

Wona kanye umqondo welithi indima, izici zokuxhumana, thina kafushane kuchazwe. Imininingwane engenhla lembula izici eyinhloko isihloko.