Cruiser Admiral Hipper (1937-1945): umlando ekudalweni futhi ukuphila. Navy-German

umkhumbi-German "Admiral Hipper" Lesi esinye sezenzakalo Cruisers engcono elisindayo Kriegsmarine phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Wathatha iqhaza ukuthunjwa Norway, olwenziwa uchungechunge agasele Atlantic, futhi impi yakhe yokugcina wathatha abandayo uBarents Sea. Elokugcina futhi eminyakeni ingxenye yokuphila kwakhe impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu wasala imbobo isimo walowo.

design

Ephepheni, le impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu Admiral Hipper uvele 1934. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ngaleso Naval Headquarters kwase zavela izidingo eziyisisekelo ukuze mkhumbi omusha. Okokuqala, kusukela umkhumbi elinde alinganayo ukubhekana nabo French kanye British esizayo. Okwesibili, e-Navy-German wafuna umkhumbi ukuthi angaya ngokushesha esuka ekuphishekeleni yempi isitha "Dunkirk" futhi "Strasbourg". Leli phuzu kwakubaluleke kakhulu - imodeli idatha uthembisa kube abazingeli esibi kunazo ngokwanele isivinini Cruisers. Ekugcineni, okwesithathu, umkhiqizo omusha lalihloselwe zahlasela imisebenzi emkhathini wasolwandle nasolwandle.

Cruiser Admiral Hipper kwakungekaNkulunkulu uhlobo eponymous ka Cruisers esindayo. Kwakuhlelwe ukwakha imikhumbi anjalo ayisihlanu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphandle "Hipper" yavela "Kunyatheliswa Oygen" futhi "Blücher". I nezinye izitsha ezimbili "Lützow" futhi "Seydlitz" akazange abe nesikhathi ukuze uqede. impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu Heavy "Admiral Hipper" yethiwa uFranz von Hipper, owayala ihlukane lwemikhumbi-German e Battle of Dogger Bank kanye Jutland.

ukwakhiwa

Bookmark "Admiral Hipper" waqala 6 Julayi 1935 ngesikhathi ngisemsebenzini e Hamburg. It kwaqala ngemva yokulahlwa iSivumelwano SaseVersailles, ngesikhathi setha umkhawulo ibutho laseJalimane futhi lasolwandle. Hitler wayelungiselela yokuziphindiselela futhi aziphatha ngendlela evusa inkanuko, kuyilapho amazwe onqobayo kweMpi Yezwe I besibuka ngokusebenzisa iminwe yami. Ukuze ngandlela-thile ugcine nazo uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuba isivumelwano esihlukile ngaphansi lapho Navy-German lithole ilungelo ukwandisa amabutho ayo asolwandle-35% we-British. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa amaJalimane Akazange ababheke njengezinto umbono labamelene esizayo futhi waqala ngesivinini sokulungiselela igazi oluzayo.

Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yeminyaka yawo onyakeni eyaqedwa ngawo ukwakhiwa inqwaba ngesikhathi umkhumbi wokwakha. Februwari 6, 1937 impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ezisindayo emanzini. Emcimbini ibhodlela yendabuko champagne Wephula unkosikazi Admiral Raeder, owayala imikhumbi. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala wakhonza endlunkulu von Hipper, ngenkathi sethula zomkhumbi entsha, wabeka inkulumo onesizotha.

Ngenxa militarization okusheshayo eJalimane bancintisane amagatsha lempi zidinga zonke izinto ezintsha, imishini kanye nabasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwamukela "Admiral Hipper" njalo lihlehlisiwe. "Kunyatheliswa Oygen" ngisho isikhathi eside eyakhelwe. Emcimbini ukuqaliswa salokhu isitsha yahanjelwa uHitler ibamba yeHungary Miklosh Horti. I esikhundleni ukwakhiwa aso eqala e Kiel, okwakubekelwa kamuva zahunyushwa "hipper". Kugcine uvele impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Blucher" e uhlobo kwabo Cruisers esindayo.

Qala yesevisi

German impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu «Admiral Hipper» kwakuqashwa Apreli 29, 1939. Wafika nje ngesikhathi - esondela Second neMpi Yezwe. Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa ukusebenza kwawo umkhumbi owabanjwa mhlaka zezilingo ukuhlolwa e Kiel. Mashi 20, 1940 amatilosi wayalelwa ukuthumela ngomkhumbi saya Cuxhaven. "Admiral Hipper", kanye cishe wonke amalungu samanje Kriegsmarine, bekumele iqhaza ayehlasela eNorway, uye waba yingxenye ukusebenza "Vezenbyurg" (noma "Izimfundiso phezu Weser").

Cruiser wahola iqembu lesibili, injongo owawungumnyaka ukuthunjwa port ebalulekile Trondheim. Ujoyinwe abachithi "Jacobi", "Riedel", "Ekoldt" futhi "Heinemann". Abagibele "Hipper" babe signalers, Luftwaffe ekomkhulu iqembu futhi ingxenye Ibutho 83rd kanye Regiment 138th sentaba. Kwakudingeka anakekele amabhethri Norwegian ugu.

I isigaba kwesokunxele Cuxhaven Apreli 6 izimo zezulu eziwohlokayo. Endleleni yangena a skirmish encane nge amabutho aseBrithani. Manje-British babazi ukunyakaza yama-Jalimane, nakuba zinezikhwepha namanje isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukuqonda injongo yangempela kwenkululeko ukusebenza.

"Izimfundiso phezu Weser"

April 8, 1940 endleleni eya Norway impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Admiral Hipper" basuka Yiqiniso odlule waya ngumbhubhisi wokutakula "Bernd von Arnim." Lokhu umkhumbi ishayisane British umkhumbi "Glouvorm" ka ekilasini efanayo. Umkhuzi "Hipper" Helmut heye ehlaselwa umkhumbi isitha yize izikrini isitha intuthu torpedoes. Phakathi nayo yonke impi, "Glouvorm" kanye yashayiswa impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu isiJalimane, ukushaya ngakwesokunene sayo eduze zokuvikela. Kwaba umonakalo ezincane, kodwa ngumbhubhisi British akuyona kalula ngakho eyaphunyuka yacwila. Ekugcineni "Glouvorm" kukhokhelwe "hipper" ramming kuhlasela, ngemiphumela eyayintula lilungiswe amasonto amathathu.

Ngobusuku buka-April 9, impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu German okwehange imigwaqo Tronhyema. Ozama ukulwa nesilingo baseNorway Wayenesizotha kakhulu: ibhethri ogwini wadubula eziningana, ngemva kwalokho isitha lwakhipha balwa isigaba German. umsebenzi iqembu eyafezwa. I impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Admiral Hipper" wabuyela emuva eJalimane ukuze kulungiswe.

"Juno"

Ngo-May, lihlelwe umkhumbi wawususukile ku Kiel, lapho kwasungulwa khona uxhumano, ngenjongo yokusiza imikhumbi-German washaya Norway ngenxa nokuvinjelwa British. Ukusebenza kungafiki ibizwa ngokuthi "Juno." Ngaphezu "Hipper" kwathiwa ohanjelwa yempi "Gneisenau" futhi "Scharnhorst" futhi kubabulali "Lodi", "Galster", "Shemann" futhi "Shtaynbrik.

Endleleni eya Norway sihlangabezane impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu British 530 ton Isikebhe sokudoba i- "Juniper". Isikebhe esincane waba ngaphansi umlilo 105-mm-German anti-aircraft izibhamu. Ngokushesha yena Esikebheni esitshekile futhi yacwila. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isinyathelo kude "Shemann" yacwila uya emkhunjini asolwandle "Amafutha Samaphayona."

Ngo "Orama" Ngabo lobo busuku, Juni 6, "u-Admiral Hipper" elakhiwa ngo-1937 nciphisa ezokuthutha British lempi. Lo mkhumbi waphindela kwelakubo yeNorway futhi injabulo IsiZulu lalingenalutho (ngaphandle umyalo langempela). volleys eziningana projectiles alufakwa wenza umsebenzi omuhle: "Orama" yacwila kancane phansi kolwandle. AmaNgisi yasuswa ebhodini imikhumbi-German.

Juni 8, impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu futhi angomakhelwane abachithi bayalwa ukuba kuthunyelwe Trondheim. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, "u-Admiral Hopper" ayikwazanga iqhaza lapho kubhujiswa lesi othwala izindiza "ubukhazikhazi". Izinsuku ezimbalwa ezalandela umkhumbi wachitha emigwaqweni Trondheim. Khona-ke, ntambama ngo-June 20, "Hopper" waya kosizo torpedo ezilimele "Scharnhorst". Cruiser wathatha le nsimu 'Gneisenau "futhi" Galsterom ". Uhambo yayincane. Phakathi kwamabili "Gneisenau" waba torpedoed British ngwenya "UClyde". Battleship wathatha amanzi amaningi, futhi squad kwadingeka abuyele Trondheim, futhi ngaphandle afeze umsebenzi walo. Ngenxa ukulimala imikhumbi emibili okuholela "Admiral Hipper" isibe enkulu yokulwa iyunithi-Third Reich emanzini North Norwegian.

Atlantic kugasela

Ezinye Cruisers abadumile neMpi Yezwe II Sekuyisikhathi eside kusetshenziswa kuphela amanzi maphakathi nezwe. Ngakho kwaba "u-Admiral Hepper." Novemba 30, 1940 kuphela, ekugcineni wenza wakhe eside elindelwe e lwabo olwandle. I-Atlantic Ephakathi endaweni ekuyi-latitude ka Brest-Newfoundland kwakuphithizela ngohide British. Kulesi zone, eyayiphambana imizila yezokuthutha, lapho uthuthwa amabutho zamasu kanye imithwalo. Okuwukuphela umkhumbi khulula, bakwazi ukuhlasela ngohide ngaleso sikhathi kwaba "u-Admiral Hipper". Okunye Cruisers abadumile neMpi Yezwe II kwakuhlezi. Against ngemuva lezi zimo, ake senze umsindo ezilwandle enyakatho, umkhumbi waqala yayo "Operation Nordzeetur".

Disemba 25, "hipper" atholakala kulandelana owawuhlanganisa impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Barwick" namayunithi eziningana Cruisers ukukhanya. umkhumbi-German ehlaselwa leli qembu, kodwa ukuthola ibe usongo olukhulu kokunqotshwa, ahlehla. Kwaziqondanela nje ukuba ujabule crew wakwazi ukulondoloza umkhumbi wakhe ekulimaleni ebonakalayo.

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo emhlanganweni ayizwakali nge nothile lapho bevakashela iziguli, entsha uCaptain Meisel unqume ukubuyela e-Europe. Itilosi bakhathele ukulwa komsebenzi ezinzima zezulu sezulu. Kodwa ngemuva kosuku endleleni emuva France yathumba "hipper" ekugcineni lucky. Umkhumbi ehlaselwa yomthengisi steamship "Yamuna". Indima esasizibekele yona hit zenkulumo izibhamu, bajoyine torpedoes ezimbili. Lomkhumbi wacwila ngokushesha, kodwa Maisel wesabela ukuthi British ephethwe kudlulisa isignali ukucindezeleka etholakala eduze kulandelana. Uma ilokhu "Hipper" ke amaJalimane wayezophinda kwadingeka alwe nempi ukungalingani. Ngakho-ke, sebeqedile "Yamuna", induna wayala ukuya eFrance. Washesha, Maisel engazange aphakamisele ebhodini egxilile i olwandle of AmaNgisi. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke abantu 111 ku "Yamuna", wafa. Disemba 27, "u-Admiral Hipper" usufikile esikhumulweni semikhumbi e Brest.

Azores Battle

Ngemva Atlantic yalolu hambo "hipper" okudinga ukulungiswa. Ukulungisa ngathatha ncamashi ngenyanga, futhi kakade 1 Februwari 1941 impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu futhi bangena emanzini asolwandle. 11 izinombolo, kuyilapho Awukude Azores, umkhumbi-German wayeka isixwayiso shot ngesitimu "Aysland". Uma umkhumbi wawususukile German futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "Dahlia." Manje yayingaphansi Great Britain. "Hipper" yacwila ngemva kulandelana yayo umhlatshelo.

Kusukela amatilosi kwaletha ibhodi "Ayslanda" Maisel bafunde ngokulawulwa iqhubu yomhlaba eduze iqembu ukuzivikela ngokuphelele lwemikhumbi. Kwaba kulandelana, okuyinto wasuka Freetown (Sierra Leone). Lalinama amaningi njengoba 19 imikhumbi okuqondene England, Norway bese kuba iGrisi. Impumelelo enkulu kwakuwukuthi lolu hide kwaba ngokuphelele elingenalo we wokugada nokuvikeleka. Februwari 12, "u-Admiral Hipper" ngaphandle izithiyo yacwila 7 imikhumbi. 3 ngaphezulu zacekeleka phansi.

Sikwazile ukufeza impumelelo umxhwele kakhulu ngomsebenzi wabo, "u-Admiral Hipper" wabuyela Brest. Ngo-March 1941 wathuthela edolobheni laseKiel, lapho afike achitha khona unyaka owodwa. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi umkhumbi athuthukiswa embozwe sifihle entsha. Ngo-March 1942, wafika e Trondheim. Battlestar kulindeleke zokugcina umkhankaso enyakatho.

"Regenborgen"

Ngokuzimisela ukuthi uhlobo olunjani Cruisers esindayo "Admiral Hipper" okwakudingeka akwenze ukucabhela ngohide Arctic, umyalo German yemikhumbi sima kukhethwa iqembu ikhanda ngaphandle komkhumbi. Nge entry-USSR empini imisebenzi efanayo babé ebaluleke kakhulu. ngohide Arctic waya eSoviet Union evela e-US-UK. Ngosizo kubo kwenziwe uhlelo Unikeza Ubufakazi-zokuqashisa. Ngokwe uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho eU.SSR enikeziwe okudingekayo okungakusiza ukuba ubhekane ibutho Third Reich izinto impi.

Ukusebenza nokunciphisa lolu hide elilandelayo ngokuthi "Regenborgen" ( "Rainbow"). Umyalo kwathatha umlawuli e induna Kriegsmarine Admiral Raeder. Kanye "hipper" eyayihilelekile kuhlasela nezinye impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ezisindayo "Lutzow", kanti ezinye eziyisithupha kubabulali. I lamabutho waya olwandle Disemba 30, 1942. Kwakuwusuku ubusuku polar. Ngenxa umbelesele le mikhumbi embozwe uqweqwe ice, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi zokuxhumana kanye namathuluzi.

"Impi kaNcibijane"

Ekuseni ngo-December 31 lolu hide waphawula abachithi engajwayelekile. AmaJalimane nenhlanhla: eBritish banquma luhlangabezane patrol Soviet. Ngenxa yaleli phutha, umlilo, imikhumbi evulekile-Third Reich, owawuqondene kulandelana njengoba ukumangala ephelele. Noma kunjalo, i-British wakulungisa ngokushesha iphutha lakhe. Imikhumbi yawo kwakhiwa lwempi, futhi empunga le smokescreen empini.

Ngemva kwesigamu sehora ngemva ukushayisana, induna kulandelana Robert Sherbrooke wafunda ngalé amangalisayo "Admiral Hipper". Izinhloso ngowokuqala wakhetha impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ngumbhubhisi "Ekeytes", ekuhloswe ngalo wavulwa umlilo. Ngenxa sezulu kanye dymzavesy umdubuli kambayimbayi German balwisana ukulandelela phansi umkhumbi isitha. Nokho, ngezinye 13 ezimpondweni, "Ekeytes" waminza, futhi amatilosi yakhe 80 wacosha layilamula ukusiza Isikebhe sokudoba.

Konke kwahamba ngokuvumelana plan, Kriegsmarine, kodwa ngesikhathi esingafanele ngoba amaJalimane ngokuzumayo yabonakala umkhathizwe le impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu British "Sheffield" futhi "Jamaica". Bahamba "Admiral Hipper" umlilo ebulalayo. abachithi German uthwebule ekhuphuka enkantolo yabo, basondela eduze kakhulu kubo futhi wathola hit ebulalayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, elinye impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Lutzow" wabajaha lolu hide. Ukaputeni waqaphela iphutha lakhe, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu: waze wanikela ukuze asuke echwebeni. Shoot kusukela "Admiral Hipper", lolu hide baqhubeka nohambo yayo kuya Murmansk Soviet. Ukuhluleka ukusebenza kwaholela ukwesula Eriha Redera kusuka kokuthunyelwe ka uMphathi Navy-German.

esiqiwini

Kakhulu kulimale uBarents Sea impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu «Admiral Hipper» ilandelwe ukuze kulungiswe, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waba libhaliswe reserve and wama Gotenhafene. Izikhathi eziningana lehla yithimba cishe polutoratysyachny. Ngo-March 1944-ke kwalandela ukuze zilungele umkhumbi ngoba imisebenzi esizayo. Nokho, kwakunzima ukwenza ngesikhathi esifanele. Bezingekho izingxenye ngokwanele futhi abantu njalo liphazamisane nomsebenzi we-Union ne-Soviet Air Force. Igumbi Boiler №3, basha ngokukhanukelana, "impi kaNcibijane", futhi akazange abe ukuze. Kanye omkhulu wempi kwaba manje langakufanelekela ngisho izulazula ezingwini.

Ngifike ngo-1945. 1 Januwari, ukuphathwa yemikhumbi ngaphambilini ukuhlanza "Admiral Hipper" futhi iwele lakhe "Kunyatheliswa Oygen" izinyanga ezintathu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ethekwini esondela amasosha aseSoviet. Ngenxa yalokhu, esikhundleni ukulungiswa kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso esiphuthumayo. Januwari 29, "hipper" kwesokunxele Gotenhafen, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayesebenze ophephela eyodwa kuphela. Esikhathini "chrome" ngaphezu umkhumbi ithimba bamisa nengxenye ayizinkulungwane babaleki. Maduzane, impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu kwaba endaweni lapho 30 ngwenya namaSoviet "S-13" ukuthi bashone liner umgibeli "Vilgelm Gustlov". UCaptain Hans Henigst ngenxa ukuminyana isitsha wabe udlule zokuhlenga kanye liferafts, okuyinto Ufrize uqulekile amaJalimane ukuphahlazeka.

Februwari 2, "u-Admiral Hipper" lapho efika emzini ka-Kiel. Ngakusasa, ichweba uhlaselwe izindiza British. Ngesikhathi begasela umkhumbi wayithi hits ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Kwaqubuka umlilo futhi impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu wokushiswa wahlala phansi idokhu yakho. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, Navy imise imizamo iyize ukuba kulungiswe wangaphambili Navy nokuziqhenya. Ngemva yokubuyiswa-Third Reich ngo-May 1945, "u-Admiral Hipper" waba adiliza kwensimbi.