European Monetary System

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, European Monetary System (EMS) uye newozawoza njengoba hlaka olulawulayo ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki.

amathemba Ukushabisa kohlelo global ngezimali nge rate elintantayo owasungula obaba wawo EBU ebekwe ukubuyisela uhlelo fixed kodwa adjustable exchange rate kweziningi Imiphakathi yaseYurophu. uhlelo ezinjalo kwenze kube lula ukuvikela omkhulu ukuhweba notshwala yangaphakathi European kusuka izinguquko elibukhali nokuncintisana. Iphinde kuyokwehlisa le kwehlukana ka kazwelonke kwamandla emali, okuvumela ukuthi usethe izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kancane oluyingozi futhi okuholela "zone ukuzinza yemali".

Ngesikhathi esifanayo European Monetary System yamiswa esikalini njengoba iphrojekthi wokuvelela kakhulu, njengoba ebuyela European ukuphathwa lwemali emazweni athile, ikakhulukazi eFrance nase-Italy, wahlala kude imizamo ngaphambili ngesikhathi ubunye.

Uhlelo kamuva kwazivelela, sandise ngale njongo yabo yokuqala: ohlangothini ukulawula indlela lwemali le-European Economic Community (EEC) baba ukungaguquguquki stiffer kwenqubomgomo yemali definition, ukuhamba dolobha ingaphezu kokuba lalinjalo eminyakeni yokuqala EMU.

Konke emhlabeni kuhlobene, ikakhulukazi lapho sisebenzelana nabanye yemali ngezinga lembulunga yonke. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nezwe uhlelo yemali iyonke, izigaba lokugcina ukuthuthukiswa:

· Paris uhlelo yemali (iminyaka 1816-1914), esekelwe standard igolide.

· Igolide bullion standard (1914-1941), ehlinzekela ukwenana ngemali wephepha bezigaxa zegolide enesisindo hhayi ngaphansi kuka 12.5 amakhilogramu.

Ndawonye ngegolide phezu isikhathi izinkokhelo zamazwe ngamazwe ziye baba bamukele aseMelika futhi ukushaya enhle kangaka.

· Ngo-1922, inkomfa owaqhutshelwa e Genoa, owanikhipha ndawonye abamele amazwe 34, ukuxoxa izici monetarism ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, isu yokuthola naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga kanye nesivumelwano phakathi European kosozimali iminotho futhi lo mbuso omusha wamaSoviet.

Khona-ke Genoese uhlelo yemali ukuthi zavela (1922-1944), owawungumnyaka ngesisekelo standard igolide exchange.

· Njengoba imizamo Second neMpi Yezwe benziwa sihlale sizinzile phakathi zezimali ezinkulu ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe izinga uhlelo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bretton Woods sivumelwano, okuyinto uqulekile 1970 zakuqala.

Noma kunjalo, abaholi baseYurophu wafuna isimiso amazinga ezinzile, Zishiya inqubomgomo elintantayo exchange rate, ethandwa e-United States.

Amazwe amaningi abavume 1972 ukusekela ubudlelwano lwemali. Futhi uhlelo yemali, ngokuthi "Inyoka Umhubhe" kwaba ukuvimbela iyehla iyenyuka amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-2.25 ka.

Kwakuwusuku umzamo wokuqala at nobambiswano sisebenzelana nabanye yemali, eqinisweni, ke sibopha boke zezimali EEC nomunye. Nakuba umbuso ngasinda ucishe kuze 1979, ngokuthi wawuqala ngempela liphele ngo-1973, mayelana nesigameko oscillation khulula dollar.

I-European Monetary System yasungulwa ngo-1979 ukuze usimamise izinga kwemiphakathi kwezomnotho kuhlanganisiwe e-European Union. Khona-ke kwaba khona European lwemali unit (ECU), ngokusekelwe ubhasikidi zezimali zikazwelonke. ECU kwaba owandulela Euro.

Esikhathini kusaqalwa ukunyakaza akuphumelelanga ngokuphelele, sabhekana nobunzima eziningi lobuchwepheshe. izinguquko Periodic kwandise ukubaluleka zezimali eziqinile bese ngihlaliswa buthaka.

Nokho, ngemva 1986 izinguquko ngokoMthetho kazwelonke zenzalo kusetshenziselwa ukulondoloza lwemali kwibanga ewumngcingo (kusuka mutual izinga central). Amazwe iqhaza kule nqubo, kwakufanele alandele iyunithi esungulwe, okuyinto umnikelo esiwujuqu ekulweni nokwehla kwamandla emali.

Ukuze bathole ukuthi ilungile lokushintsha indlela (yesi-) kuzo zonke Amaphathi States kuya 1990 United Kingdom akuzange kube njengokungathi ujoyina. Waphoqeleka ukuba lona futhi ngo-1992, ngoba bahluleka ukuhlala phakathi komkhawulo yesi-.

Nokho, umsebenzi wokwakha, baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngokuhambisana iSivumelwano SaseMaastricht, waqinisekisa ukubaluleka isakhiwo ngokuhlanganyela.

Ngo-1999, lapho kwakukhona Euro, European lwemali uhlelo beqiniso lashabalala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi exchange rate indlela uyaqhubeka ukugijima.