Izimali, Utshalomali
Investment: multiplier utshalomali. I Okuphindaphinda umphumela ukutshalwa
Ukusetshenziswa iyona ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu izindleko Imininingwane emphakathini. Ngaphansi lo mqondo, abaziqondayo izindleko labantu ababevame ukuthenga izimpahla uthole nezinkonzo ukusetshenziswa sokugcina. Izinga umthengi imali bathonywe izinto eziningi. Esinye salezo kuyinto utshalomali. Okuphindaphinda utshalomali Coefficient elibonisa ushintsho umkhiqizo okwedlulele nabo.
Eyokuqala Okuphindaphinda ifomula
Keynes iboshelwe incazelo propensity eziseceleni kudle nge Okuphindaphinda theory. Umbono wakhe sidalwe uProfesa Robert Kahn ngo-1931. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izindleko (isib imisebenzi yomphakathi) sebeqala ukwakha "eyinhloko" umsebenzi, kanye imbangela amandla wokuthenga we zabasebenzi kanye nezinkampani abathintekayo ukuqaliswa lo msebenzi. Bakha isidingo entsha, uyokhathazeka ngokungabi "yesibili" umsebenzi.
Kulokhu, izindleko entsha esiyoba kuphela ingxenye imali yabasebenzi kanye nezinkampani, futhi izimali ezisele beyobe behileleke ukukhokhwa izikweletu noma ubeke eceleni. Ngokusho Kahn, multiplier incike ubukhulu amanani esichithwa isinyathelo esisha ngasinye. Ngakho, multiplier utshalomali lamiswa, ifomula: K = 1 / (1 - K). Lo mbono akhiwa Keynes. Okuphindaphinda zayo libonisa ukwencika ingeniso kazwelonke we ukutshalwa kwezimali bakhangwa - (C = Dy / DI). It yethulwa isamba okuyinto incike kuhlelo propensity anda ukudla. Uma sicabanga ukuthi Y- ingeniso kazwelonke, I - utshalomali, ukusetshenziswa C, - propensity ukudla, ngakho-ke Ifomula: dy = DC + DI; Dy = ngembazo Dy + DI; DC = Dy xa; Dy = DI (1 - a); Dy / DI = 1 / (1 - a) = K> 1 uma 0
Ukwanda nokwehlisa engenayo kuyoba ebalulekile Uma izinguquko ngenxa uma utshala imali. Nalokhu japan kungenzeka nazo ngokucabangela isibonelo kwamanani. Lokucabanga ekuqaleni utshalomali (I0) 100 (bn ..), Ngenxa umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa uvezwa fomula elandelayo: C = 20 x 0.6 + Y. I abavamile isimo kwesibalo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: Y0 = 20 x 0 + 0,6Y + 100. Lokho Y0 = 300 (bln. deda.). Uma inani idiphozi kokuqala 140 sikhule (I1), ezothando elandelayo kuyoba Y1 = 0.6 X 20 + Y1 + 140. Yingakho Y1 = 400 (bn. Deda.). It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ruble ukukhula kwabo bhiliyoni 40.. kuye kwaholela ekwandeni engenayo kwezigidi eziyizi-100. ukukuthinta. Kuyinto lesi simanga ngokuthi umphumela wokuphindaphinda kokutshalwa kwezimali. Kwenye yezingxenye izindleko Imininingwane kukhona investimenti. Ngezansi kubo ngokuvamile abaqapheli iminikelo ekwaziseni inhlokodolobha wangempela inkampani. Ngokuvamile, lezi Yimali eside. Izinga izindleko net kubo kuxhomeke ezicini ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala - elilindelekile inzuzo net, okumele eyatholakala kusukela izindleko abanikazi. Isici sesibili iyona izinga kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Osomabhizinisi esikhiqiza izimpahla utshalomali uzothola imali esimweni ukwanda lesekucaleni utshalomali. Esifundweni izinkomba ukucacisa Okuphindaphinda kuyoba lula. Inzuzo inhloso ikhomishana imali utshalomali. Lokho, usomabhizinisi ezakuthenga kuphela uma kulindeleke ukuthi bayoba inzuzo. Kungenzeka ukuba sicabangele isibonelo esikhethekile. Umnikazi workshop womshini ifenisha lufuna ukwenza ukuthi i-investimenti elisha grinder. Kubiza ruble 2000, futhi inkathi - 1 unyaka. Womshini workshop ukuba lenyuke, futhi kungakho ngezimali. It kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi inetha ukubuya kulindeleke kuyinto 2500, ukuthi, multiplier utshalomali 2.5. Nge utshalomali exhumene omunye izindleko ingxenye. Lona inani lenzalo, okungukuthi intengo ukhokhela usomabhizinisi loan izimali ezidingekayo ukuze ukuthengwa umshini ukugaya. Ukubeka kuba inzuzo uma izinga lentshisekelo singaphansi kwesilinganiso okulindeleke inzuzo inetha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indima ebalulekile udlalwa singahlanganiswa okuzisholo futhi real senzalo. Ukwandisa utshalomali, Okuphindaphinda utshalomali kuzoshintsha ingeniso kazwelonke per unit. Keynes yabalelwa ukuthi ingxenye esebenzayo 2.5 e-US nase-UK umnotho. Isenzo ukutshalwa alahlwayo izoqhubeka kuze kufike leso sikhathi njengoba isiphelile emisha nobuchwepheshe, okuyinto ehambisana nakho. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isikhathi eside kodwa ezuzisayo oholela kangcono. Lapho 0 Izinguquko ku inzuzo uzobe okubangelwa hhayi imali, okuyilezi ukutshalwa kwezimali. Keynes wabonisa indlela ukudala ukonga ukufeza izinga elidingekayo utshalomali. Le nqubo wenziwa multipliers. Usosayensi wathatha zonke kubiza usomabhizinisi ukuthenga imishini yezindleko zokukhiqiza. Kuyadingeka ukubala kahle enhle capital kanye ukubala inzuzo. Isakhiwo utshalomali kulokhu inenani elikhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-usomabhizinisi luthemba ukuzuza dolobha yakhe isikhathi eside. Keynes ratio inzuzo nenkokhelo enquma esivuna wangaphambili. Umenzi ungakwazi ufeze ukusebenzisa izimali ketshezi uma izinga kwezinhloso zenzuzo ingaphansi inzuzo ukuthi kulindeleke kusukela uma utshala imali. Usosayensi inquma ngesilinganiso isithakazelo njengoba ibhodi okukhiqizwayo kokuhlukana zezimali. Ngokubona kwakhe, incike ekuhlolweni subjective yesimo somnotho zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Kulokhu, investimenti kuyoba kufinyeleleke kakhulu, njengoba izimpahla dolobha ukwanda ewuketshezi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nkinga lemali kuzokhulisa amanani kanye nokunciphisa ukwanda zezimali, njengoba zabo amandla wokuthenga buzoba buncane. Isidingo imali kungaba elingapheli ngesilinganiso ngokwanele eliphansi isithakazelo. Keynes waphika ukuthi isakhiwo ukutshalwa kwezimali ingahluka bedle izinga kwezinhloso zenzuzo, okuyinto abakwazi ekushintsheni izinhlelo ukutshalwa kwezimali osomabhizinisi bebonke. Lesi sikole Keynesian ukuhlola ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukutshalwa kwezimali Okuphindaphinda, futhi kudala izincomo esisebenzayo. Kulesi sisekelo, idaliwe zezenhlalakahle ukuthi yemukela inkece embusweni isabelomali, izinyathelo lenhlangano imisebenzi emikhulu yomphakathi, njll Okuphindaphinda yokonga evumela ukuba silondoloze ukudingeka kwezinsiza lapho inhlekelele emnothweni, kanye nokuba nomthelela omuhle isimo somnotho jikelele. I Okuphindaphinda umphumela ukutshalwa
Investments: utshalomali Okuphindaphinda
Izinga okulindeleke inzuzo net
Real senzalo
Ukushintsha ingeniso kazwelonke
Isilinganiso senzalo kanye nomthelela wakhona utshalomali
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