Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky: isithombe, izakhiwo

Edolobheni elincane Yuriev-Polsky ngaphansi uVladimir yasungulwa ngo 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Kusukela nambili ekhulwini weshumi nane kwaba maphakathi eyifa. Kusukela 1212 kwathiwa okungewakho Svyatoslav - umzukulu umsunguli edolobheni. Wesifundazwe ngezindinganiso edolobheni, yebo, ophawule wathi akumele kuqhathaniswe nge Zalesskoye nemizana main, ezazidume ngokutshala amagugu awo kwezobuciko.

Futhi nakuba kukhona wobuciko eyodwa izakhiwo zasendulo edolobheni, kodwa wayeshiye kude ngemuva izakhiwo eziningi ezifanayo.

Cathedral I abadumile St George sika

Ngo Yuriev-Polsky yayakhiwe behlonipha ukunqoba, okuyinto won Dolgoruky isikhulu iVolga Bulgars. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1221. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo ukunqoba, ngokuvumelana mlando, kuyinto "ongaziwa futhi akumangalisi, enhle futhi ngingakazi lutho" ukwakhiwa, alifani nelamuntu.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Endaweni lapho Cathedral wamanje St George, kodwa ezimweni 1152 Yuri Dolgoruky ngaphambilini ukwakha ezincane itshe elimhlophe isonto elincane. Uye enikelwe wakhe Georgiyu Pobedonostsu, asibiza abavikela yakhe saint siqu. Ngo 1230 umzukulu wakhe - Svyatoslav - wabhubhisa ekwakheni uyisemkhulu, ngoba "sesibolile futhi ephukile." Futhi indzawo yayo 1230th yayakhiwe Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky, egcwele hhayi kuphela umqhele uVladimir-Suzdal izakhiwo, kodwa futhi wokugcina ezimhlophe isakhiwo itshe phambi amaMongol-Tatar ehlasela.

Izici ethempelini

Kuphakathi ngaphambi noma ngemva akekho oye wakwazi ukudlula ubuhle ngendlela emangalisayo wobuciko yayo. Mangisho ukuthi imizamo yakhe ngokuphindaphindiwe Kuye kwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kukholelwa ukuthi Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky, isithombe ku isizinda okwakuthatha ekhaya zonke izivakashi abavakashele le edolobheni, baba sibonelo YaseMoscow Assumption esakhiwa ezibiyele e 1326. Nokho, njengenhlekelele yesonto akakwazanga ukwakhela. Vele ayikwazanga ukuthola amakhosi enjalo abangathanda ukwazi okungenani ingxenye ukuphindaphinda okufanayo ezimhlophe itshe iphethini ukuthi ihlanganisa ngokuphelele Cathedral eSt George sika e Yuriev-Polish. Isithombe ukhaphethi asibekela izindonga zethempeli phezulu futhi phansi.

ukuphila yesibili

isakhiwo sayo lakhiwa iminyaka emine. It has ukuma ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, kuze kube ngo-1460 akuzange kwenzeke nciphisa lwaleli, ngokusobala, ayikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo kakhulu. Ingabe obukholisayo obunye ubufakazi ukuthi kungani Cathedral George libhujiswa ngo Yuriev-Polish. Archaeology, okuyinto etadisha ubufakazi obuphathekayo we adlule lubonisa ukuthi imbangela kungaba iphutha zomhlaba, kanye komhlaba.

Isinqumo wezakhiwo Grand Duke sika owaziwa eMoscow V D. Ermolinu wayalwa ukuba ukusebenza lokubuyiselwa. Umakhi esephuze okuhlangenwe nakho ukubuyiselwa lezi zakhiwo zasendulo. It Ermolin kusolakala wabuye wabutha Yuryev-Polsky Cathedral of St George (izithombe kungabonwa esihlokweni). Umakhi babethi wayegqugquzela abuyiselwe esontweni futhi yesonto yayo, "ukubeka kwakhe njengangaphambili." Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso.

ukubukeka okusha

Phakathi imisebenzi sokubuyiselwa abangu ngempela kakhulu uhlanekezelwe ngezabelo acwebile lesi sakhiwo esikhulu, ziye zaba buthaka ngaphezulu. Iningi imifanekiso kwalahleka, futhi amakhosi asele udidekile, yingakho olungaphambili lwesonto ethempelini wanikela umbono ngezikhathi ehlakazekele ungenayo i umqondo yangaphakathi ngenxa yesehlakalo izithombe.

Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela walulama Cathedral Yermolin St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky ngokuphindiwe okushintshiwe. Ngakho, ngo-nesikhombisa belfry kwekhulu lakhiwa phezu nompheme walo entshonalanga. Ngo-1781-ke lashintshwa elinye iqembu - umxhwele nakakhulu, elimiswe ngasentshonalanga, kanye Cathedral St George sika wambozwa-emthambekeni ezine, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba ikhava pozakomarnoe, wonke amathempeli itshe elimhlophe.

Ngo 1809-1827 GG. isakhiwo eziyinhloko Inyakatho neningizimu kuyinto avaliwe futhi nezinamathiselo entsha sacristy efudumele. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba ukubhujiswa entsha bese ukuhlanekezela lesikhumbuzo wasendulo, namuhla kuyabonakala ezindaweni eziningi okwakuhlala izithombe ezindala. Cathedral St George sika got injalo manje kuphela ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, lapho ekugcineni kudilizwe ngoba ngiyajabula isandiso.

Mangisho ukuthi kufanele kusolwe Ermolina hhayi ukusho ngeqiniso. kwakudingekile hhayi kuphela ukubuyisela Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky, ogama izakhiwo uhlukile, kodwa futhi ukuze uyidale ukuze ezibaziweyo amabhlogo abacaphuni yaphinde yaba okuqinile iphethini itshe, elihlanganiswe ngenhloso ezivamile: umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu ukuthi azibeka phambi kwakhe. Nokho, hhayi nigqoke isandla kungekho Iinthombe nofana imigwalo, futhi banikezwe yokuthi eziningi amatshe ngenxa wokugoqa babemane ubhujiswe, ingabe kwaba nzima.

art motifs

Mayelana eqoshwe ukuthi kuhlobisa Cathedral of St George, ezibhaliwe futhi wathi eziningi. art wakhe Motifs kuze eminyaka wamashumi amabili sekubeke ephefumulelwe abaculi abaningi wahlanganyela lokhuni "abayizimpumputhe" threaded.

amaphethini eyinkimbinkimbi esibonisa izilwane, izinyoni kanye nezitshalo, amabhubesi, goose ngemisila aluka - bonke of them izidalwa kokuba kaNkulunkulu, ukumdumisa kuMdali elikhazimulayo ezitsheni itshe elimhlophe adorning Cathedral of St George e St George sika.

Stone "lace"

Ebhince iphethini hhayi kuphela kwi izindonga indiza, kodwa cishe kuyo yonke imininingwane yezakhiwo ezifana bofeleba, amakholomu kanye inthanethi. Izinombolo zabantu nezilwane, izilwane wasenganekwaneni - konke okufakwe eyinkimbinkimbi imihlobiso ezimibalabala. Ngenxa yalokho, camera ngokuphelele itshe lace George Cathedral libukeka eyinkimbinkimbi ezimise block ukuncishiselwa kusuka itshe okuqinile. Yingenxa yalesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda ubukhazikhazi solemnity.

izakhiwo

Cathedral elincane. mbumbulu wayo lateral imipheme "yene". Bavimbe nemengamo phezu olungaphambili lwesonto ye zakomars keel. West kompheme, owawungumnyaka ohlangothini ekuqaleni emikhulu nangaphezulu. Wayephethe storey yesibili futhi ikwaya, senzelwe umndeni kwesikhulu. Ekhoneni, eslphambanweni izindonga enyakatho nasempumalanga, kwakukhona indlwana encane kaZiqu-zintathu, lapho kwaba endaweni yokungcwaba izikhulu JuR'EVSKIJj. Out lapha namuhla arkosoly okuqaphelekayo, lapho 1252 wangcwatshwa Prince Svyatoslav.

I mbumbulu lombhishobhi ezihlukaniswe pilasters libe izabelo ezintathu. Le nqubo kuba isici izakhiwo-Russian lasendulo futhi kuwuphawu emine insika ethempelini. I ukuhambisana ovundlile lombhishobhi lapho arkaturno-columnar wokuhambela amagatsha, okwakuhlanganisa ngesikhathi ukubhujiswa ngekhulu nanhlanu liye lasinda hhayi ngokuphelele. Abephindze eduze engxenyeni engenhla Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba, futhi ahlukaniswe semi amakholomu. Kuzo zombili temandla ibhande zinikezwa okusezingeni eliphezulu amafasitela ngokwanele, futhi ngqo phezu iThempeli main wema cube ephakanyiswe esisekelweni ikhanda ekhethekile.

Ithempeli lalisendaweni ekuqaleni

Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi umthwalo ongako emuva-breaking, kanye nemengamo ephakeme futhi kubangelwa Ngokuwa vaults. Noma kunjalo, nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu inguqulo yasekuqaleni isakhiwo besihambisana nesiminyaminya ephakeme kanye dynamism. ngezabelo Slender, kuhlangene imipheme ezintathu zokuqala, wanika ukushiyana kwezidalwa thempeli stolpoobraznoe.

Nakuba dynamism yakhe compositional ka Cathedral St George bakaJehova eSt kaGeorge, kuthi kunabayeni izakhiwo ezifanayo of Kiev ne Smolensk, yena palpably siphakeme kunabo bonke abanye ngokubukeka kwabo onesizotha. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kwaba nesandla ukujula ubukhazikhazi imicu, esehlanganise zonke izindonga.

ingaphakathi

Ngaphakathi Cathedral of St George ubanzi ngokwanele. Lokhu osekuzuziwe sibonga yokuthi izinsika lapho vaults zakhe, setha ububanzi ngaphandle wathola ezindongeni. INgcwelengcwele I-Altare kuhlukaniswe isikhala kusukela isithiyo esikhulu ongaphakeme lapho Tile inqanyulwa deesis.

Kuyamangalisa nice yasezindongeni phezu design ingaphakathi. Nokho, esontweni, esingeyena kukhanyiswe yikona, njalo amnyama, ngakho ukubona yonke imibala ezithombeni, ngezinye izikhathi akwenzeki. Ngokuvamile, ingaphakathi lombhishobhi ophawule wathi akumele kuqhathaniswe nge yomhlobiso wawo ngaphandle.

mbumbulu

On the izindonga esiliva-yellow Cathedral ungakwazi bachitha amahora amaningi befunda curls oyinkimbinkimbi itshe eqoshwe. Yesikhathi eside izifundo restorers nezobuciko iye yasiza ukuba adlulisele ngokugcwele yasekuqaleni umqondo abakhi ukulungisa ucishe ke.

I izingoma main obabuhlobise Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polsky, njengokuthi "Inguquko" phezu olungaphambili lwesonto entshonalanga, "uma belele eziyisikhombisa" futhi "UZiqu-zintathu." Ezinsikeni zawo enyakatho kukhona "Ukubethelwa" futhi "UDaniyeli emphandwini wamabhubesi. ' izingoma zakhe ezinjengethi, "Ascension", "The Virgin Orans", u ehlotshiswe olungaphambili lwesonto eningizimu.

I nezipani wonke uhide lwezinto abangcwele abangu kusenzo arkaturno ibhande. Le ndlela yokubamba izinhlanzi zifana ababhishobhi Gothic eYurophu. Phezu kodonga enyakatho kwathiwa ngesineke abasekeli abaningi nabathile bezikhulu zakwa-Vladimir lwamakhosi. Iphinde sekwenziwe futhi impumuzo enkulu Georgiya Pobedonostsa. ONgcwele kusenzo zempi lempi, athwala isibonakaliso isihlangu kwesikhulu lwamakhosi - ngabakhulisa ingwe.

abadali

Enye izazi-mlando zasendulo abanesifiso ngubani master owadala sesonto. Abanye baye baveza umbono wokuthi umbhali ngokwakhe ayengeke Svyatoslav. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi nakuba isikhulu futhi wathatha ingxenye enkulu ekudaleni design sokugcina salolu wobuciko, lathumela voplotitelyami ekuphileni kwakhe, lalingabantu abavamile ababazi Russian.

Ngaphakathi dalo of lombhishobhi uye waba nendima ephawulekayo, futhi Mitrofan - ababhishobhi uVladimir, ngubani zishe uyaphila AmaTatar. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa ungumuntu ohamba phambili kunabo, indoda isiko okusezingeni eliphezulu, isazi sezombusazwe obuhlakani engumxhasi wezobuciko. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi nguye bahlakulele isikimu eqoshwe ezimangalisayo kuhlobisa Cathedral St sikaGeorge Yuriev-Polish. Ngo izifundo wakhe wayenomuzwa ulwazi olujulile Patristic hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi okungokomoya Russian.

Kukhona futhi ibika ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwethempeli wayeyingcweti we Bulgaria iVolga. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi leli sonto lakhiwa ngo-nekuhambisana uVladimir-Suzdal bebheke izakhiwo. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi isakhiwo esinjalo akunakwenzeka ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo leyo izingcweti namanje ngeke unolwazi olwanele. Kuphela ukukhula okudala yezithakazelo ezigxilile zababazi Russian itshe, ngubani ugxile isipiliyoni ngocansi ngaphambili, kanye ezinhle kunazo yobuciko nabaphesheya, avunyelwe ngesikhathi esisodwa ukwakha itshe lwasemaphusheni - St George sika Cathedral St George sika.