Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam e-United States: umlando ukwakhiwa, incazelo, isithombe

Hoover Dam kuyinto isakhiwo wokubacindezela futhi emifula power plant e-United States. It elimiswe sifinyelela aphansi iColorado. Ukuphakama idamu 221 m. Kuyinto neBlack Canyon, mayelana nesimo se-Nevada , futhi Arizona. Kwakuthinta ogama lakhe behlonipha umongameli 31 th - Herbert Hoover, ababedlala indima ebalulekile isakhiwo sayo. Ukwakhiwa kwedamu senzeka ngo 1931-1936 GG.

Hoover Dam siqhutshwa Wezangaphakathi US Bureau of sokufuna Division. Kuyinto omunye ezikhangayo edume kunazo Las Vegas.

prehistory

Kuze okwamanje ekwakhiweni kwedamu Colorado (River) ngokuvamile wabonisa uhlamvu yayo nabo ezintabeni ezimazombezombe. Ngesikhathi iqhwa ukuncibilika ezintabeni ngokuvamile Ugcwalise ihlala abalimi abangamalungu nomfula. Abaklami bakholelwa ukuthi nokwakhiwa kwamadamu ukusiza ukulolonga ekushintshashintsheni ezingeni emfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakulindeleke ukuba kwesigubhu lizokhuphuka ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eniselwayo futhi babe umthombo amanzi ezindaweni eziningi Southern California.

Omunye izithiyo main ukuqaliswa iphrojekthi babe abameleli isimo ukungabaza, eColorado umcengezi. River, ngokuqondile yayo kwemithombo yamanzi abangu ngokulinganayo basakaza phakathi abathengi. Kwakukhona ukululekana ukuthi California, nazo zonke usithonye futhi izimali, ukubeka isimangalo kuya ngobuningi zigcine amanzi kwesigubhu.

Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Ikhomishini yasungulelwa, ezazihlanganisa omele omunye usuke entweni ngayinye States ukhathazekile kanye nabamele kusuka kuhulumeni wezwe. Umsebenzi wabo uye waba abasayinile EMhlanganweni iColorado. Kwakuthinta fixed izindlela yokusabalalisa kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kwavula indlela ukwakhiwa kwamadamu.

Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo wokubacindezela lokhu isikali edingekayo ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo okukhulu kusukela isabelomali isimo. Lo mthethosivivinywa sivunyiwe ngu izimali e-White House kanye US Senate ngokushesha. Ngo-1928 UCalvin Coolidge usayine umthetho akunika selihanjiswa ngokuba kwalolu hlelo. Ukwabiwa lokuqala yabelwe ukwakhiwa eminyakeni engu-2 kuphela kamuva. UMongameli ngemva kwayo kwaba khona Gerbert Guver.

Loluhlelo ngokuthi ukuze kwakhiwe idamu at Boulder (Colorado emfuleni canyon). Futhi nakuba ekugcineni kwanqunywa ukuba ngilimise neBlack Canyon, iphrojekthi waziwa ngokuthi Boulder Canyon Project.

ukwakhiwa

Nokwakhiwa kwamadamu ilandelana Ubekwe icala yizinkampani ezimbalwa. Phakathi kwabo: eziyisithupha Companies, Inc., uMorrison-Knudsen Inkampani; Utah Inkampani yokwakha; Pacific Ibhuloho Inkampani; -Henry J. Kaiser & WA Bechtel Inkampani; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd, JF Shea Inkampani.

ukusebenza

Lesi sakhiwo yahanjelwa izinkulungwane zabasebenzi (ngo-1934 isibalo esiphezulu lafinyelela abantu 5251). Ngaphansi inkontileka, yayingavunyelwe ukusebenza nokuqasha abasebenzi Chinese lonke inani Amasosha black akazange idlule abantu 30, ngesikhathi wahlanganyela imisebenzi kahle ikhokhwe kakhulu. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi eduze edamini abakhi iyokwakhiwa idolobha elincane, kodwa isimiso yabukezwa esivuna kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo imisebenzi futhi kusheshiswe umsebenzi (ukunciphisa abangasebenzi, owawungumnyaka yi Okukhulu Kwezomnotho). Ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi kufika amasosha lokuqala umuzi wawuyigolide ayikalungi okwamanje, futhi abakhi edamini lokuqala ehlobo wachitha emakamu.

ngaphansi kwezimo abasebenza kanye ukubambezeleka ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kuholele isiteleka, eyaqala ngo-1931. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izisebenzi bahlakazeka ngempoqo (amaphoyisa esetshenziswa batons nezikhali). Nokho, ijubane sokwakha idolobha, kwanqunywa ukuba asheshise, futhi entwasahlobo ka ngonyaka ozayo, abantu baye bathuthela endaweni zokuhlala unomphela. Ukugembula, ngomzimba futhi ukudayiswa uphuzo oludakayo bavinjelwa ngesikhathi sokwakha e Boulder City. ukuvinjelwa Kugcine lapha wahlala kwaze kwaba ngo-1969. Ukugembula ibhizinisi lapha engasonjululwa kuze kube yilolu suku, okwenza Boulder City edolobheni kuphela isimo Nevada, nesebenzela ukuvinjelwa ezinjalo.

izimo zokusebenza

Hoover Dam, isithombe zazo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, lakhiwa izimo sekukaningi. Abanye umsebenzi esenzeka imigudu, lapho abenza wahlushwa-carbon monoxide, okuyinto lapha ayemaningi (abanye abakhi ke wayeshone noma ukhubazeka). Umqashi is wabe esethi ukuthi ukufa kwaba umphumela pneumonia, futhi ayikwazi aphethwe nesibopho. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwakhiwa leli damu laliwukuphela kwesakhiwo lokuqala, eyayihunyushwe ikhishelwa abasebenzi nezigqoko ukuphepha.

Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa idamu (idamu) wabulala abantu abangu-96. Ngowokuqala ngqa kuwo owayenguShilo Umdabuli George. Tierney, omuke ekupheleni 1922 eColorado, ngokukhetha indawo engcono kakhulu ukwakhiwa. Okuxakayo ukuthi isisulu yakamuva edamini uvele Patrik Tirni, indodana yakhe, owafa eminyakeni engu-30 kamuva, kokuba esewile kusuka kwemibhoshongo Spillway.

msebenzi wokulungiselela

Ukwakhiwa kwedamu edamini Kwakuhlelwe ngasemngceleni ophakathi Arizona futhi Nevada e umhosha emincane. Ukudlulisela phambili amanzi ekufezeni Umhubhe 4 sidalwe kusukela iphuzu ukwakhiwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Ubude 4.9 km. Ngo-1931, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha Imigudu ngokwabo. Bona alinikeze sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo, ukushuba okwakunzima 0.9 m, lapho ubukhulu ewusizo we Amapayipi amakhulu safinyelela 15.2 m.

Imihubhe emva ukwakhiwa ngakwazi ukubona kancane ivinjiwe "bavimbe" sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo futhi ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa ukubonisa kabusha amanzi okweqile. Iqiniso ukuthi Spillway akuyona ngomzimba edamini, futhi ngokusebenzisa imigudu ukuthi zitholakala kwamadwala, unikeza ukuzinza isakhiwo sonke.

Nokwakhiwa kwamadamu, caissons

Ukuvimbela isikhukhula kungenzeka, kanye kwemihlambi esakhiweni ezakhiwa 2-coffer edamini. Idamu engenhla wakhela ngo-1932, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi ukwaba Imigudu abangu akuphelelanga.

Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ephephile ngaphambi ukwakhiwa izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene wokuqeda ezindongeni canyon Kwakuseshwa emadwaleni namatshe okuxekethile amanga ekuqaleni base basibukela phansi dynamite bese kokuwa phansi.

Ukwakhiwa kwedamu ukhonkolo

Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba edamini ukhonkolo lokuqala elachithwa ngo-1933. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo Kwatholakala emkhakheni olandelayo non-metallic izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikakhulukazi izitshalo ukhonkolo ezakhiwa.

Njengoba ukusebenza kwalesi isikali neze esenziwe ngaphambili (kuyafaneleka ukuba ngingehlelwa nangeyodwa kulezi ezweni edamini ayikwazanga kuqhathaniswa izinga isakhiwo), eziningi izixazululo lobuchwepheshe esetshenziswayo abevelele ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, enye yezinkinga uvele Ukupholisa ukhonkolo. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni dwala eliqinile Hoover Dam Yakhiwa njengoba uchungechunge amakholomu oxhumene ngesimo trapezoids. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abazalwane ekushiseni okweqile ukuthi ikhishwe ngesikhathi solidification ingxube kwashabalala.

Onjiniyela waqaphela ukuthi uma Hoover Dam iyokwakhiwa njengoba dwala, Ukupholisa ngomoya aphathekako izinga lokushisa edingekayo kwakuyodingeka ibe iminyaka engu-125 ubudala. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqhekeka zingavela, kodwa esikhathini esizayo ke Kwakuyohlanganisani ukubhujiswa naleli damu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta ngamunye ukusheshisa Ukupholisa ngomoya izingqimba ukhonkolo oluqukethwe ohlelweni ukupholisa we metal ipayipi intshi lapho amanzi emfuleni agelezé chilled. Mangisho ukuthi angawokuphulukisa ukhonkolo, futhi namuhla alikapheli.

Umthombo

Ukudala umgodi lo emifula power plant owawuse ngokuhlanganyela rytom yokwemba, okuyinto besihloselwe base naleli damu. earthworks Kudingekile zaphela ngo-1933, okuwunyaka ukhonkolo lokuqala lalibizwa batheleka sasemkhathini.

Eyokuqala ugesi generator esiteshini yadalwa 1936. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-25 e-sesimanje esiteshini kwakunabanye ugesi ezengeziwe ezisebenzayo. Okwamanje ngikhona kagesi ukukhiqiza nesikhombisa ugesi, esiphezulu amandla 2074 MW.

indima amandla namuhla

Sokuphehla amandla unendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwamandla entshonalanga ye-United States. Kusukela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuncike umthwalo ukulungiswa ku oscillator ngamunye ukuthi kulawulwa esiteshini ukusatshalaliswa elise Phoenix. Ngokuthakazelisayo, uhlelo lokuphathwa ikwimodi inhlukano lasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1991; computerization eminye kohlelo kwenziwa.

izakhiwo

Le phrojekthi kokuqala kwakuhilela design silula yezakhiwo kwesakhiwo kanye kwamadamu emifula. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ohlangothini elingaphandle idamu udonga ezivamile, wayakha yi balustrade phezulu, wadala e isitayela Gothic Revival. Nakuba isakhiwo izitshalo amandla ngokuvamile akufanele lingafani elula ifektri phansi.

ababephila ngesikhathi abaningi ngale phrojekthi ehlongozwayo iye bagxekwa alula ngokweqile, okuyinto, ngokombono wabo, akazange zivumelana uhlamvu epochal, obani ababefaka Hoover Dam. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuba sibuyekeze iphrojekthi wamenywa ukuba wezakhiwo Los Angeles Gordon Kaufman. Wakwazi rework iphrojekthi ngokugcwalisa Ingaphandle zalezi zakhiwo ubuciko Deco isitayela. Ngenxa yalokho, engxenyeni engenhla edamini elalihlotshiswe ngayo yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili, okuyinto "ikhula" ngokuqondile edamini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, othumele iwashi phezu kwemibhoshongo Spillway. Ezinye zazo abonise Mountain Time, kanti eyesibili - North Pacific Time American.

Igama edamini

Ekuqaleni, Idamu Hoover elimiswe Boulder Canyon consequently e imibhalo esemthethweni yayibizwa ngokuthi "Boulder Idamu". Ngesikhathi esifanayo wokuvulwa ukwakhiwa Ray Wilbur, US uNobhala Ministry Interior yamemezela ukuthi lesi sakhiwo uzobe ogama lakhe behlonipha US President Hoover. Lokhu amagama esitatimendeni abongameli baqhubeka Wilbur isabelo isiko amadamu amakhulu USA. I-US Congress omamukele igama elisemthethweni ngo-1931.

Ngemva konyaka, Hoover elahlekile ukhetho ukuze Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Democratic ikhandidethi. Ngemva Roosevelt wathatha ihhovisi, United States ekuphathweni ezihlongozwayo ukushintsha igama edamini le "Boulder Idamu". Kulesi senzakalo, isinqumo esisemthethweni lingenyuswanga, kodwa kuzo zonke isiqondiso ekuphileni izivakashi futhi imibhalo esemthethweni leyo minyaka, igama Hoover elahlekile.

iminyaka engu-2 ngemva kokufa Roosevelt sika, Dzhek Anderson, Congressman California, okwethulwa uhlaka isakhiwo ukubuya okuthiwa Hoover. Lo mthethosivivinywa elihambisana esisayinwe nomongameli, futhi kusukela idamu ngokuthi "Hoover Dam".

Inani ezokuthutha

On edamini kuze 2010 lwalumumethe Highway 93, okuyisona ohlangothini enyakatho naseningizimu futhi uxhuma ayofika emngceleni waseMexico nge Arizona. Ingxenye yomgwaqo, eyakhelene naleli damu, umthamo ezokuthutha ngocansi kanye nemigwaqo akuyona ifaniswe. Umgwaqo has ohlangothini ngalunye, kwindlela eyodwa kuphela, kodwa phansi aso oyinyoka edamini kuhlanganisa ematfuba eziningana emincane futhi emaweni, izindawo yenkungu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgwaqo kuncike kwenhlabathi njalo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-2001 kungagcini traffic ngokusebenzisa edamini. Ezinye izinhlobo izimoto uvakashe angaphansi ukuhlolwa saziso ukubekela eceleni iziqhumane ukushushumbisa, futhi bonke abanye zihlolwe njalo nje.

Ngo-2010, cishe Hoover Dam Bridge lavulwa Mike O'Callaghan. It khudlwana umthamo nomendo.

Umthelela on nemvelo

Ukwakhiwa kwesigubhu Mead futhi kwakhiwa leli damu saba nethonya esilinganisekayo phezu Colorado River, imodi yayo yamanzi, futhi ngokukhethekile ku-ecosystem yayo. Ngakho ithonya elilimazayo kwamadamu eziningi ezahlukene ezinkulu. Iminyaka 6 ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye nokugcwaliswa kwezikhala amanzi kwesigubhu semifula cishe ufinyelelwe.

Ukwakhiwa saphela izikhukhula njalo, okuyinto eyenza Colorado River canyon. Kodwa lokhu ukubeka esongelwa ngqo ngokushesha eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane eziye ingashintshwa ukuze izikhukhula njalo. Ukwakhiwa kwedamu ezansi encishisiwe izinhlanzi imiphakathi. Okwamanje samanje, 4 ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuthiwa zisengozini yokuqothulwa.

Ngisho nanamuhla, enhlabathini eduze Mead kwesigubhu ungabona iminonjana elingenhla izinga lamanzi, okuyinto yafinyelelwa ngo-1983. Lokhu kwakubangelwa isamba esikhulu ngokungavamile kwezulu okuyinto uwile ngenxa umphumela El Nino entshonalanga ye-United States.

Ukubona lokhu edamini iye yasetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi yobuciko. Ngokwesibonelo, idamu iye okukhulunywe ngawo encwadini "omunye storey Melika" by Ilf and Petrov, in the movie "Universal Soldier" futhi "Transformers" kanye ifilimu animated "Beavis and Butt-ikhanda."