Ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana phakathi kwezilwane nabantu: izitho zangaphakathi, ukubukeka, ukuxhumana, ubudlelwane

Lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini abantu nezilwane - ngesihloko ethakazelisa kakhulu. Ngemva uCharles Darwin kwakhiwa inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, waqala agumenti engapheli mayelana nokuthi abantu ngempela owehla evela nezinkawu, noma ayengaphandle ngenye indlela. Kuze kube manje asinikeza impendulo ecacile yalo mbuzo akunakwenzeka. Nokho, isayensi namuhla uye zanqwabelana eziningi ubufakazi esikisela ukuthi kukhona ukufana olugqamile zezilwane nabantu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo banendabuko efanayo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuqanjwa kwawo zokucathula nsé.

Ukwakheka zokucathula eziphilayo

Njengengxenye yimizimba yezinto eziphilayo ayehlala Umhlaba has izici efanayo amakhemikhali. Okufanayo acid nucleic namaprotheni atholakala amaseli isilwane. Zenza engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo. Ukufana enkulu watholakala ephakathi kwezinkawu abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, macaque futhi DNA yomuntu iqukethe cishe 66% izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo. Futhi uma uqhathanisa omele zinhlobo Homo sapiens kusukela chimpanzee, ukufana kwawo emhlabeni 92%. izakhiwo Immunological legazi musa ihluke kakhulu. Futhi nyanyisa futhi abantu ine RH isici negazi iqembu.

zomzimba kanye nezinhlaka webantfu netilwane

Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, akunjalo? Nokho, lokhu akugcini ukufana of zezilwane nabantu. Njengezinye izingxenye kanye izitho zomzimba secrete e isakhiwo kokubili. Ukufana isakhiwo jikelele bezilwane nabantu abavela kusikisela ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhuluma ngemvelaphi yabo evamile. Ayanda isilwane ungaphakathi esikalini kwemvelo, le ehlukile kancane ezitshalweni zohlobo Homo sapiens kungabonwa. indoda phambi Yiqiniso, njengazo zonke zinhlobo lezimfene ukuziqonda. Sinenkosi ibhulashi ukuthi kungaba izimisele ngokukhululekile futhi unbent. Enye iminwe kuyaphikisana enkulu. Nail unikezwe arched ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu esigungwini. Clavicle ithuthukiswe kwebhande ehlombe kahle. Zinikeza ukunyakaza eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene we forelegs. Okukhulu nalabo nabanye kuba Yekhanda. Ohlangothini front Yekhanda elise enethiwekhi. Babhekene phambili. Njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo eziningi, amehlo yensimu ukubonakala akuzona elahliwe futhi kuyenzeka ihlangane komunye nomunye. Lokhu kunikeza ngakuthathu, umbono Binocular. Nokho, lokhu akukhona konke ukufana. Futhi umahluko womuntu-isilwane asizange okwamanje kubhekwe. Sinesithakazelo isihloko ngempela ezisindayo, futhi ukudalula kungaba eside kakhulu. Masizame ukuhlonza main.

ingqondo

Futhi wezinkawu, futhi indoda, ngokungafani kuya elezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ubuchopho athuthukile kakhulu. Ivelele namanoni aphezu occipital okuqondile futhi oluvelele. Iqiniso ukuthi iyizingxenye occipital achazwayo kahle, ngenxa ngcono umbono. A amakhono bokusungula okusezingeni eliphezulu kwabangela nokuba khona iyizingxenye engaphelele. Ngokuvamile, wonke eziyinkimbinkimbi - forelimbs uyakwazi zokukhwabanisa, ubuchopho lezimfene kanye nezinhlaka athuthukile umbono - kungokudingekayo eyisisekelo kokuba ikhono emsebenzini. Nokho, nokuqaliswa kwalo (kule sixoxa ngezansi ngokuningiliziwe), kuphela maqondana indoda ungakhuluma.

ukuthuthukiswa zemibungu

zomzimba kwabantu nezilwane uye zanqwabelana eziningi zolwazi ukuze bakwazi ukusho ukuthi ngezindlela eziningi kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa efanayo zemibungu zezinto eziphilayo okuqondene yohlobo olufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e kusaqalwa embryogenesis zonke wabeka chordate notochord (Axial skeleton) kwenzeka neural tube avele izimbotshana gill. Umuntu, isakhiwo inhliziyo yayo embryonic ungathi Ukuklanywa komzimba zezinhlanzi - omunye ventricle nokukodwa ATRIUM. Ososayensi baye baphenya kanjani izilwane ezahlukene zidlulile kwengane esiswini. Bathola ukuthi abantu kuwo uya kuzo zonke izigaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo. Lesi sici waphawula usosayensi German Ernst Haeckel F. 'uMüller, owaphila isigamu 2nd kwekhulu le-19. Bona washayelwa ke njengoba umthetho biogenetic, okuyinto ephinda phylogeny e ontogeny. ukuthuthukiswa ngamunye, okungukuthi ontogenesis, - a recapitulation ka phylogeny, okuyinto ukuthuthukiswa komlando uhlobo oluthile.

Indlela yokuxhumana ngaphansi kwezimo

Manje ake sihlole izici ukuziphatha. Kukhona futhi ukufana abalulekile zezilwane nabantu. Futhi labo nabanye uhlelo ukuxhumana amasignali abafanele. izindlela United yokuziphatha kwezilwane kanye izinhlobo zesintu. Abadali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela reflex yokuziphatha kukhona ososayensi Russian-IM Sechenov futhi I. P. Pavlov. Lo mbono isekelwe ukubonakaliswa ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi isimiso sezinzwa. unit Its obusebenzayo kuyinto reflex.

Yilezo ukufana okuyisisekelo of zezilwane nabantu. Manje ake sixoxe umehluko. Uzobona ukuthi kokuphikisa "indoda - isilwane" has a lot of elisekela.

Bipedalism nasemilenzeni ikakhulukazi abantu

Ngo zomzimba nokwakheka abantu kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezilwane. Ikakhulukazi, bipedalism savela ngenxa ukwakheka ezicutshini namandla kakhulu izitho aphansi, kodwa futhi ukubonakala uzwakalise egoba kabuhlungu emgogodleni (sacrococcygeal, lumbar, thoracic, wesibeletho), eshintsha isikhundla ukhalo, imfundo esiyingelezini sezulu nokuquma athuthukile umunwe kuqala. Indawo yezitho zangaphakathi uye washintsha ngenxa isikhundla mpo emzimbeni.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umuntu ngokwahlukana obusebenzayo emikhawulweni yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. izandla zethu athuthukiswe kahle - ibhulashi nezimo ezithathekayo, kukhona imisipha amaningi amancane, entendeni isithupha kuqhathaniswa evumela umuntu ukuba ukubamba izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isandla nonspecific, okungukuthi, ongenza ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza, ezicashile kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi. Zonke lezi futhi abaningi nezinye izici iye yachazwa ngesayense ezifana biology. Owomuntu, isitshalo noma lesi silwanyana, - konke ososayensi nesithakazelo abaye bazinikela lo mkhakha ulwazi. Ayikho kulezi zinhlobo eziphilayo lapho awalwi esifundweni.

Animal umsoco futhi abantu

Phakathi kwabantu, abahlukumezi futhi ezidla uhlaza, kukhona eziningi umehluko umsoco. Ngokwesibonelo, singasebenzisa cishe yikuphi ukudla. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo isakhiwo emhlathini. Ngo ezidla uhlaza ihamba ikakhulukazi indiza ovundlile, okukuvumela ukuba ugaye ukudla isitshalo. Njengoba ezidla ezinye, umhlathi ihamba thwi. Kuyadingeka yokuchitha amathambo ukuluma off the inyama. Man sinikezwe zombili lezi zinhlangothi, kodwa hhayi ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma nathi thina nokususa emhlathini kwethu ecaleni noma kakhulu ngobubanzi embule umlomo, kuyoba dislocated. amakhono wethu kule ndaba anqunyelwe cishe isigamu sezindela izilwane etholakalayo. Khumbula indlela ingwenya uvule umlomo wawo noma kanjani inkomo ihamba imihlathi, futhi wenza kanjalo uyokuqonda ukuthi ngiqonde ukuthini.

Isici ezithakazelisayo itholakala kule nokwakheka amazinyo. Futhi abantu nezilwane ukuzisebenzisela ukuhlafuna ukudla siyibonisa ngokungalidli. Isethi amazinyo yakhiwa ikakhulu ezidla uhlaza ka molars (okuthiwa namazinyo flat okuyinto afeze ukugaya ukudla). Ngesikhathi izilwane ezidla ezinye efanayo emlonyeni kukhona amazinyo futhi canines. Ubunjalo besintu ngokwesisekelo uye walungiselela ithuba ukudla ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, inzuzo osobala uwukuthi ebonwe isiqondiso ezidla uhlaza, njengoba 32 namazinyo 12 kuphela zihlobene eziyingozi. Lokhu 4 canines amancane amazinyo 8. Okunye namazinyo - molars futhi 12 premolars 8, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka abantu ukudla kuba ukudla isitshalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa ubuchopho

Mhlawumbe umehluko ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni zezilwane nabantu yiso ukuthuthukiswa ubuchopho, okuyinto isisekelo impahla yokukhuluma, ukwazi, ukucabanga. Kubantu, akusiyo isakhiwo nje kakhulu emikhulu kodwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi okungaphezu kwalokho kwezilwane. Lokhu kungenxa ukuvela izakhiwo ezintsha, kanye ensembles izinzwa ezilawula ukucabanga, inkulumo, ukunyakaza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kubantu, ubuchopho engalingani. Bona bayakwazi quin. Ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi nge ukucabanga okunengqondo ezihambisana Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele futhi Nenkabazwe kwesokudla unesibopho umuzwa nembulunga ngokomzwelo.

Namuhla siyazi, sibonga ngokuziphatha zokwelapha ukuthi ukuziphatha bayazi nomsebenzi bayazi, esivela indoda, sizimisele ngezinga futhi parietal prefrontals Amasimu enkulu cortex cerebral. Ngokwesibonelo, e anterior frontal ukunqotshwa silahlekelwa ikhono lokuphatha ngokuhlakanipha futhi ngamabomu imisebenzi siqu, kucabangela ezikude kakhulu imigomo nezisusa yezenzo zabo. Ukuhlulwa parietal Amasimu futhi kuholela yokuthi ube yize umqondo wokuthi balahlekelwa ubuhlobo lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana, ukuxhumana okunengqondo. Uma lezi zinkawu emkhakheni frontal ihlanganisa cishe 15% wabo bonke endaweni cortex cerebral, abantu - 30%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nizhnetemennoy futhi prefrontal izindawo abantu babe izikhungo ezithile emsipheni, okuyizinto ngingekho yezinye izinhlobo.

Ngenxa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bekuyiqiniso umehluko obalulekile biosocial zinhlobo Homo sapiens. Bona akhiwa ngesikhathi senqubo otnogeneza, uma Umuntu uhlala umphakathi, phakathi kwabanye. Lezi zici zisebenza kwabahamba ukuziphatha futhi izitho zomzimba kanye nendlela yokuphila. Ngakho, psyche bezilwane nabantu abavela ukuhluka ngokuphawulekayo. Manje ake sixoxe ngokuthi umqondo.

umqondo womuntu

Kulesi sici, zinezinto ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana ngazo abantu nezilwane. Ithebula nombhalo abekwe ngezansi kuzokusiza bayayizwisisa. Okokuqala, siphawula ukuthi, ngokungafani nezilwane, abantu ukuba indlela eyisipesheli Ukucabanga ngokuthi ukucabanga lomqondo. I izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nezici itholakala umqondo. Kuyinto abstract. Ezilwaneni, reflection of ngokoqobo kuthatha njalo indawo kuncike ngokuqondile. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso izinto ezithile zomhlaba ezizungezile. ekucabangeni kwabantu kuphela ngokunengqondo, ngendlela yazo esabalele, unekhono kuvame. Izilwane, njengabantu, Ungenza izenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nokho, ngokusekelwe imizwelo yabo njalo amanga, okungukuthi izinhlelo inheritable zofuzo. Strictly isethi elilinganiselwe izenzo kunqunywa ukulandelana yabo nezimo ezishintshayo asele ingashintshiwe ngisho noma isenzo kuyinto engeke asebenze. Kumuntu sihlose lokuqala, it yakha icebo esingaguqula uma kunesidingo. Wabe ihlaziya Imiphumela futhi sifika eziphethweni ezithile.

inkulumo

Ngo-1925 I. P. Pavlov, ukutadisha izici eyinqaba kumuntu womsebenzi ephakeme abakaze, futhi sathola ukuthi uye eyenziwa umehluko qualitative ezilwaneni. Kubantu, kukhona uhlelo mkhosi yesibili, okuyinto inkulumo. Futhi abantu, kanye nezinye izinzwa kungathola izinguquko izakhiwo kanye izimfanelo imihlola kanye netintfo (umbala, umsindo, iphunga, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa, ukunambitheka kanye nokunye. D.). Lokhu ukufana ukubonakala abantu nezilwane. Sebenza izindlela sezinzwa - kuyinto isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso izenzo 1st alamu ohlelweni. Kuvamile ezilwaneni nakubantu. Le ndoda ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukisa 2nd mkhosi uhlelo. Kulokhu, amasignali kukhona amagama futhi inkulumo okungukuthi generalized watibona, ukuthi ahlukaniswa into uqobo. Igama wenza esikhundleni ezishukumisa oqondile. Ukuqaphelwa luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa 2nd alamu ohlelweni kungenzeka kuphela uma uxhumana. Ngamanye amazwi, it has a uhlamvu nomphakathi.

Amelwe ngesimo itafula amanye letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile ekucabangeni kwabo nasenkambweni inkulumo abantu nezilwane.

Njengoba ubona, ungabona indlela ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana nezilwane. Ithebula elingenhla, uqeda Ukuhlola umcabango kanye nenkulumo. Siphendukela izici of umsebenzi.

bokusebenza komuntu

Ukuze umsebenzi wokudala uyakwazi hhayi kuphela abantu, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Lokhu kungabonakala ukufana nezilwane. Nokho, abantu kuphela ungakwazi kahle amathuluzi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ulungise futhi sihlelele umsebenzi, babikezele imiphumela ingatholakala, kanye ngenkuthalo ukushintsha izwe. Ezinye izinhlobo Yiqiniso, konke lokhu ukukhubazeka. Lena i umehluko obalulekile phakathi komuntu nezilwane kusukela umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba ayeke kabanzi.

Labor, ethathwa kanjalo - kuyinto umsebenzi esivela indoda kuphela. He is umthelela imvelo ukunikeza izimo ezikahle wempilo. Isici esiyinhloko zomsebenzi - ukuthi lo msebenzi wenziwa, njengoba umthetho, kuphela ngokusebenza ndawonye nabanye abantu. Lokhu kuyenziwa nasezinganeni elula imisebenzi, sithwele uhlamvu ngabanye, kusukela kumuntu ngokuhamba ekusetshenzisweni kwazo oyakungena ubudlelwano ezithile nabanye abantu abasondelene naye. Umsebenzi we umbhali, isibonelo, kungaba kubhekwe ngamunye. Nokho, ukuba babe khona, kumelwe zikwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukuyothola imfundo. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa ukuzibandakanya ohlelweni lokuxhumana komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umsebenzi, ngisho unganakile ezibonakala luyingxenye ngabanye kuhilela ukusebenza nabanye.

Nguye wakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa imiphakathi womuntu, zihluke leyo izilwane eyinqaba. Umehluko walala yokuthi inyunyana abantu bakudala waphishekela umgomo ukuze ziphile nje kuphela, okuyinto ezinye isici sezingeni izilwane umhlambi. kwakudingekile ukuze usinde ukusiza uguqule izimo zemvelo, okungukuthi ngu umzamo.

Lilo ukuphila komuntu

Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Sapiens zinhlobo Homo nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kakhulu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa nomlilo wabo. Man ngenxa leli qiniso wayehlukile izwe yemvelo. Akabange esaba zincike imvelo, sesiye khulula. Okwamanje omuhle ekuthuthukisweni kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu kwaba ukwelashwa ukushisa ukudla, kanye nokusetshenziswa umlilo ukuze akhiqize ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene.

Indima nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ekuthuthukiseni lesintu

Kwathi ngobulili nobudala e kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Sapiens zinhlobo Homo. I nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kwaholela yokuthi basungula nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, kukhuphuke umkhiqizo. Abantu bakwazi ukudlula isizukulwane esisha kakhulu yolwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho.

Bemishado nemikhaya ubudlelwane

Umphakathi uthatha kancane kancane isiqala elawula ukushadana. Lokhu kwakuyisici esibalulekile yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kanye kwemvelo we Sapiens zinhlobo Homo. Ikakhulukazi, ukwenqatshelwa ukudla kulesi kwemishado kwezihlobo eziseduze kubalulekile ngoba evimbela ekuqongeleleni yokwanda koshintsho echibini isakhi sofuzo ka engemihle futhi kuholela kokucetshiswa yayo.

Ukwanelisa izidingo

Man nezidingo kokubili begazi nengokomoya kanye nomphakathi. Elingokomoya kubhekisela ezweni kwangaphakathi kumuntu ngamunye kithi. Izilwane nazo anelise isidingo yemvelo, okuncike imizwelo engokwemvelo.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoba ubona izilwane zasendle nabantu - uthengisa ehlukene eminingi, kodwa phakathi kwabo futhi ungathola eziningi ezifanayo. Isayensi akemi namanje, kukhona ucwaningo olusha kule ndawo. Kutholakele ukufana okukhulu phakathi komuntu nezilwane kudinga ukucaciselwa okwengeziwe. Kufanele sivume ukuthi ukuthi siyazi wabafowethu ezincane akuzona zonke, leyo ndaba, futhi ngabo. Inkulumo efanayo abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane zinhlobo ezahlukene - ngesihloko ezithakazelisa kakhulu, okuyinto bazinikela cwaningo yososayensi abaningi. Lokhu no-Aristotle, futhi Klavdiy uGalen futhi uCharles Darwin, nabanye abaningi.