Esifanekisweni enkulu eGibhithe - I Sphinx. Izinganekwane laseGibhithe. History of the Sphinx

impucuko ngamunye has izimpawu zayo, okuyinto ezibhekwa izingxenye ebalulekile isizwe, amasiko alo kanye nomlando. Sphinx waseGibhithe lasendulo - ubufakazi yokungafi amandla, amandla nobukhulu yezwe, isikhumbuzo buthule ngomsunguli waphezulu nababusi abakanye naye, sembelwa leminyaka, kodwa washiya phansi isithombe lokuphila okuphakade. Uphawu kazwelonke laseGibhithe ubhekwa ezikhumbuzo enkulu ezakhiwo esidlule, namanje ngasocansini yokwesaba okungalindelekile ka impressiveness yakhe, i aura eyimfihlakalo, legends ezingaqondakali futhi eminyaka yomlando.

Isiboniso sesikhumbuzo ku izibalo

kubo bonke futhi bonke abakhileyo bomhlaba Sphinx waseGibhithe waziwa. Itshe lesikhumbuzo elaliqoshwe edwaleni Monolithic, has umzimba lengonyama kanye nekhanda lomuntu (ngokusho kwabanye imithombo - uFaro). statue ubude 73 m, ukuphakama -. 20 m uphawu emandleni obukhosi igunya isendaweni ithafa Giza olusentshonalanga yoMfula iNayile lapho umfula futhi lizungezwe emseleni ububanzi futhi angabacwasi ezijulile. amehlo Ezinohlonze we Sphinx siqondiswe empumalanga, kuya iphuzu kwesibhakabhaka, lapho ilanga liphuma. Isikhumbuzo izikhathi eziningi ezithola ngaphansi ikhava yesihlabathi iye lalungiswa izikhathi eziningana. Esifanekisweni yaxazululeka ngokuphelele isihlabathi kuphela ngo-1925, athumba umcabango zabantu emhlabeni wonke ngokuba ubukhulu bawo Ubukhulu.

Umlando eziqoshiwe: amaqiniso ngokumelene legends

EGibhithe, lo Sphinx lesikhumbuzo Ayindida kakhulu futhi engaqondakali. Umlando walo eminyakeni okwazisa isithakazelo okusheshayo nokunakwa-mlando, abalobi, abaqondisi kanye nabacwaningi. Wonke umuntu ube nethuba uthinte kuze kube phakade, elimelela esifanekisweni, inikeza inguqulo ayo imvelaphi yakhe. Abantu bendawo ukushayela idwala ukuthatheka "uyise ukwesaba" ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Sphinx ingumsingathi sebuningini legends ongaqondakali nendawo ozithandayo izivakashi - abathandi izimfihlakalo yesayensi. Ngokwabacwaningi, indaba Sphinx has eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-13. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yayakhiwe ukuze silungise lomkhuba yezinkanyezi - le sihlangane amaplanethi ezintathu.

Insumansumane ngemvelaphi

Kuze kube manje akukho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa elifanekisela kwalesi sithombe yayakhiwe okuyiwona futhi nini. Ukungabi bikho umlando Limiselelwe ebezilokhu ziyadlula ngomlomo futhi utshela izivakashi. Iqiniso lokuthi e-Egypt, le Sphinx lesikhumbuzo endala futhi ngobukhulu, edonsa ngaye izindaba ongaqondakali futhi aluhlaza cwe. Kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi esifanekisweni kulinda emathuneni kunazozonke oFaro - mbhoshongo ka Cheops, Chephren futhi Mycerinus. Enye legend uthi esifanekisweni itshe lifanekisela ingubani le faro Khafre, eyesithathu - it is a nesithombe sikankulunkulu noHorus (unkulunkulu esibhakabhakeni, poluchelovek, polusokol), ukubukela emqansweni uyise - elangeni Nkulunkulu Ra.

Izinganekwane

Ngo zamaGreki, le Sphinx kukhulunywa ngenkantolo monster kwesabeka. Ngokwe-legends ngesiGreki waseGibhithe lasendulo kule monster zimi kanje: isidalwa ngomzimba lengonyama kanye nekhanda lomuntu aye Ehidna futhi Typhon (poluzmeya-owesifazane nodrako giant nge amakhanda engamakhulu). Wawunodonga ubuso wamabele sowesifazane, umzimba ibhubesi kwamaphiko esidalwa esindizayo. Monster wahlala eduze eThebes, abantu ulinde futhi sokumbuza ngisho nombuzo ongaziwa: "Ngubani phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo ekuseni uhamba enezinyawo ezine, ngosuku ezimbili, futhi kusihlwa ezintathu?" + Akekho noyedwa ukuthuthumela nokwesaba abangabazi ayikwazanga asinikeza impendulo ecacile kuya Sphinx. Ngemva kwalokho silo isigwebo sokuba abulawe. Nokho, kwafika usuku lapho Oedipus ohlakaniphile ongaxazulula imfumbe yakhe. "Lona umuntu ebuntwaneni, umuntu osekhulile nokuguga" - esho. Ngemva kwalokho, isilo eziphukile wasuphaphatheka phezulu entabeni futhi empeleni aphulwe emadwaleni.

Ngokwe-nguqulo legend yesibili, Sphinx eGibhithe yake Nkulunkulu. Uma umbusi zezulu zawela ku abakhohlisayo isihlabathi isicupho, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda yezinyoni lokulibala ", waya ukulala walala okuphakade.

amaqiniso angempela

Naphezu olwalusikisela okuyimfihlakalo ezinganekwaneni, indaba lwangempela aluyona kancane ezingaqondakali futhi engaqondakali. Ngokwe yasekuqaleni Ngokusho ososayensi, ama-Sphinx lakhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba amaphiramidi. Nokho, e-papyrus yasendulo, okwakubekelwa ethathwe ulwazi isakhiwo nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, akukho lapho kukhulunywa we ukubaza itshe. Siyazi amagama abaklami abakhi owadala emathuneni sokuphana ngento enkulu ngoba oFaro, kodwa igama ngendoda eyayinikeza jikelele Sphinx waseGibhithe, ayikaziwa. Nokho, amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokudalwa kuka-mbhoshongo kukhona amaqiniso kuqala mayelana esifanekisweni. AbaseGibithe abacabanga yayo "shepes Ankh" - "ngomfanekiso ophilayo". Alukho ulwazi olwengeziwe futhi incazelo yesayensi kulamagama, ososayensi ukunikeza izwe bahluleka.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, isithombe yisakhiwo sodumo Sphinx ongaqondakali - a ezinamaphiko sasekhaya monster - kuyakhulunywa zamaGreki, yezinganekwane eziningi nama-legends. I hero onkwenzeka, kuye ngokuthi umbhali, ngezikhathi eshintsha ukubukeka kwaso, ekhuluma kwezinye izinguqulo poluchelovekom-polulvom, futhi abanye - nanjengengonyamakazi ezinamaphiko.

Umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo, le Sphinx

Enye iphazili ukuze ososayensi waba umlando uHerodotus, okwathi ngo 445 BC kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe inqubo ukwakha imibhoshongo. Watshela izwe izindaba ezithakazelisayo ezimayelana nendlela izakhiwo kwakhiwa, babehileleke kanjani futhi eside zingaki izigqila ekwakheni kwabo. Lelandzisako "uyise womlando" abathintekayo ngisho umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama efana ukudla yezigqila. Kodwa, Isimanga siwukuthi, uHerodotus akakaze okukhulunywa encwadini yakhe Stone Sphinx. Akekho okwalandela ilandisa Eqinisweni kokwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo sigameko kuphinde ayitholiwe.

Yasiza ososayensi iyicacisa imfumbe we Sphinx umsebenzi umbhali saseRoma uPliny Omdala "Natural History". Emibhalweni yakhe ukhuluma nomunye ahlanzayo lesikhumbuzo esihlabathini. Kulesi sisekelo, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani uHerodotus akuwenzanga emhlabeni incazelo Sphinx - isikhumbuzo ngaleso sikhathi wangcwatshwa ngaphansi ungqimba inhlabathi anesihlabathi. Ngakho singakanani isikhathi wahileleka isicupho esihlabathini?

Eyokuqala "zokubuyiselwa"

Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka imibhalo oshiywe itshe eliqoshiwe phakathi ngezidladla of monster, uFaro uThutmose ngachitha iminyaka Liberation Isikhumbuzo. nemibhalo yasendulo usitshele ukuthi ukuba yinkosana, uThutmose walala zwí ngesikhathi unyawo Sphinx, futhi nephupho lapho uNkulunkulu wabonakala kuye Harmakhis. Wabikezela emqansweni isikhulu isihlalo sobukhosi saseGibhithe futhi yayala ukuba kukhululwe esifanekisweni isicupho isihlabathi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uFaro uThutmose waphila futhi walikhumbula izwi lakhe lokhu unkulunkulu. Wayala hhayi kuphela ukumba giant, kodwa futhi uzoyilungisa. Ngakho, imvuselelo yokuqala legend waseGibhithe kwenzeka ekhulwini xv. BC Kulapho umhlaba wafunda ngokusebenzelana isakhiwo grand namatshe ezikhumbuzo zenkolo esiyingqayizivele laseGibhithe.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemva ukuvuselelwa Sphinx uFaro uThutmose it waphinda bemba phakathi nokubusa uPtolemy lwamakhosi ezaziwayo, ngaphansi kubuse ababusi baseRoma, ashaqe Ancient Egypt nababusi Arab. Esikhathini sethu, lapho aphinde ukhululeka kwezihlabathi ngo-1925. Kuze kube manje, esifanekisweni has ukuba zihlanzwe ngemva kweziphepho zesihlabathi, njengoba kuba ebalulekile izivakashi.

Kungani kungekho lesikhumbuzo ukuze ikhala?

Naphezu endulo we ebaziwe, it is cishe ezigcinwe ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni, kulethe le Sphinx. Egypt (isithombe ngenhla kubonisa lesikhumbuzo) ukulondoloza wobuciko yalo yayenziwe, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuvikela abantu bakhe ubuqaba. Azikho eziqoshiwe ngaleso sikhathi ekhaleni. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi omunye oFaro ngezizathu ezingaziwa, isayensi ngaphambilini ukuba baphinde ekhaleni salesi sithombe. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lesikhumbuzo kabana ibutho sikaNapoleon, siqhumisa sibhamu ubuso bakhe. AmaNgisi aqhephukile nesilevu silo bakuthumela Museum yakhe.

Nokho, kamuva wathola egciniwe yesazi-mlando Al-Maqrizi kusuka 1378 ithi esifanekisweni itshe uye waba ekhaleni. Ngokusho kwakhe, omunye Arabhu, bemagange ukuze kuhlawulelwe izono zenkolo (Qur'an yenqabela Umdwebo nobuso bunjengobuso babantu), aqhephukile ekhaleni yiRefa. Ukuphendula ngonya olunjalo nokuhlukumeza we Sphinx Sands waqala izoziphindiselela abantu, ukunyathela emhlabathini Giza.

Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi Sphinx eGibhithe elahlekile ekhaleni ngenxa imimoya enamandla kanye nezikhukhula. Nakuba lokhu nokucabanga ayitholakali kuze kube manje isiqinisekiso real.

Izimfihlo emangalisa we Sphinx

Ngonyaka 1988, ngenxa yokuchayeka caustic ifektri umusi ovela lesikhumbuzo ehloniphekile ingxenye yokuhlukanisa block zamatshe (350 kg). UNESCO ukhathazekile ukubukeka isimo izivakashi namasiko izinto, saphinde saqala ukulungisa, ngaleyo ndlela evula indlela yokuthola ucwaningo olusha. Ngenxa Ukutadisha ngokucophelela isibizo kanye Sphinx emabhuloki itshe abavubukuli Japanese iye hypothesized ukuthi lesikhumbuzo Yakhiwa ethuneni ngaphambili kakhulu likaFaro okukhulu. Isiphetho kwaba ukutholakala emangalisa for mlando baye basikisela ukuthi mbhoshongo, le Sphinx nezinye izakhiwo yokungcwaba - ababephila ngesikhathi. A ukutholakala yesibili, akumangalisi ngokulinganayo kwaba ukutholakala ngaphansi kwesokunxele isidladla nomzingeli Umhubhe eside ewumngcingo exhunywe ne mbhoshongo ka Cheops.

Ngemva abavubukuli Japanese endala lesikhumbuzo ukwenza hydrologists. Bathola umzimba wakhe iminonjana ukuguguleka ezinkulu ukugeleza kwamanzi, okwashukumisa ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Ngemva uchungechunge izifundo by hydrologists baphetha ngokuthi ibhubesi itshe kuye kwaba ubufakazi obuthule Nile - kwale nhlekelele waseBhayibhelini okwenzeka eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 8-12 edlule. Umcwaningi wase-America John Entoni Uest wachaza iminonjana amanzi ashaya leli dwala emzimbeni bengonyama nenhloko yokuntula kwabo ubufakazi bokuthi Sphinx yayikhona ngesikhathi Ice Age futhi kuthiwa lwabhalwa iyiphi inkathi kufika ku-15 eziyinkulungwane. BC. e. Ngokusho nemivubukulo isiFulentshi, umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo inama lesikhumbuzo endala ezazikhona ngisho esikhathini yokuchitheka Atlantis.

Ngakho, esifanekisweni itshe kusitshela mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu impucuko enkulu, okuyinto wakwazi sokwakha ibhilidi ezinhle, okuyinto eyaba isithombe engafiyo esidlule.

Ukukhulekelwa nabaseGibhithe lasendulo ngaphambi Sphinx

OFaro laseGibhithe njalo wenza pilgrimage ukuthi unyawo giant, owawufanekisela esidlule enkulu yezwe labo. Benza imihlatshelo e-altare, okwakukhona phakathi kwemilenze yakhe, impepho voskurivali, enikwa giant isibusiso obuthule umbuso futhi isihlalo sobukhosi. Sphinx uJesu akabanga nje incarnation ilanga unkulunkulu, kodwa futhi ngendlela engcwele wabanika Succession namandla zomthetho amadlozi. Wayemelela a Egypt enamandla, umlando wezwe sabonakala ifomu lobukhosi bakhe, kulethe isithombe ngayinye faro entsha waphendukela ingxenye ekhona kuze kube phakade. nemibhalo yasendulo walidumisa Sphinx njengomkhulu unkulunkulu umdali. ngomfanekiso waKhe ejoyinwa esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.

incazelo yezinkanyezi we eziqoshiwe itshe

Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, le Sphinx ngeke yakhiwe 2500 BC. e. ngemiyalo yezikhulu lo faro Khafre phakathi nokubusa lwamakhosi Okwesine elibusayo oFaro. Ingonyama omkhulu itholakala phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibabazekayo ngezihlahla futhi lisendaweni netshe lokukhubekisa Giza - amaphiramidi ezintathu.

izifundo Astronomical luye lwabonisa ukuthi indawo esifanekisweni awuzange akhethwa a isazela impumputhe, bese kudingeka ngokuhambisana iphuzu empambana ezindleleni izindikimba zasezulwini. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi iphuzu bhé, okubonisa endaweni okuyiyona ndawo umkhathizwe kwelanga ngosuku ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal. Izazi zezinkanyezi zithi eminyakeni Sphinx 10.500 edlule lwakhiwe.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Giza imibhoshongo zitholakala phansi in ncamashi ngendlela efanayo izinkanyezi ezintathu ka Belt Orion sika esibhakabhakeni lowo nyaka. Ngokusho yetinsita le Sphinx kanye imibhoshongo usulungise yokuma izinkanyezi, isikhathi yezinkanyezi, okuyinto nabaseGibhithe lasendulo ngokuthi eyokuqala. Njengoba samuntu yasezulwini unkulunkulu u-Osiris, owabusa ngesikhathi, kwaba Orion, ezakhiwe ezenziwe umuntu sekwakhiwe ngenjongo izithombe izinkanyezi ibhande lakhe ukuze ekhuthaza futhi silungise isikhathi amandla akhe.

Sphinx Omkhulu njengoba isayithi izivakashi

Okwamanje, uhlangabezana nebhubesi elikhulu nge alingana nekhanda lomuntu edonsela izigidi zezivakashi futhi ezimisele ukushumayeza le zimbozwe edume ebumnyameni, okwase kuyiminyaka eminingi emlandweni futhi eningi amasiko ezingaqondakali zamatshe aqoshiwe. Isithakazelo kulo lonke lwesintu ngenxa yokuthi imfihlakalo kokudaliweyo esifanekisweni uselokhu engashiwongo, eligqitshwe Sands. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi abaningi izimfihlo igcina Sphinx. Egypt (isithombe lesikhumbuzo kanye imibhoshongo kungabonwa ngasiphi portal travel) bangaziqhayisa nomlando wayo omkhulu, abantu oluvelele, izikhumbuzo grand, iqiniso zazo Abadali zabo ziye zathatha nabo embusweni Anubis - unkulunkulu ukufa.

Elikhulu futhi umxhwele omkhulu sphinx itshe, omlando wakhe uselokhu ezingaxazululeki futhi egcwele izimfihlo. Namanje iqondiswe ukubaza ukubukeka serene ku ibanga futhi namanje akanandaba ukubukeka kwakhe. Bangaki eminyaka, it is a buthule behlupheka, ubuze ababusi, usizi ngamashwa ukuthi nokho ngehlelwe yilokhu ezweni laseGibhithe? Bangaki izimfihlakalo igcina Sphinx Omkhulu? Ngeshwa, yonke le mibuzo nezimpendulo ayitholakali kule minyaka edlule.