Ubudala Mayan nemibhoshongo waseGibhithe

Enye yezimfihlakalo esikhulu kunazo zonke isintu amaphiramidi. Onjiniyela namanje ububanzi emangalisayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yomsebenzi, futhi izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyabangela abantu basendulo babengazi ukwakhiwa kwalezi zikhungo. Liphinde namanje Ziphikisana mayelana nenjongo yale izikhumbuzo bokwakha lasendulo kuze kuyaqhubeka kweqiniso. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo Yucatán naseGibhithe - ezihlobene, kodwa akuyona. Lokhu kuboniswa njengoba engu nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, futhi izici ukwakhiwa yabo.

Egypt

Omkhulu Pyramid, esisogwini Giza Plateau Egypt isikhathi eside Kuyamangaza zonke abacwaningi kanye nezivakashi. Ngokuvamile, i-Kungashiwo okufanayo kwalo "nodadewethu." Naphezu umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba ye endaweni ukwakhiwa nasesikhathini ezinkulungwaneni ezidlule zeminyaka, lezi izikhumbuzo amazing kanye oluyinqaba isiko lasendulo ngokumangalisayo kahle balondolozwa.

Ososayensi bathi ukuthi esikhathini esidlule ensimini ka imibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe kwaba okuningi, kodwa ... Kodwa kwabe sekufika u amaRoma. Umthetho wokuqala waseRoma - ngaphezulu imigwaqo ezinhle! Phela, esivumelana ngakho baphonse amabutho amasha! Ngakho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu mbhoshongo "poshiba phakathi" babé impahla lwabakhi emigwaqweni yaseRoma. Namuhla, izivakashi kanye bendawo, ababesenethonya zisebenzisa emigwaqweni yasendulo, "uxove phansi" izinsalela nezakhiwo zasendulo!

Eyokuqala kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe kanye nobudala bayo

Akunakwenzeka ukuxoxa engu nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, hhayi ngilandisa esikhathini lapho isakhiwo sokuqala esinjalo elimiswe Egypt. Kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeka eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule, futhi ukwakhiwa uqalwe ekuthatheni isinyathelo lo faro Djoser. Kuyinto kulezi iminyaka eyinkulungwane emihlanu, futhi kulinganiselwa engu ingqikithi imibhoshongo eGibhithe. Phela, nguye wengamela ukwakhiwa kwalesi Imhotep abadumile. "Umsebenzi" Wayengumuntu kuhle ukuthi emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva abaseGibhithe sijabule ngisho nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali.

Ukunakekela izihlobo

Ngalezo zikhathi endaweni ukwakhiwa yayinkulu - amamitha 545 kuya 278. Azungezwe lesi sakhiwo ivikela ukuphakama udonga kanye amamitha ayishumi, owawenziwa ngokushesha ... Amasango 14 zazo Laba yibo kuphela. Ngaphezu yena, Djoser beyalwa ukuba banakekele emva-ukuphila namalungu azo omkhaya, ngoba abakhi be-ukulungele 11 ezengeziwe yokungcwaba emakamelweni ezincane.

Djoser Pyramid is hhayi kuphela kubhekwe endala kakhulu eGibhithe, kodwa futhi eyingqayizivele kakhulu ngoba ezinhlangothini zalo kukhona "isitebhisi", okuyinto kungabonwa zezakhiwo maphakathi Yucatán. Ukucinga ukuqondana kwezinto lapha ezingaqondakali akudingekile, njengoba kule futhi kwezinye izimo, isakhiwo esinjalo waba incazelo ungcwele, uhilela ukubusa umbusi emazulwini.

Uneminyaka emingaki izakhiwo phezu Giza Plateau?

Kukholakala ukuthi yobudala Pyramids phezu Giza ithafa kuyinto iminyaka eyinkulungwane 4.5. Kodwa nge izakhiwo eziningi ukujola kuphakama izinkinga, njengoba ingxenye kabusha, abuyiselwe, ngakho ngisho Radiocarbon ukuhlaziywa izimpendulo ngokuphelele eqondile abangenakukwazi ukukunikeza. Ezinye izindaba zika-mbhoshongo, mhlawumbe eyakhelwe ngezikhathi Old Kingdom - azungeze 2300 BC. e.

Kuze kube namuhla, esigcinwe Egypt 80 imibhoshongo, okuyizo enhle kakhulu aseleyo emva lwamakhosi lesine. Kodwa kusukela endulo lesi simanga emhlabeni abhekwa ezintathu kuphela. Amagama abo zaziwa kubo bonke - mbhoshongo ka Cheops, Khafre futhi Menkaure. Ubudala mbhoshongo ka Cheops kanti lawa amanye amabili - acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezine eminyakeni, abakwazi bahluleke Ngamangala.

mbhoshongo Mexican

mbhoshongo Mexican - an lesikhumbuzo ngokulinganayo umxhwele futhi amangalisayo siye izakhiwo womuntu kanye nomsebenzi ngendlela emangalisayo kanzima. Basaqhubeka mangaza wonke umuntu othile wababona, phakathi nesikhathi ukuthola kuqala kuphela okuvelayo kwaba eliphakeme ngokuphindwe kayishumi!

Bakha i-Aztec, amaToltec Maya esinye isizwe esithile South America. Ososayensi ngezinye izikhathi akulula kakhulu ukuqonda konke lokhu "Vinaigrette", kusukela cishe yonke imithombo ebhalwe la izitshalo babhujiswa phakathi nokunqotshwa kweKhanani okwathatha Spanish. Kodwa kuthiwani engu nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, okwakhiwa kuso okhokho zezakhamuzi lanamuhla Latin America? Okokuqala, udinga kancane ujwayelene umlando izizwe ababehlala lapha.

Iningi ngokucacile yaqhakaza impucuko Cuicuilco lapha. Isiqongo kwamandla walo omkhulu nesikhathi kusuka 1500 kuya ku-200 BC. Yini sikhuluma ngalokhu? Iqiniso lokuthi omkhulu futhi umxhwele kakhulu Cuicuilco mbhoshongo Yakhiwa kulesi sikhathi (sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Mexico City). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa uhlukile, njengoba cross-section yayo ... round, kufanelana ngokuphelele zingene ezungezile.

Babunjani ukhohlwe mbhoshongo ka Cuicuilco?

Kodwa ososayensi baye bakuthola hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lapho ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu kwaba nokuqhuma enkulu Shitle, lokhu eliyingqayizivele yemivubukulo wangcwatshwa ngokuphelele ngaphansi ungqimba umlotha lava futhi tuff. Kuphela ngo-1917, ngesikhathi abavubukuli, ososayensi ngephutha wathola kwalo mbhoshongo.

Lokhu kuqhuma intaba-mlilo efanayo abuqede ukuthuthukiswa impucuko esifundeni, futhi ngenxa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibabazekayo atholakele lapha. Uma sikhuluma ukuqonda zamanje, awusenalo abakhileyo kulezi zindawo seziphenduke "isisekelo" zabantwana Teotihuacan, okuyinto nayo yakhelwe imibhoshongo yabo.

Pyramids bezinye izizwe

impucuko Teotihuacan kuhlehlela emuva 200 BC. efanayo Umnyaka eseduze nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe esifundeni. Lesi sizwe sekuneminyaka kuze kube unyaka 700 AD. Indawo lekhetsiwe bona, manje eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Teotihuacan. By endleleni, igama inikezwe-Aztec, abeza lapha iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Njengoba le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni, namuhla asazi. Ngakho lapho sekwakhiwe amaphiramidi ngokubabazekayo ukuthi namuhla ezikushiya ukhexile?

Uqinisile abayakha, manje akucaci: ngabe abantu Teotihuacan uqobo, noma ubuye endaweni yaso Aztec. Lesi sakamuva kwaba legend ukuthi imibhoshongo ezintathu ezinkulu ezakhiwe ngempela imidondoshiya. Ngakho, izindawo ezintathu. Three imibhoshongo: Sun, Moon futhi uQuetzalcoatl. Lesi sakamuva, ngenhlanhla iyona amahle kakhulu futhi ngokubabazekayo. Kukholakala ukuthi bakha endaweni ethile esifundeni 500 BC. e.

Yingakho umuzi wabizwa washiywa kanjani?

Ngakho ukuthi engu-amaphiramidi e Giza okuningi. Cishe, ekuqaleni ezikhumbuzo bokwakha kulezi zingxenye lasendulo yayingesinye okuningi, kodwa yonke into edabukisayo mlilo. Ngaphansi ungqimba obukhulu lava cishe efihla eziningi ezithakazelisayo, kodwa mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi siyoke ke. imivubukulo eqhubekayo futhi zibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukwakhiwa komuzi wenziwa kube sesilinganisweni esiphelele esiqinile kakhulu futhi okunengqondo we plan. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi labantu kulo muzi ngaphakathi abantu abayizinkulungwane 200! Futhi - ngisho nangaphambi ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu!

I ngokubhujiswa komuzi futhi izingxenye imibhoshongo namuhla "umsolwa" sohlobo oluthile zezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo futhi abahlukaniswa ezenhlalo, lapho abaningi abampofu nje ukhathele esakhuthazelela nangobudlova nanini nyuka phezu ingxenye yezikhulu eliphakeme. City Teotihuacan ukuthi barbarously aphanga futhi ubhujiswe. Kodwa kokubili imibono eyayisinesikhathi - impikiswano enkulu, ngoba kungekho ubufakazi lokuhlukunyezwa watholakala, futhi njengoba abantu bephanga izinto, lokhu ke okwakungenziwa yinoma ubani. Uma umuzi wawuyigolide ngasizathu simbe aphonswe icala ikani kanye nezizwe ezingomakhelwane. Baye ngokusobala akubona waphasisa "ezihlwabusayo" ucezu ezinjalo.

Uyini umehluko imibhoshongo baseGibhithe futhi Mexican?

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kucishe, ngaleyo ndlela zibeke engozini phambili ezahlukene (kuye ngezinga nangendlela engenangqondo) mbono eziphathelene ababalekela nenhlekelele Atlanta futhi "inzalo wasezulwini", kodwa akunjalo. Ngokufana imibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe futhi eMexico kuphela ukubukeka (ngisho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa), kodwa konke okunye banayo amaningi umehluko.

Okokuqala, e-Egypt, lezi zakhiwo bushelelezi ngokuphelele, kuyilapho ama-Aztec, le amaToltec futhi amaMaya eyakhelwe isinyathelo sabo ekuqaleni. Okwesibili, mbhoshongo oFaro kubhekwe kuphela njengendawo Phumula ezinkathazweni ezwe, nokuthambekela eMexico mbhoshongo kumele isetshenziselwe kuphela njengoba emathempelini ezithombe, wakhuluma ngisho wachitha khona ngemihlatshelo olunegazi kakhulu isiko.

Okunye umehluko

Okwesithathu, izakhiwo phezulu eNingizimu Melika - flat ngokuphelele, ngoba kulapho lapho kutholakala khona abapristi emsebenzini wabo wezimpi ezalandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, libuye libe izindawo ezengeziwe, njengoba isikhathi ukwenza indima esontweni "Slaughterhouse" ekuhlanganisweni. Eqinisweni, phezulu i mbhoshongo waseGibhithe Ungase futhi ukukhuphuka, kodwa kukhona into engenakwenzeka ukwenza ngenxa yokuntuleka banal isikhala.

Okwesine, engu-amaphiramidi Mayan kanye waseGibhithe. EMexico, cishe zonke lezi izakhiwo kwakhiwa nje ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, kuyilapho amathuna oFaro eyakhelwe ezintathu anamane amawaka iminyaka BC.

Fans of imibono zungu bangase baphikise ngokuthi konke lokhu - akukho lutho, ngoba isici esiyinhloko zalezi zakhiwo, okusho ukuma pyramidal, kuzo zonke izimo uyefana. Kodwa lena akuyona iphuzu, ngoba izinhlobo olunje emvelweni, futhi lamashumi minyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kusikiselwa ukuthi amaToltec noma Mayans ngokwabo Usufike ifomu elula kakhulu amathempeli abo.

Yini enquma engu-amaphiramidi?

Njengoba isayensi inquma yobudala imibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe neMexico, "umkhaya"? Kususelwa Radiocarbon Dating, okuyinto aseqalile ngenkuthalo sebenzisa kuphela ngo-1984. Nakuba somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo uphenyo amasampula okungenani 64 izinto eziningi eziphilayo kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe. Izilinganiso luye lwabonisa ukuthi eziningi izakhiwo phezu Giza iyinkangala ukube kweminyaka engu-400 amadala kunalokho okwake kwacatshangwa. Nokho, abanye babo babephakathi emidala kuno "kuphela" Sekuyiminyaka engu-120 ubudala, kodwa kungase kwezinye izimo lingadala umonakalo.

Ngemva kwalokho, le ecijile Giza, engu-okuyinto kwenzakala kakhulu amanani "isikhulu" waqina ngisho ukuheha abacwaningi kusukela emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, impikiswano eshubile mayelana nemvelo zalezi zakhiwo Empeleni lezi zinto zingekho cool.

Ngakho kwathiwa Sekutholakele ukuthi isibizo Yakhiwa hhayi ngaphambi 2985 BC. e. Lokhu emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka isikhathi eside kunaleso kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili! Nokho, lokhu kakade ngokwanele ukuze siphikise nguqulo ye "Atlanta, eyakhelwe lezi zakhiwo ukuze amashumi ezinkulungwane eminyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile." Ubudala imibhoshongo ukuze oFaro wazibonakalisa nesizotha kakhulu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukuhlaziywa Radiocarbon ukubeka abaphenyi ukuthi uphendule imibuzo embalwa entsha.

Ngakho kakade kuyaziwa ukuthi mbhoshongo Khafre lakhiwa endaweni ethile esifundeni 2960 Lokhu kwenza isizathu kunengqondo ukukholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo sayo kwenziwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge "Cheops". Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kwaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ahlukene kwamabhilidi amabili, okuyiwona nokwakhiwa kungathatha isandla uFaro efanayo. Kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi bekungaba kube nesidingo sokuthi mbhoshongo ka Menkaure esakhiwe endaweni ethile eminyakeni 50 ezayo ...

Kodwa ukuhlaziywa Radiocarbon wabonisa ukuthi yayakhiwe kuka 2572 BC. e. Lokhu eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-400 kamuva kunosuku kulindeleke! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1984, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi le Sphinx abadumile lakhiwa 2416 BC. e. Ngamafuphi nje, emva kwaba namakhulu eminyaka agcwele emihlanu ngemva mbhoshongo ka Khafre! Kodwa sekukudala mlando babecabanga ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezakhiwa kanye ...

kunqunywa Ngokufanayo futhi engu-amaphiramidi Mayan. Futhi kulokhu yanoma yiziphi izinkinga kwakungeyona cishe, njengoba abantu kulo muzi baye balahlwa, futhi ukuphothulwa ukubuyiselwa noyedwa, ngakho umphumela Radiocarbon Dating unembile okuningi.