I-Georg Trakl: I-Biography nokudala

UGeorg Trakl ungumbongi ovelele wase-Austrian, umsebenzi wakhe owahlolwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe kuphela. Inhlekelele yakhe yayibuhlungu, futhi ukuphila kwaphela lapho eneminyaka engu-27. Noma kunjalo, ifa elincane lezinkondlo linomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezincwadi zase-Austrian futhi kwadumisa umbhali kamuva.

Iziqalo nobuntwana

Ngakho, ungubani - uGeorg Tracl? I-Biography ithi hero yezindaba zethu wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 3, 1887 eSalzburg. Umndeni wawunkulu, kodwa ukwenza kahle, ubaba wayenebhizinisi - isitolo se-hardware. Umama womlobi uMaria wabeletha umyeni wakhe izingane eziningi, phakathi kwabo uGeorg wayengowesihlanu. Naphezu kwenani lezinzalo, umama wasichitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi e-antiques nomculo, ngaphandle kokuzibophezela ngokukhuliswa kwesizukulwane esincane. UFrance owayehamba phambili uFrancis wayehlanganyela ezinganeni. UGeorge omncane wayehluphekile kakhulu ngalesi simo sengqondo somama, okwathi kamuva wabonisa izinkondlo zakhe.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela isithombe somama esibhalwe engqondweni yengane. Wahlala naye kuze kube phakade noMarius, owayebonakala ephethe isikhathi esithile. Umqaphi wayengumKatolika ozinikele owayefuna ukuguqula abafundi ekukholweni kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo wesifazane wabafundisa isiFulentshi futhi wazisa izincwadi zezwe lakhe. Kwakukukhuliswa kwakhe okwenziwe ngamandla ekwenzeni uGeorge njengombongi. Naphezu kokuhlambalaza ukuthi wafihla ekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, umlobi wakhe wayelokhu ekhuluma ngothando lwakhe ngothando, ebiza ngokuthi yithuba elijabulisayo kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe.

Isifundo

Lapho eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala uGeorg Trakl wangena esikoleni sokulungiselela esikoleni esiphakeme, kwathi ngo-10 wathunyelwa esikoleni sokuzivocavoca. Kodwa ukutadisha kwakungelula kuGeorge, waze wahlala ngomnyaka wesibili, futhi ebangeni lesi-7 ekuhlolweni kokugcina kwehlulekile ngezihloko ezintathu: izibalo, isiLatini nesiGreki. Wayekwazi ngisho nolimi lolimi lwakhe olubi kakhulu. Inkulumo kaGeorge yayingalungile, ayikwazanga ukuxhuma amagama amabili. Umfana wayenzima kakhulu esikoleni, umyalo wase-Austrian wamshaya kabi. Abafunda naye babemkhumbula njengomfana osemusha owayehlale ehleka "ukuhleka usulu, enenkani" ebusweni bakhe.

Ukuhluleka kwezifundo kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1905 uGeorge waphonsa indawo yokuzivocavoca futhi waya kubafundi be-apothecary.

Okokuqala kusebenza

UGeorg Trakl washeshe wazwa ukuthanda kwakhe izinkondlo. Ngisho naphakathi kwezifundo zakhe e-gymnasium, waya embuthanweni wokubhala, okuthiwa "u-Apollo." Ngalesi sikhathi, umlobi omncane waba nesithakazelo emdlalweni. Ngonyaka we-1906, imidlalo yakhe emibili yayisendlini yaseshashalazini edolobheni laseSalzburg: Fata Morgana kanye neSuku Lokukhumbuza. Kodwa-ke, kokubili ukusebenza kwakuyizinhlekelele, izilaleli azikwazanga. KuGeorge lokhu kwakuyiphupho langempela. Ezimweni ezikhungathekile, wabhubhisa umbhalo wengozi ayesanda kuqeda ukuyibhala.

Kodwa lokhu kuhluleka akuzange kumvimbe le nsizwa. Ngemva konyaka edolobheni le "Salzburg Folk Newspaper" yavela ivesi lakhe lokuqala "Song Song".

Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yombhalo yayigxile kakhulu ukuthi uGeorg oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye wayenomlutha we-morphine, i-veronal newayini. Ukulutha kwakhe izidakamizwa kubangelwa izinkinga ezinkulu ngokuxhumana nabantu abakuzungezile nabantu. Okuyiqiniso ukuthi imbongi yayingenakubekezeleleka, izwe lobuhlobo babantu lalibukeka bunzima futhi bubi. Lokhu kwamenza wangena ezweni lamafantasti namaphupho. Naphezu kokulutha, uGeorge ubizwa ngokuthi umuntu onokholo ngokujulile. In izinkondlo zakhe ungathola izithombe eziningi zobuKristu, motifs kanye themes.

Uthando olungavunyelwe - akunjalo?

UGeorg Tracl nodadewabo babesondelene kakhulu, okwakwenza ukuba kube nokuhleka nokuhlekisa okuningi. Kodwa ingabe kukhona iqiniso phakathi kwabo?

Ngo-1908, imbongi yaya eYunivesithi yaseVienna eya emnyangweni wezokwelapha, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi wazinikezela ngokuphelele ezinkondlweni futhi wayengenakukwazi ukuthatha izifundo zakhe. Kuye, izwe lokubhala liye laba elinye ithuba lokubalekela empeleni.

Isizathu salokhu akukhona nje ukuhluleka ukwakha ubudlelwane nabanye, kodwa futhi nomuzwa onqatshelwe. Kusukela esemncane, uGeorge wayemthanda nodadewabo omncane uMargaret. Wacabanga ngalesi sibalo esinesono futhi wabiza isiqalekiso sakhe. Noma kunjalo, uthando lwentombazane lwaba yisipiliyoni esiyinhloko senkondlo, eyakha isisekelo sayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe.

Kukhona ukucabanga okuhlukahlukene mayelana nobuhlobo babo, kuze kube yilapho ubulili buzohlala khona. Kodwa akukho okukodwa kwalokhu okuqinisekisiwe futhi kusebenza kuphela kumaciniso obuciko. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukuthi umngane omkhulu kaGeorge ngo-1912 wayenezindaba ezinesivunguvungu noMargaret.

UMfoweth 'nodadewethu babehlobene kuphela nobuhlobo bomndeni. Babenobuntu obufanayo kanye nombono. UMargaret wayengumqambimanga wokuqala wezinkondlo zakuqala zenkondlo. UGeorg wamethemba ngamaphupho akhe kanye nezimfihlo zakhe. Futhi udadewabo wayehlale ekulungele ukumsekela nokumduduza lapho umphakathi wenqaba le nsizwa. Ngakho-ke zonke izibonakaliso zothando ezikhona ezinkondlweni zezinkondlo. Kuye, lo dade wayengumuntu kuphela owayengamqonda.

Ukuphila ezweni lezinkondlo

Ivesi kwakuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvula umphefumulo wakho futhi ukhulume. Kuphela kubo uGeorg Trakly angaba yedwa. Izinkondlo zivele ngokulandelana. Noma kunjalo, kwakunzima kakhulu ukushicilela. Phakathi nokuphila komlobi, iqoqo elincane lemisebenzi yakhe lashicilelwa.

Naphezu kokucwiliswa emhlabeni wezinkondlo, wakwazi ukuphothula esikoleni futhi athole i-master degree. Ngemva kwalokhu, uGeorg wabuyela eSalzburg. Kwase kudlule isikhathi esithile esebenza ekhemisi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphila kwamlethela usizi kuphela, ngoba kwakungeyona ndlela yokuziphatha futhi akufani nomhlaba wamaphupho. Ngakho-ke ezinkondlweni zakhe wachaza ngalesi sikhathi: "... ukuthi yikuphi ukushayisana okungapheli kwemigomo nemifanekiso."

Enkonzweni wayehlale ephethe ikhanda ezandleni zakhe, engaqapheli noma yini eyenzekayo. Wayegxila ngokuphelele emicabangweni yakhe. Umnikazi wekhemisi, umuntu omuhle kakhulu, ngokuvamile uvumela le nsizwa ukuba ihambe ekhaya ngaphambili.

Ngaphandle kwendlela yokuphila

Ukunyuka okunamandla komlobi - izidakamizwa nezinkondlo - baye baba abangane ababi empilweni yangempela. Akukho msebenzi u-Trakl ongahlala isikhathi eside, futhi imali ayitholile ngokushicilela izinkondlo ephephandabeni ayanele ngokwanele. Isimbongi sasinganeliseki, sisebenza ekhemisi, bese esibhedlela sasingeke sishintshe isimo. Umsebenzi wamabhuku awunakwenzeka ukwenza.

UGeorg Trakle wayefuna ngisho nokuya eBorneo, asebenze ekhemisi lapho, kodwa wenqatshelwe ukuhlala kabusha ekoloni laseNetherlands. Lokhu kwamnciphisa ithemba lakhe lokugcina ngandlela-thile ukuthola indawo kuleli zwe.

Ukuzithola

Kule minyaka uGeorge uhlala kuphela ngemali abangane bakhe ababoleka ngayo, okuyilokho abhala khona kakhulu ezinkondlweni zakhe. Umlobi uzama ukuthola indawo futhi agijime lonke elaseYurophu, uvakashela eMulau, Innsbruck, Venice, eSalzburg, eVienna. Kodwa lapho ehlala khona nxazonke iwashi isebenza emisebenzini, ejwayele ukuyiloba kabusha, ubukhona obukhuni, iwayini, abesifazane abonakele nezidakamizwa. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngentshiseko enkulu kanye nesithandwa uGeorg Trakl. Iqoqo eliphelele lezinkondlo nalo lichaza ngokugcwele impilo yommbongi, njengoba konke lokhu kubonakala ezinkondlweni zakhe. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, umlobi ngeke akwazi ukubona leyo ncwadi.

I-trakle ihola impilo yasendle. Amanothi ajwayelekile aguquka ushintsho emoyeni wakhe kanye nohlamvu lwakhe. Ungaba umxhumanisi othakazelisayo futhi ocebile, kodwa angabonisa ukuhlukumeza futhi afunge ngokungalawuleki. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imbongi yayibandakanyeka kakhulu emsebenzini kaDostoevsky. Kwakuvela emisebenzini yama-classics aseRashiya okuthi igama elithi "Sonya" lingene ezinkondlweni zakhe.

Iminyaka yamuva nokufa

Ukusebenzisa izitebhisi ezingezansi zesiteleka sezenhlalakahle, ngaso sonke isikhathi sidinga imali, u-Trakle usakwazi ukujwayele ukwazi umhlaba wezobuciko. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1912 wahlangana nabamemezeli bomagazini uBrenner, abahlaziyi bezincwadi O. Kokoshka noK. Kraus, kanye nabadwebi abaqoshiwe nabadwebi. Kodwa-ke, lezi zibopho zazingenamandla ngenxa yesimo esingokomoya sombongi ngokwakhe kanye nokuziphatha kwakhe okungahambi kahle.

Ngomnyaka ka-1913, okushicilelwe kuphela emkhatsini wokuphila kwakhe kwakuyiqoqo leTrakl, elibizwa ngokuthi "Izinkondlo".

Ngo-1914, imbongi yathola isifundo sabalobi abacindezelekile. Kodwa imbongi yayingenaso isikhathi sokuyisebenzisa - impi yaqala. Ithektala njenge-reservist yasheshe yahlelwa ebuthweni. Wathunyelwa esibhedlela sangaphambili njengesiphakamisi. Phakathi kwezimpi, umlobi uyaqhubeka nokuphuza nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa.

Kodwa lapho kulwa impi esindayo, futhi kwakungekho nemithi eyanele, uTrakch kwadingeka athathe ukwelashwa. Njengoba engenalo imfundo nokuhlangenwe nakho, wasebenzisa amasosha abalimele. Ukudabuka kwempi kwamenza wamcindezela ukuthi wazama ukuzibulala. Kodwa wamiswa ngesikhathi futhi wathunyelwa esibhedlela eKrakow ukuze ahlolwe ngudokotela wezifo zengqondo. Lapha uqedile umsebenzi owaqala, ukuzibulala ngoNovemba 3, 1914. Isitifiketi sokufa ekholomu "Isizathu" sathi: "Ukuzibulala ngenxa yokudakwa i-cocaine".

UGeorg Tracl, "Sebastian Ephusheni"

Leli qoqo lezinkondlo laba umlobi wesibili. Ngeshwa, uGeorg akazange alinde ukushicilelwa kwakhe, ngoba yanyatheliswa ngo-1915, unyaka ngemva kokufa komlobi.

Umbongi uqobo wenza ingxenye yokulungiselela ukuqoqwa, izinkondlo ezikhethiwe, bese ufunda ukulungiswa kokufunda ubufakazi. Ukuqoqwa ngegama elifanayo kungatholakala emashalofini ezincwadi zokuthenga amabhuku namuhla, kodwa okuqukethwe kwalo kuzoba okuhlukile. "Sebastian ephusheni" ivame ukuphenduka iqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi yombongi.

UGeorge Tracl. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo "Winter Night"

Cabangela enye yezinkondlo zohlelo zomlobi.

Lo msebenzi uchaza isithombe esivamile kumbongi, lapho ephuzile, eshiya ukuxabana nomsindo, ehamba ekhaya ebusuku. UGeorg uchaza ukuzwela okuhlangenwe nakho ngalesi sikhathi: "Izinyawo zakho ziyazamaza ngenkathi zihamba ... ukumomotheka okugcwele ukudabuka ... ecatshangelwa ebusweni bakho ... amahlumela ebunzini ebusweni." Umzwelo weqhawe elimnandi liyabuhlungu, konke kuphethwe yizinhlekelele, ngisho nemvelo ibikezela okubi: "Izinkanyezi zihlangene ngezibonakaliso ezingenamusa." Ubusuku abukho kahle, kodwa usuku luyisindiso. Ukucasula kwakhe kuchazwa ngokumangalisayo futhi ngokucophelela: "Isiliva sithandwa usuku olubomvu." Ukufika kokuntwela kokusa kuhambisana ne-chime "yamabellane endala". Ilanga lihamba ubumnyama ebusuku kanye nephupho elibi lomlobi.

Uhlamvu olubuhlungu luyi-Georg Trakly. Izinkondlo zomlobi ziwubufakazi obuqondile balokhu. Iqhawe lakhe elimnandi lixubene ezweni elimnyama eligcwele imithunzi, izimo ezimbi kanye namaphupho amabi. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuphela kungakukhipha kulo mbuso. Kodwa ngobusuku obulandelayo, konke kuzokwenzeka futhi.

Esikhathini somculo nomculo

Esikhathini samasiko we-pop asithathi indawo yokugcina uGeorge Trakl. Ifilimu mayelana nokuxhumana kwakhe ngasese nodadewabo yanyatheliswa ngo-2011 ngumqondisi uChristophe Stark. Umdwebo wawubizwa ngokuthi "I-Taboo. Umphefumulo awunawo umhlaba emhlabeni. " Kunezinto eziningi zobuciko bezobuciko kanye nokuziqhenya esiqhingini, okulula ukubona, sicabanga ukuthi kuze kube manje akekho owaziwa ngobunikazi bomlobi oqinisekisile ukuthi wayenenkinga nodadewabo. Isithombe asizange sisakazwe kabanzi, ukuhlolwa kwababukeli nabagxeki kwakuphakathi.

Okudume kakhulu umsebenzi womlobi nabaculi. Ngakho, uDavid Tukhmanov wabhala izingoma kumavesi kaGeoorg Traklya. Umjikelezo womqambi wabizwa ngokuthi "U-Holy Night, noma Iphupho likaSebastian."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-albhamu yango-1992 yeqembu lama-rock gothic lama-German ALSO lazinikele ngokuphelele emsebenzini womlobi. Futhi ngo-1978 uKlaus Schultz, umqambi wesikole saseBerlin, wabhala umdwebo womculo obizwa ngokuthi uGeorg Trakl.