Ehlane Arctic

Far North -Asia naseNyakatho Melika hlala ehlane arctic - isikhala ezingaphili nezimila azinasisindo, ise iqhwa. Lezi namathafa nobuntu amaningi ala masimu Greenland kuya Canadian Arctic Archipelago nezinye iziqhingi ye-Arctic Basin naseziqhingini elise ngasogwini Antarctica.

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo le izoni engokwemvelo abandayo arctic. Ubusika eside futhi okukhulu (lokushisa - -10 kuya -35 ° C) ehlobo esifushane futhi abandayo (0 ... + 5 ° C). Winter polar ebusuku nokubusa, okuyinto, kuncike latitude, sisukela izinsuku 98 izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngo-June, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho kuqala usuku polar, ehlane arctic kancane yaqhuma - entwasahlobo iza. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ilanga likhanya ubusuku nemini, nenhlabathi iqhwa elisenyameni ngamasentimitha ambalwa nje. Phakathi esifushane lapho okushisa akhayo, hamba iqhwa kuphela izingxenyana ezincane nge nenhlabathi exhaphozini namatshe.

Ehlobo esibhakabhakeni kuyaqabukela ecacile; ngokuvamile ke empunga akunika imvula isikhathi eside (imvula, iqhwa ngokuvamile). Phakathi nale nkathi, phansi ngokuvamile lisibekele inkungu obukhulu eyenziwe ukuhwamuka kwamanzi aphuma kolwandle. Cishe bonke umswakama asemkhathini uhlala phezu, hhayi shabalala ngenxa isikhundla esiphansi ilanga futhi okushisa aphansi, futhi akukho seeping emhlabathini eqandisiwe.

Ngenxa yalesi zone yemvelo libhekene wona crustose, ulele futhi utshani ngiyijwayele impilo enyakatho. Izindawo ezinophahla nezimila - uhlobo samanzi phakathi kweqhwa elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye neqhwa, aphilisayo ehlane arctic. Lapha ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana abameleli izitshalo zom: saxifrage, foxtail namanye okusanhlamvu, Buttercup, poppy arctic, cranberry, sedge. Ayikho nezihlahla ulele, wona nezinhlobo herbaceous musa isembozo okuqhubekayo. Plant Ukuphakama akuvamile idlula 10 cm, ngoba umoya abandayo ukufuthelana ezweni zasezindaweni ezibandayo phansi kuqhathaniswa efudumele. Ukubalekela izitshalo umoya kuthiwa sicindezelwe ngokumelene yamadwala nasemigodini bazinza ayimigodi, e-lee amawa nezinye awalethe sezwe, emithambekeni ukuchayeka eningizimu.

nezilwane Terrestrial kulendawo yemvelo ayiyinhle kakhulu. Lihlala izimpungushe, lemmings, namabhere. Ehlobo kukhona "rookeries": woza lokushutheka eider, guillemot, sandpiper, kittiwake, fulmar, guillemot, ihansi kanye nezinye izinhlobo. ocebile ngaphezulu nezilwane zasolwandle.

Arctic ehlane zone of Russia eningizimu ifinyelela latitude ka Wrangel Island, enyakatho lilinganiselwe eziqhingini Franz Josef Land. Ihlanganisa Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya (North Island), New laseSiberia Islands, Severnaya Zemlya, Wrangel Island, engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo Taimyr nolwandle Arctic ukugeza lezi zindawo komhlaba. ezindaweni ezisogwini iziqhingi kunazo - kukhona Izimfunda ezingasogwini lwe-flat kanye maphakathi nezwe izindawo - ezintabeni abafika kwabangu-1000 m futhi lwamathafa aphakeme. Isithwathwa umugqa kulezi zindawo iphansi, ngakho bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli eziqhingini eziningi elalihlala izinguzunga zeqhwa (kufika ku-85% kwi-Franz Josef Land). Isikhathi esiningi izinguzunga zeqhwa yezwekazi ilele olwandle ngiwunqamule, ukwakha zeqhwa. On izwe, ice-free, Iqhwa okwandile.

Iqhwa nehlobo abandayo kanye short nohlaza kwaphela ukudala kwezimo ezingezinhle inqubo inhlabathi-ukwakha. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi phezu Insimu zemvelo ephansi amandla endaweni, Stony, abampofu.

Nokho, naphezu Ukuwohloka okukhulu kwenhlabathi izimila, ezingwadule zase-arctic Russia zinezikhathi ushintsho zinhlobo Ukwakheka ohlangothini latitudinal. Ukuze zone enyakatho libhekene imiphakathi utshani-moss ukuthi esikhundleni mpilo eningizimu izihlahlana-moss. Esikhathini eningizimu okwedlulele okufanayo ezivamile arctic ehlane izihlahlana-moss uhlobo, kodwa nge liphinyiselwe ikhava ehlathini.