Russian Jikelele Kuropatkin Aleksey Nikolaevich: Biography, imiklomelo

Jikelele Aleksey Nikolaevich Kuropatkin wazalwa Mashi 17, 1848 ku Sheshurino izindlu esifundazweni Pskov. Uyise wayengumGreki induna osethathe umhlalaphansi. Amasosha wetha indodana yakhe imfundo ehlelekile, ukuthumela kuye kuqala Lokuqala ubusosha Corps, sabe Pavlovsk Military School, lapho lathweswa iziqu ngo-1866.

Umsebenzi wamasosha

Khishiwe olingana uLieutenant jikelele Kuropatkin elilandelayo waya Turkestan, lapho afike wakhonza khona ku 1st Turkestan kuqhuma Battalion. Kakade esemncane, wathatha iqhaza ukulwa nokuhlasela ku Khanate ka Kokand futhi eBukhara Emirate. Khiva waba test umkhankaso sina ngaye. Eyokuqala ukulwa nakho kuphela kuvikelwe isifiso wale nsizwa ukwenza i-career kule impi.

Ngo-1871, uKaputen 'Alexei Kuropatkin wangena Nicholas Jikelele Abasebenzi Academy. Wathweswa iziqu esikoleni kuqala ohlwini lwezinhlelo. ukushaya Ngokuzenzakalelayo Jikelele Abasebenzi, Kuropatkin waya emcimbini uhambo ngamazwe lapho yena wavakashela eFrance, eJalimane, ngisho Algeria. E-Afrika, lesi sikhulu nengxenye uhambo kuya eSahara. Wasiza ibutho French e abacindezela ukumelana Abashokobezi wendawo. Ngalesi lempi wathola iButho Ukuhlonishwa. Izikhangibavakashi isipiliyoni wakha sisekelo incwadi "Algeria", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1877.

Ngo inkonzo wobaba

Ngemva Nicholas Academy Kuropatkin ayisekho induna, nenduna. Lapho ngibuyela ekhaya kusuka Algeria, yena ngokuzithandela washiya umsebenzi Jikelele Abasebenzi futhi ngo-1875 futhi waya Turkestan. Phakathi naleso sikhathi kule ndawo waqala umkhankaso wokuqeda Kokand ephambanisa Bey. Ikusasa Jikelele Kuropatkin kuqala ukungena uch-Kurgan izinqaba, ayamukela Order of St George degree angu-4 th. ngasekhanda lakhe kwakukhona uColonel Mikhail Skobelev, owayala amabutho Fergana esifundeni.

Lapho elithuma okwesibili, babefanele ukuhlangabezana sibukela empi Russian-Turkish ka 1877-1878. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Aleksey Nikolaevich Kuropatkin kakade egqoka elisezingeni sombutho wezempi. Wayala yindlunkulu 16 Infantry Division, futhi zona kanye division kwaholela zonke Skobelev efanayo. Ndawonye bathatha iqhaza izimpi Pleven futhi eLovech. Ngemva owela odumile aseBalkan Kuropatkin ngokwazisa ngabhala ukuthi wafunda okuningi kulokho Skobeleva ngokuyinhloko ukuchwensa nokuzimisela. Empini ye Plevna Alexei Nikolaevich walimala kakhulu (eduze kwakhe yamila ibhokisi egcwele icala) waphuma senzo.

Ngemva ukwelashwa nokululama Kuropatkin wasebenza kafushane Jikelele Abasebenzi. Ngo-1879, wathatha umyalo 1st Turkestan Infantry Brigade. Kwabe sekulandela inkathi ohambweni zokubonisana nakwezempi eFrance, Iran neChina. Ngo 1880-1881 GG. Kuropatkin iqhaza emkhankasweni Akhal-Teke. Ngemva kwalokho kwaqala inkathi yeminyaka engu-eziyisikhombisa komsebenzi Jikelele Abasebenzi, lapho lempi uye wabambelela ezikhundleni ezehlukene ezibalulekile.

Njengoba umqondisi kuNgqongqoshe

Kusukela 1890, Kuropatkin - uLieutenant General. Kulesi isikhundla wayala amasosha ise Trans-iCaspian esifundeni. Lapha, amasosha kwakudingeka babonise umlawuli ikhono lazo - Region wazibonela Russification abalulekile. Eholwa walo ensimini uye waba ibhizinisi elichumayo, ukuhweba, ezolimo, emizaneni ezikhulayo nemizana. Yaqala ikoloni we Transcaspian izifiki isiRashiya, esikoleni esikhethekile Russian eyakhelwe nezingane zakho isithunzi.

kahle Administrative Kuropatkina uye waphawuleka. Ngo 1898 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile ungqongqoshe impi eRussia. Lokhu okuthunyelwe Jikelele Kuropatkin wakhonza iminyaka eyisithupha, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni le ilwa neJapane. Umkhankaso Alexei wahlangana elisezingeni wempi Jikelele.

I ilwa neJapane

Kwakuwusuku impi Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905. Sekuvele inselele enkulu Kuropatkina umsebenzi wakhe. Kuze kube muva nje, kwaba namahemuhemu ukuthi uzokwenza e-abakhulu ekuqaleni ingxabano. Nokho, kulesi sikhundla, Tsar uNicholas II esimisiwe Admiral Alexeyev.

Kuropatkin yayingakaze ibe indoda yakhe esigodlweni. Impi kuzokwenza kube umhlalaphansi onodumo futhi abushelelezi. Ngo-February 1904, uNgqongqoshe yangaphambili neMpi isibe umkhuzi ebalulekile Manchurian Army, futhi ngo-Okthoba - induna eMpumalanga Ekude esikhundleni isisulu Alekseeva fiasco.

Ngaphambi ngalesi sikhathi esibekiwe, Kuropatkin kwadingeka novivinyo, okuyinto wehluleka Okuqukethwe akuzwakali. Zaba impi ye Liaoyang, okuhlanganisa Agasti 24 yaphela ngo-September 3, 1904. Saqala nge shelling izikhundla isiRashiya, ohlelwe kusengaphambili amayunithi Marshal Oyama. Khona-ke, amaJapane sebelithathile rush wathumba eziphakeme ezibalulekile eziningana.

Ukuhlaselwa entsha iphutha ngobusuku 26 Agasti. hit Japanese on the 3rd eSiberia futhi 10th Army Corps. ukushaya Massive and furious kwi-Japanese kushabalele. ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu kakhulu ababhekana eNtabeni Artisanal, lapho inombolo ethize amasosha efika ngaphansi umlilo kusukela wezikhali waseRussia.

Kulesi simo Kuropatkin kungathatha okubuhlungu ephumelelayo ezingemuva isitha elibuthaka. Nokho, ngokuvamile wanquma ashona. Amabutho akhe kwesokunxele elula kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ukuvikela isikhundla sezintaba futhi inamagquma. Indawo impi wangena shí liyidliva, amasosha wathutha afika emadolweni odakeni okunamathelayo, ukulahlekelwa izibhamu amahhashi befa.

Battle of Liaoyang wabonisa ezingeni lelisetulu intelligence Japanese. Ukusebenzisa imininingwane eqondile mayelana ukunyakaza lesitha, Marshal Oyama akazange aphikisane Russian, balindele ukuphaphalaza zabo Tactical ke uyozuza kuphela. I-Japanese walinda imvula esabekayo ematendeni.

Nokho, ezinsukwini ezalandela, naphezu isikhundla ungakhululekile we Russian balwa ngempumelelo nakho konke ukuhlaselwa ezintsha futhi esisha. Septhemba 20 Oyama waqala ukulungiselela ashona. Kuropatkin amshaya amahora ambalwa. Wayenovalo Ukusabalala flank, lapho-Japanese akakwazanga ngisho baphupha, futhi ngowokuqala isikhundla sakhe, kokuba kuhanjiswe ku Mukden.

Oyama abawaxoshanga Russian, wesaba ukuthi uye walungisa ezinye iqhinga eziyinkimbinkimbi hhayi kucace ngokuphelele. Nokho, maduzane nje, amaJapane wammangaza nakakhulu lapho befika ngoba akukho okuseleyo emehlweni enkosi Kuropatkin Liaoyang. Kube bababamba amasheya elikhulu imishini, izingubo, ukudla kanye nezinhlamvu. Zonke lezi zinto ziye zalethwa kuye eMpumalanga Ekude ezivela eRussia European futhi kwakufanele ukusiza ukusebenza kwe-nika amandla abantu ePort Arthur. Nokho, ngenxa manqikanqika Jikelele Kuropatkin zonke lezi izinhlelo zamasu esikhathini esidlule.

Battle of the Shah

Ngakusasa impi enkulu Jikelele Kuropatkin kwaba impi on emfuleni Shahe (njengoba ibizwa Shaheyskim impi). 5 Le mpi yaqala yaphela ngo-October 17, 1904. Inkosi wayengajabule ukwehluleka Liaoyang zabuzwa Kuropatkina kuhlaselwa amabutho Marshal Oyama.

Ukuhlaselwa owathatha izinsuku ezimbili. Khona-ke, umyalo Japanese wanquma ukuthatha isinyathelo zamasu. Okthoba 10 umkhankaso wokuhlasela lalo. Igalelo main yawa phezu kwezinsizwa 10 nele-17 Army Corps. Izimpi ezazilwela ngempumelelo obuhlukahlukene. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziningana udweshu phakathi kwamaqembu amabili waqala ukuqinisa isikhundla. Ngaphambili okuholela welulela ngu amakhilomitha angu-60. Ukuze karate kwaba ngumkhuba entsha ngokuphelele, okuyinto kamuva kwanda ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho sokuhlaselwa futhi esiphikisayo ukuhlaselwa, azikho amaqembu ukuba ningabeki isikhubekiso phambi umsebenzi is hhayi kuqeda.

Le mpi mayelana Sandepu

Le mpi emfuleni kwaholela ekubeni Shah, eduze Mukden ibutho Russian bagxila ukubaluleka izinkulungwane zabantu 320. Leli butho umhlambi elalingumakhonya baba induna Ekude, Jikelele Kuropatkin. Impi Russian-Japanese kwaba kakade ukulahlekelwa ngokwanele kanye nokusebenza zonakale. Manje kobuholi ezempi yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukuthi bazokwenza amaphutha.

Kwaba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, 25 Januwari, 1905 waqala impi ye Sandepu. Ibutho Russian uye wahlela okuhlaselayo wawo olandelayo, ngisho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungeyona inkambiso ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezempi asebenzayo ebusika. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala ukusebenza laseSiberia kuqhuma Corps ethumba Heygoutay - iphuzu eliyinhloko yebutho Marshal Oka. Japanese iyiswe izinqolobane. ESiberia kuqhuma Corps kwakudingeka bawumise umsebenzi bese ukuthatha isikhundla ukuzivikela.

Ngakusasa (26 Januwari), amaJapane kwawona ekuhlaseleni 14 Infantry Division. Ngezinye ilanga lishona, regiments ezimbili futhi iyiswe endaweni yangakubo, ukuthatha umgomo wakhe ukhiye - Sandepu. Nokho, ebumnyameni, le iqhinga kuhlulekile. amabutho Russian ethumba kuhlukile dolobhana futhi zagcina ophoqelelwe ashona.

Omunye umzamo ukuyokudla Sandepu kwakuhlelwe Januwari 28. I-Japanese, Nokho, zazingahambi ukuthela isinyathelo ngokwabo counterattacked. Injongo eyinhloko kuhlasela 1st ukubuyisa laseSiberia Corps. Ntambama, ngezihluthu kuholele ukuphumelela kwebutho isiRashiya, noma kunalokho 31 th Infantry Division. amasosha akuleli matasa imizana eminingana kule ndawo Sandepu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baya ezingemuva Japanese, ukubenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Eqinisweni, isitha kwakuyinto on the esengozini encirclement nasekubhujisweni.

Kulesi kakhulu kubalulekile mzuzwana ukungqubuzana alinamali phakathi Russian izinduna. Kuropatkin wacabanga izenzo ibutho laso kuyingozi kakhulu. Omunye ukuhlaselwa yimpumelelo babevame eyenziwa edelela imiyalelo yakhe. Chief of the omncane ojenene isinyathelo akathokozi. Wasusa abantu abambalwa ukhiye, kuhlanganise imi ikhanda the 2nd Manchurian Army Oscar uFerdinand Grippenberg. Lokhu elihamba jikelele Wathukuthela wathelwa ngamanzi ngakho ngezenzo Kuropatkina ukuthi bammangalela kokuphazamisa ukusebenza waya Petersburg.

Ngenxa abasebenzi izingxabano impi ye Sandepu empeleni yaphela ngo lutho. ibutho Russian futhi ayikwazanga bashaya Japanese futhi ukushintsha phakathi nempi. Isimo ugciniwe.

Mukden nenhlekelele

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi likhulu kangakanani futhi akukho okuhlaselayo wayekade ukwehluleka odlule yebutho Russian ku ilwa neJapane, okubaluleke kunakho konke ukulwa kwakhe iye yahlala phambili. Lokhu kuwumphumela umkhankaso kwaba nempi ye-Mukden (February 19 - Mashi 10, 1905). Ukwelapha ngokukhipha igazi kwenziwa ngaphambili 150 amakhilomitha eside. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi abantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi ayesenengxenye kulo. 250 elasetshenziselwa entsha impi izibhamu 2,500 wezikhali izicucu. Impi amangalelwe ayizinkulungwane 24 izimpilo (angaphezu kuka-130 eziyinkulungwane abalimele).

Battle of Mukden kwaba impi ngomqondo zakudala izwi. Lalinama ukushayisana ezincane eziningi ezenzeka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene phambi enkulu. Mincer owaqala ngokuvukela kuhlasela Japanese, nokuthi Japanese phakathi nayo yonke yonke ngenyanga ebuzwa kokulwa. Naphezu isibindi amasosha Russian, ukuhlaselwa isitha waqhubeka wanda. Ngemva workaround lwesithathu ibutho Japanese Alexei Kuropatkin ngaphambilini ukuhoxa. Ngokushesha isitha matasa Mukden. Kwenzekeni eRussia wawubhekwa njengophawu inhlekelele.

Umphumela esidumazayo impi kuhloliwe off amandla. Alexei Kuropatkin wakhunyulwa isimo sokukhuluma esithi 'umlawuli omkhulu. Labanye impi wachitha ikhanda lika 1st ibutho Manchurian. Yena salandelwa UNikolai Linevich. Lo mkhankaso, Nokho, wayeseyitholile kulahlekile. Ngokushesha, Japan wakwazi ukuthi abeke kubelula izimo ukuthula sivumelwano.

iphutha ukuhlaziywa

Kuphelile empini Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905. Kwakuwusuku imbangela yokuhlasela okwabakhona wokuqala Russian. Okuyihlazo Portsmouth Ukuthula kwaholela cabange eziningi zamasosha ngezimbangela we engakaze ibonwe emlandweni wezwe ukunqotshwa lesitha, kuze kube muva nje akekho basithatha ngokungathí sina. Ngemva kwalezi uhlale Jikelele Kuropatkin asebethathe umhlalaphansi ukuba ifa lakhe futhi ukubhala incwadi ephathelene nalo mkhankaso zokugcina. Omningi ezine yakhe "Amanothi phezu neMpi Russian-Japanese" esanyatheliswa ngo-1906.

Kushayisana umakhelwane wayo osempumalanga iye yabonisa ukuthi isipiliyoni ubudala Tactical futhi amasu kwekhulu XIX baba asihlobene. Encwadini yakhe ethi, uNgqongqoshe yangaphambili neMpi, Russia seyibhalisile ubuthakathaka ukhiye yesikhungo ibutho isiRashiya, ekugcineni okwaholela ukunqotshwa okubuhlungu kakhulu. Babehlanganisa ukulungiswa amasosha okungajwayelekile, ukugqugquzela, imishini yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokunye. D. ilwa neJapane kwaholela le ngozi, kodwa lonke izwe ngokuxhamazela Usululungele okwengeziwe emikhulu impi. Kulezi zimo, Russia lalidinga izinguquko oluphelele yempi. Nakuba Kuropatkin futhi besula, wahlala Ilungu loMkhandlu State futhi wazama ukuba unikele sesimanje amabutho ahlomile.

Nalapha ngezihluthu

Ngo-1914 kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. U-Aleksey Nikolaevich Kuropatkin, izikhulu zempi eziye zalondolozwa, naphezu ukunqotshwa ayinhlamba yabuza ngokushesha, ahlomele impi, futhi wathola zokuchithwa Grand Duke UNicholas. Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala kokungqubuzana esehlela usizo sina izikhulu alimele.

Ngo-September 1915, lapho umkhuzi abakhulu baba uNicholas II, ngubani-Alexei Kuropatkin waqokwa zayala Grenadier Corps. I Februwari elandelayo, babeqhubeka abamphathisa lonke Northern Front, esemgwaqweni loMfula eWestern Dvina. Kulesi sikhundla, masinyane ukuhlela i kuhlasela. Ukusebenza zenzeka kude Riga, okuyinto esebenza Army 12. Masosha anqoba imigqa embalwa ngokucophelela evikelwe imisele, kodwa ngenxa yokucindezela phezu ezinhlangothini selibalekele izikhundla zabo zangaphambili.

Naphezu kwakho konke, Jikelele Kuropatkin, ogama biography is lalinabashumayeli nezikhathi eziningi ezinhle nezimbi, Angazi elahlekelwa angaba nethemba lokuthi ayophumelela ekulweni namaJalimane. Kusukela 21 kuya 26 March 1916 ukuqhubeka ngaphambi amabutho akhe azungeze Yakobshtadta, okuyinto kwakhiwa ukusizakala. Ngalesi ukusebenza, amabutho Russian ephethwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhilomitha ambalwa nje.

Apreli 14 Kuropatkin Amathenda iqhaza emhlanganweni, eyenganyelwe kumbusi. Jikelele zethula umbiko ngezimo okuvela yakamuva ukwehluleka. Izizathu ngokwehluleka ukusebenza ziye zabizwa ngokuthi sezulu esibi, imigwaqo ephukile ukusetshenziswa yokuphambuka wezikhali.

Summer eningizimu waqala edumile Brusilov okuhlambalazayo. Kuropatkin, abasala e-aseBaltic, obesekapho- amasonto amaningana, ngoJulayi lahlasela le Bauska, lapho wathatha ingxenye yonke efanayo 12 Army. Uxhumano lulahlekile abantu abayizinkulungwane 15, kodwa izinsuku ngisho nangemva eziyisithupha yokulwa akakwazanga ukuthatha yomzi. Ukwehluleka Kuropatkina kunakwe ku ngemuva yenjabulo Brusilovski ukuphumelela.

Ukuphela ukuphila nezokugcina iminyaka

Ngo-July 1916 Kuropatkin wathunyelwa ajwayelekile kakade kuye Turkestan, lapho aba khona uMbusi Jikelele noMyali. Kulesi isikhundla, watholana Februwari revolution. Uhulumeni omusha aye wasigcina isikhundla sakhe, eqinisekisa yocingo yayo ekhethekile. Nokho, ukuze lweshwa lakhe, Jikelele Kuropatkin, okuyinto imiklomelo abanasithakazelo ukungqubuzana noMkhandlu Amabutho 'futhi Workers amasekela laseTashkent. Webutho ngowokuqala uboshelwa endlini, futhi ngemva wayencisha izikhundla, ethunyelwe Petrograd.

Ehlobo lika-1917 phezulu iKomiti Alexander wasebenza phezu eyayilimele. Ukuba isipiliyoni ukunakekelwa izikhulu abanokukhubazeka, wafika Jikelele Kuropatkin. Ngemva Revolution, wabuyela esifundazweni sakhe bomdabu Pskov, izwe ahlala kulo lonke esegugile. Alexey ihlelwe isikole yasemakhaya wagijima emtatsheni wezincwadi wendawo, okuyinto ibekwe izimali sakhe eside. Kamuva, izinto zalo, kuhlanganise ezisele ngemuva abasebenza incwadi mayelana Russian-Japanese War, bayiswa Russian State Military Umlando Ingobo yomlando. Alexei Kuropatkin washona ngo-16 Januwari 1925 lapho ngineminyaka engu-eminyakeni 76.

udumisa

Ngokuba isibindi nesibindi ngaphansi kwePlevna ngo-1878 Kuropatkin wathola inkemba yegolide emakwe ethi "Ubungqabavu", kanye ne-Order of St. Anne noSt. Stanislaus wezinga lesibili. Ngemva kwempi neTurkey, wathola imiklomelo eminingi yangaphandle. Phakathi kwabo kwakuyi-Order of the Cross of Taco, eyanikezwa iziphathimandla zaseSerbia. Khona-ke u-Kuropatkin wathola umdanso othi "Ubungqabavu" waseMontenegro. Kamuva, emazweni aseBalkan, wathola i-Order of the Star yaseRomania, kanye ne-oda elithi "Saint Alexander" yaseBulgaria.

I-Kuropatkin ayitholanga imiklomelo yempi eyingozi yeRussia-Japanese. Kodwa ngawo-1890 wanikezwa uMyalelo we-White Eagle kanye noMyalelo weSt. Alexander Nevsky. Ekuseni kwempi neJapane, amamaki adayimani akhethekile anikezwe kulo mklomelo, owabonisa ukufaneleka okukhethekile kombuso jikelele ngaphambi kombuso.