I solubility ithusi amanzi futhi acid

Ngesisekelo izakhiwo amakhemikhali izakhi eziningi kuba ikhono lazo chaza i osebenzelana aqueous futhi acid. Ukutadisha izici elihlobene ne ongaphakeme asebenzayo zethusi umphumela ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Isici esivelele sesimiso izinqubo zayo kumakhemikhali kumiswa compounds-ammonia, mercury nitric futhi acid sulfuric. Okuphansi zethusi solubility emanzini akakwazi ingadala ukugqwala izinqubo. S esingokwemvelo ethize chemical izakhiwo, ukuvumela ukusebenzisa kwakwakhe zimboni.

incazelo isici

Ithusi kubhekwa omdala izinsimbi, okuyinto wafunda indlela yokwenza abantu BC ngaphezulu. Le nto okulungiselelwe kusuka emithonjeni yemvelo ngendlela emkhandweni wensimbi. Ithusi okuthiwa chemical isici itafula Latin igama cuprum, inombolo kabani ukulandelana ilingana 29. uhlelo gqwa, itholakala esikhathini sesine futhi kungokwalabo iqembu lokuqala.

izidakamizwa Yemvelo kuyinto metal pink-bomvu ezisindayo isakhiwo elithambile futhi oluthambile. I lokushisa abilayo futhi ukuncibilika yayo amaphuzu - 1000 ° C. Kuyinto umqhubi ezinhle.

Isakhiwo zamakhemikhali izakhiwo

Uma ulihlola ifomula electronic athomu zethusi, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi inamazinga 4. On the Valence 4s-esemkhathini kuyinto electron eyodwa kuphela. Phakathi kungenzeka zamakhemikhali wajinge wanamatsela kusukela athomu 1 kuya ku-3 izinhlayiya omubi icala, ngakho-ke etholwe zethusi compounds esimweni namachibi +3, +2, +1. It has enkulu ukuzinza divalent nemikhiqizo yalo.

Ngo zamakhemikhali, ke uba metal ongaphakeme-umsebenzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zethusi solubility emanzini sishoda. Ngo ezomile emoyeni ukugqwala akuyona kugujwe, kodwa kunamasiko ngokubeka amalahle ebusweni metal camera nge black tinge of oxide ayoni. Ukumelana Chemical zethusi livezwa isenzo anhydrous inombolo amagesi carbon organic compounds, phenol inhlaka, futhi alcohols. It libhekene ukusabela complexation ukukhululwa compounds ezinemibala. Ithusi has ziyezwana ongaphakeme neqembu metal alikhali nakanjani yakha eziningi amagama ahlobene of monovalent.

Kuyini solubility?

Le nqubo ye ukwakheka izinhlelo eyohlobo ngesimo izixazululo by ukusabela eyodwa kwakwakhe nezinye izinto. izingxenye zabo ziyisiliva molecule ngabanye, ama-athomu, ion nezinye izinhlayiya. I degree of solubility kunqunywa lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa, okuyinto usuhlakazekile ekulungiseleleni isixazululo ayegcwele.

Yokukala avame angaphezulu, ivolumu noma isisindo izingxenyana zaso. I solubility ithusi amanzi, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali efana ifomu okuqinile, kuncike kuphela izinguquko ezimweni lokushisa. Lobu buhlobo uwukubonakaliswa Curves. Uma lesi sibalo sincane kakhulu, ketshezi ubhekwa zingaxazululeki.

I solubility ithusi i osebenzelana aqueous

Metal ubukisa ukugqwala ukumelana ngaphansi isenzo asolwandle. Lokhu kufakazela inertness yayo ezimweni ezivamile. I solubility ithusi amanzi (fresh) is cishe ningagcini. Kodwa endaweni ezimanzi nangaphansi umphumela carbon dioxide phezu kwensimbi akhiwa opholile oluhlaza okuyinto carbonate eziyisisekelo:

Cu + Cu + O ₂ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ → Cu (OH) ₂ · Cuco _2.

Uma sicabanga monovalent yayo kwakwakhe njengoba usawoti, it is waphawula nokonakala kwabo okuncane. izinto ezinjalo angaphansi namachibi okusheshayo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka divalent zethusi kwakwakhe. Lezi nosawoti babe solubility okuhle abezindaba aqueous. Ingabe dissociation yabo ephelele ku ion.

acid solubility

Ezivamile izimo ukuphendula percolation zethusi acid ababuthakathaka noma buhlanjululwe awuzibhebhezeli ekuhlanganyeleni kwabo. Sekube kungekho inqubo yamakhemikhali lensimbi alkalis. I solubility ithusi acid ungakwazi, uma banamandla oxidizing ejenti. Kuphela Kulokhu, ukuxhumana senzeka.

I solubility ithusi nitric acid

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi kukhona onamandla namachibi metal reagent. Nitric acid buhlanjululwe in ifomu kanzulu futhi ubukisa izindawo nokonakala oxidative wethusi.

Ngo samuntu sokuqala kutholakala phakathi ukuphendula zethusi nitrate kanye bivalent nitrogen oxide e isilinganiso 75% kuya ku-25%. Inqubo kanye alulaze nitric acid lingachazwa nge ezothando elandelayo:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (CHA _{3) 2} + CHA + CHA + 4H ₂ O.

Esimeni sesibili, nitrate yethusi nitrogen oxides divalent futhi tetravalent kabani ratio 1 kuya 1. Lokhu kuhilela 1 imvukuzane bensimbi 3 amavukuzi of kanzulu nitric acid. Lapho kuqedwa nethusi Ukushisa eqinile yesixazululo, okuholela noqhekeko ezishisayo oxidant kwenzeka nokululama ivolumu ezengeziwe nitrogen oxides:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (CHA _{3) 2} + CHA ₂ + CHA ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Ukusabela kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yabadobi, ehambisana ne-ukucutshungulwa Scrap noma ukhipha enamathela imfucuza. Nokho, indlela enjalo Ukuqedwa zethusi linenani yokuntula ezihlobene ukukhululwa esiningi nitrogen oxides. Ukubamba noma iwukudambisa kubo kudinga imishini ekhethekile. Lezi zinqubo eqolo.

nokonakala yethusi kubhekwa ephelele uma kukhona ukumisa okuphelele ukukhiqizwa oluyingozi nitrogen oxides. Amazinga ukuphendula zokhahlamba kusuka 60 kuya 70 ° C. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwehlisa isixazululo we ophendulayo zamakhemikhali. Ezansi kukhona izingcezu ezincane zensimbi okuyinto engazange asabela ngayo. Ukuze ketshezi okuholela amanzi kungezwa filtration wenziwa.

Solubility e-sulfuric acid

Ngokuvamile lesi simo ingekho. Determinant zethusi nokonakala e-sulfuric acid, kuba lokuhlushwa oqinile. naphakathi buhlanjululwe ayikwazi oxidize metal. Ukuhlakazwa ithusi kanzulu sulfuric acid okuphuma ukukhululwa sulphate.

Inqubo esashiwo kwesibalo elandelayo:

Cu + H ₂ SO ₄ + H ₂ SO ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + SO _2.

I izakhiwo zethusi sulfate

Salt dibasic futhi ngokuthi sulfate, uqoke njengendlela: CuSO _4. Kuyinto into ngaphandle iphunga isici, bembonisa kungekho simo esishubile. Ifomu anhydrous usawoti ayinakho umbala, kuba opaque, kokuba hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngo-copper (sulfate) solubility ezinhle. Ama-athomu amanzi, usawoti ngokujoyina bangase bafinyelele crystalline hydrate kwakwakhe. Isibonelo salokhu sulfate yethusi, okuyinto topotecan okwesibhakabhaka. ifomula zayo: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Crystalline hydrate esingokwemvelo tint bluish isakhiwo esobala, bona abonise le ebabayo, ukunambitheka metallic. Ama-molecule ungalahlekelwa amanzi abo ahlangene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emvelweni, atholakala ifomu amaminerali, okuhlanganisa chalcanthite futhi butit.

Ukudalulwa sulfate yethusi. Solubility kuyinto ukusabela exothermic. imali enkulu ukushisa ekhiqizwa enqubeni hydration nosawoti.

I solubility ithusi nensimbi

Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo pseudoalloys kumiswa Fe futhi Cu. Ukuze yensimbi metallic nethusi kungenziwa nomkhawulo solubility mutual. Ubuningi yamanani zalo nasemkhakheni lokushisa inkomba 1099,85 ° C. Izinga zethusi solubility ngesimo okuqinile ilingana 8.5% yensimbi. Lezi izinkomba ezincane. Ukuhlakazwa yensimbi metallic ngesimo okuqinile zethusi imayelana 4.2%.

Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ekamelweni amagugu kwenza izinqubo okuncane mutual. Lapho elicibilikile ithusi lensimbi, ikwazi ukumanzisa kahle insimbi ifomu okuqinile. Ekulungiseleleni Fe futhi Cu pseudoalloys zisebenzisa preform ekhethekile. Kudaliwe ngokucindezela noma bayobhaka yensimbi powder ekhona ifomu okumsulwa noma ingxubevange. preform okunjalo ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali-copper ketshezi, ukwakha pseudoalloys.

Ukuhlakazwa e-ammonia

Inqubo ngokuvamile okuphuma ngu edlulisa NH ₃ efomini gaseous phezu kwensimbi red-hot. Umphumela kuqedwa ithusi ammonia, ukuzehlukanisa Cu ₃ N. Le ngxube ubizwa nitride njengoba monovalent.

Zikasawoti solution yayo ammonia edalulwa. Ukwengeza i-reagent kuya chloride zethusi kuholela kwezulu ngesimo hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

ammonia okweqile Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-complex uhlobo kwakwakhe kokuba coloration amnyama-blue:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Le nqubo isetshenziswa ukunquma ion cupric.

I solubility sensimbi

Ngo pearlitic oluthambile cast iron isakhiwo ngaphandle izingxenye eziyisisekelo element olwengeziwe elikhona ngesimo zethusi ezivamile. Okungukuthi ke kwandisa graphitization zama-athomu carbon kwandisa fluidity, amandla kanye ubulukhuni we Alloys. I metal kuye kwaba nomphumela omuhle ezingeni Perlite e umkhiqizo wokugcina. I solubility ithusi nensimbi osetshenziselwa doping sokuqanjwa kokuqala. Injongo eyinhloko yale nqubo ukuthola ingxubevange oluthambile. Ngeke baye bathuthukisa izakhiwo mechanical ukugqwala, nokho sehliswa embrittlement.

Uma okuqukethwe ithusi nensimbi imayelana 1%, izinga amandla phakathi esisuka ilingana u-40%, kanti ukwanda isivuno 50%. Lokhu kakhulu kushintsha izici ingxubevange. Ukwandisa inani dopant metal 2%, kuholela ushintsho amandla kunani 65% kanye izinga ukugeleza iba ilingana u-70%. Ngezinye okuqukethwe ephakeme ithusi ukwakheka yensimbi spheroidal graphite kwakhiwa nzima. Isingeniso isakhiwo element alloying ayishintshi ubuchwepheshe ukwakha ingxubevange viscous futhi ezithambile. Isikhathi iyatholakala annealing uqondane nesikhathi ukuphendula ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa yensimbi ngaphandle ukungcola zethusi. Kuyinto amahora angu-10.

Sebenzisa zethusi ababezithola phansi benze womshini cast iron ne lokuhlushwa eliphezulu Silicon akakwazi aluqede ngokuphelele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ferrugination ingxube ngesikhathi annealing. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo kokuba nokuqinisela ongaphakeme.

Solubility e mercury

Lapho exutshwe mercury metal nezinye izakhi etholwe ziyinhlanganisela. Le nqubo ingase ithathe indawo ekamelweni lokushisa, ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo kuyinto PB ketshezi. I solubility zethusi ku mercury senzeka ngesikhathi Ukushisa kuphela. Metal kumelwe kuqala nquma. Lapho ogelezayo nokumanzisa ketshezi mercury zethusi okuqinile kuyinto Ukungena mutual sokuthi unesimo ku enye inqubo noma ukwanda okusheshayo. Inani solubility sivezwe njengoba amaphesenti futhi 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Phakathi ukuphendula oqinile uthole ziyinhlanganisela elula efana kuqinise. Uma kuba ukushisa kancane, selithambile. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxube enjalo isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ngobumba. Kukhona ziyinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuqukethwe elilungile metal kuwo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-ingxubevange yamazinyo has izici esiliva, ithini, ithusi ne-zinc. Inani labo kuphesenteji ubhekisela kuyo yomibili 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams yenziwe ngohlobo ngokuthi esiliva ezinjalo. Ngasinye ingxenye ingxubevange wenza umsebenzi othile, okuvumela ukuba uthole izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu Hambayo uphawu.

Esinye isibonelo ingxubevange ziyinhlanganisela lapho kukhona okuqukethwe zethusi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ibizwa nangokuthi zethusi ingxubevange. Ukwakheka ziyinhlanganisela likhona kusukela 10 kuya ku-30% Cu. lokuhlala High yethusi kuvimbela ithini wasithukuthelela mercury okungadingi yakha enganamandla kakhulu futhi onakalisayo ingxubevange isigaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehlisa inani lesiliva kumiphumela usigcine ukuncipha kwentengo. Ukulungisa ziyinhlanganisela kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa isimo inert noma uketshezi zokuzivikela esiyingxenye ifilimu. Izinsimbi ezakha ingxubevange uyakwazi ngokushesha oxidized ngendiza. Ukushisa inqubo Cuprum ziyinhlanganisela ebukhoneni hydrogen kuholela ziphuzo zazihluzwa mercury ehlukanisa ithusi zokucathula. Njengoba ubona, lolu daba ilula ukufunda. Manje uyazi, njengoba nje nethusi kuwuthinta hhayi kuphela ngamanzi kodwa futhi nama-asidi nezinye izakhi.