Empiricism - kungcono nje indlela yokufunda?

Empiricism - isiqondiso yamafilosofi, uyakuqaphela imizwa yabantu nokuthi nakho ngqo njengoba umthombo okubusa ulwazi. Empiricists musa ukuphika theory ngokuphelele noma ulwazi okunengqondo, kodwa ukwakhiwa okucatshangwayo wenza kuphela ngesisekelo imiphumela yocwaningo noma kokuma eqoshiwe.

indlela

Le ndlela kubangelwa yokuthi isayensi abasafufusa XVI-XVIII eminyaka (futhi ngalesi sikhathi kwakhiwa nemiqondo eyisisekelo isiko epistemological) kwadingeka ukuba nimelane indlela yabo, njengoba kuqhathaniswa umkhuba eside zaziwa yombono benkolo baleli zwe. Ngokwemvelo, ezinye indlela ngaphandle kokuphikiswa ulwazi priori we ezingaqondakali, kwakungeyona.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi empiricism - liphinde indlela esilungele ukuqoqa idatha eyinhloko, izifundo ensimini kanye ukunqwabelana amaqiniso ukuthi washintsha kusukela incazelo benkolo bangaleso ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba. Empiricism kulesi sici wazibonakalisa indlela elula, okuvumela ezihlukahlukene wesayensi, kuqala ukumemezela autocephaly bayo uma buqhathaniswa zemfihlakalo, bese ukuzimela uma ziqhathaniswa ulwazi oluphelele banombono too late Ephakathi.

abamele

Kukholakala ukuthi empiricism ifilosofi kuye wadala isimo esisha engqondo ukuze bavunyelwe isayensi ukuze uthole ithuba kuhle ukuthuthukiswa ezimele. Nokho, umuntu akakwazi ongaphika nokungafani kwemibono phakathi empiricists ukuthi ekutholeni ifomula elilungile ukuchaza umbono yemizwa emhlabeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, Frensis Bekon, okuyinto kufanele kubhekwa umsunguli bezibona sezinzwa, umcabango, ukuthi empiricism - akuyona indlela nje ukuze sizuze ulwazi esisha futhi bathole isipiliyoni esiwusizo, kodwa futhi ithuba ukuhlela ulwazi lwesayensi. Ngosizo indlela lokungeniswa , wenza umzamo wokuqala ukuba uhlukanise yonke nesayensi isibonelo umlando, izinkondlo (kolimi) kanye, yebo, nefilosofi.

Thomas Hobbes, yena, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphakathi Paradigm epistemological Bacon abezama imfuno zefilosofi ngoba ukubaluleka esisebenzayo. Kodwa, isifiso sakhe empeleni kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-theory elisha lezombusazwe (nomqondo inkontileka social) nesayensi ke zezombusazwe injalo yesimanje.

Ukuze George Berkeley sika ndaba, okungukuthi, emhlabeni wonke, hhayi ngomqondo ovulekile khona. Ulwazi jikelele kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa incazelo nakho sezinzwa kaNkulunkulu. Ngakho, empiricism - liphinde ngohlobo olukhethekile ulwazi ezingaqondakali, okuyinto kwakuphambene izimiso eziyisisekelo methodological ezabekwa enye esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon. Kunalokho, sikhuluma yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule yesiko kaPlato: izwe ligcwele imibono nemimoya, okuyinto ibonwa, kodwa hhayi ukwazi. Ngakho, imithetho yemvelo - nje "kweqembu" imibono kanye nemimoya, engasekho.

rationalism

Ngokungafani empiricism, rationalism neyaziwayo theory nolwazi eyinhloko maqondana isipiliyoni esiwusizo. Ulwazi kungenzeka kuphela esebenzisa isizathu futhi empiricism - kungcono nje isheke ezakhiwe abazibheka, ezakhiwe isizathu sethu. Le ndlela akusona isimanga, ngokucabangela "ezibalo", umsuka indlela Cartesian. Mathematics ngokweqile lokuhlaziya, futhi yingakho - inzuzo yemvelo phezu isipiliyoni okunengqondo.

Kuyini ubunye ukubukwa?

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi empiricism futhi rationalism ezikhathini zanamuhla azilungiselele izinhloso ezifanayo: ukukhululwa bamaKatolika, futhi ngempela nemfundiso yenkolo. Ngakho, umgomo munye - kudalwa ulwazi kuphela wezobusayensi. empiricists kuphela ukhethe indlela yokwakhiwa imikhuba yobuntu, okuyinto ke kwaba yisisekelo le humanities. Nakuba rationalists waya ezinyathelweni ulwazi yemvelo-isayensi. Ngamanye amazwi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ngqo" isayensi - umkhiqizo endleleni Cartesian yokucabanga.