Asia-Pacific: ukuthuthukiswa emakethe, nokubambisana

Pacific kuyinto emakethe enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi amandla ayo ikude sikhathele siyingcuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho izibikezelo izazi esikhamba phambili esikhathini esizayo isabelo kule ndawo emakethe izwe ngeke kuphela ukwandisa. Sazise kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini iyona esifundeni Asia-Pacific. Eceleni ukugxila ebuhleni nasebubini umhlahlo sokuthuthuka.

Insimu esifundeni

Okokuqala, thola ukuthi iyini esifundeni Asia-Pacific ngokuya indawo. Ngokwesiko, amazwe ezifakwe kule ndawo kucatshangwa ukuthi isimo, etholakala ogwini ePacific Ocean, kanye eMongolia Laos.

Yonke-Asia-Pacific esifundeni zingahlukaniswa zibe 4 izifunda, okuyinto zivumelana izingxenye zomhlaba, lapho States okuqondene ke: North American, South America, Asian Oceanic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundeni Asian ihlukaniswe ezimbili sub-ndawo: ke eNorth Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

Ngo esifundeni North American kuhlanganisa kulamazwe alandelayo: Canada, e-USA, eMexico, eGuatemala, eHonduras, e-El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, Panama.

Ngu esifundeni laseNingizimu Melika, isimo yilezi: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ne-Chile.

I North Asian subregion zihlanganisa amanye amazwe: China (China), Mongolia, eJapane, eKorea, Republic of Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan), eRussia. I-Asia-Pacific esifundeni, yileli qembu hlala endaweni ngobukhulu, futhi Unenani sabantu eliphakeme.

Esikhathini subdistrict of South-East Asia kuhlanganisa kulamazwe alandelayo: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Laos, Brunei, Thailand. Ochwepheshe abaningi lapha zihlanganisa iMyanmar nakwamanye Nepal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, India ikhonza njengombonisi yezwe enamalungu esifundeni Asia-Pacific, kodwa sicabanga ukuthi uma ukufakwa India esifundeni ngochwepheshe namanje ngempela ezingavamile, kanye nezwe ayinakho ukufinyelela Pacific Ocean, ngeke silihlobanise njengoba isihloko Apr.

Isifunda Oceanic kuhlanganisa eziningi Oceania uthi, eziningi zazo ngezindawo anabantu abambalwa kakhulu. Emazweni ezinkulu, kokubili ngokoMthetho indawo futhi kwezomnotho, kule ndawo kufanele zabelwe Australia, eNew Zealand kanye Papua - New Guinea. uthi ezincane: Fiji, Solomon Islands, i-Palau, Nauru, Federation of Micronesia, eVanuatu, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa. Kufakwe emasimini amaningi engaphansi, njenge-Guam, Tokelau, French Polynesia, nabanye.

History of the esifundeni

Ukuze ngokunembile aqonde ukuthi yini esifundeni Pacific, kubalulekile lokumba nomlando wayo.

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke isimo kwetinhlavu esifundeni kubhekwe China. Yena kufanele kubhekwe omunye nemibhede lwempucuko emhlabeni. Zokwakheka kuqala umbuso ikhona ngaphezulu BC III yeminyaka. e. Lokhu kwenza isimo lasendulo of China (Asia Pacific), ezifana yaseGibithe naseMesopotamiya - impucuko leMpumalanga Ephakathi eminingi yasendulo.

Kamuva, kwakukhona uthi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke kubo - umbuso Khmer Empire), e-Japan Korea. China baba insimu lapho zilandelana alternated imibuso ehlukahlukene, futhi isikhungo kwamasiko kanye nezomnotho esifundeni. Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukwakheka mbuso omkhulu yaseYurophu nase amaMongol ekhulwini XIII, united amazwe ezwenikazi lase-Afrika abavela eRussia ePacific Ocean (eqinisweni, engxenyeni esentshonalanga yendawo ATR yesimanje), inhloko-dolobha yawo eyinhloko uGenghis Khan benza Khanbalik (manje Beijing), bafunda isiko Chinese namasiko.

Russia efika ogwini Pacific ekhulwini XVII. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izithakazelo isimo atehlukaniseki nge esifundeni. Kakade Nerchinsk Treaty iye yangena ngemvume 1689 - idokhumenti yokuqala esemthethweni phakathi Russia nase-China, okuboniswe umahluko nezinezimo ithonya kula mazwe esifundeni. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka alandela, Empire Russian enwetshiwe sphere yayo ithonya elithile eliseMpumalanga Ekude, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ushayele yesimanje Russian Federation ingxenye ngaphandle kwemibandela ngokuvuma esifundeni Asia-Pacific.

Umphakathi kufanele ufundiswe ogwini olusentshonalanga ye zwekazi American, okuyinto, kuyindida ukuthi iyona ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi esifundeni Asia-Pacific, sebevele ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa e-Asia. -Peruvian imfundo "umbuso" ka Cusco, okuyindawo ekhulwini xv kwakukhona edumile imperiya Inkov, ngeka 1197 BC. umbuso wama-Aztec eMexico zenzeka ngisho kamuva.

Kodwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ndawo enkulukazi, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi Apr ngoba isikhathi, okuyinto sishilo ngenhla, bachitheka, nabakhileyo ugu olusentshonalanga ye-Pacific Ocean wayengazi lutho mayelana abakhileyo ogwini olusempumalanga, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngo iyunithi elilodwa esifundeni Asia-Pacific kancane kancane waqala ukuvula kuphela emva omkhulu okutholakele ezindawo xv-XVII eminyaka. Kulapho uColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika, futhi Magellan uhambo emhlabeni wonke. Yiqiniso, ukuhlanganiswa komnotho kusaqalwa kwaba ijubane kunalokho kancane, kodwa nokho kakade ekhulwini XVI, Philippines kwahlanganiswa Viceroyalty waseSpain okusha Spain nesikhungo salo eMexico.

Ngo-1846, ngemva ukudluliselwa United Kingdom Oregon, izwe Pacific isibe omunye uthi ezanda langaleso sikhathi --United States. Ngemva nokudliwa California, United States ububanzi ukuhlubula out ePacific Ocean futhi kungakabiphi baba namandla ehola esifundeni eminyakeni emibili, ikakhulukazi ezithinta umnotho wayo kanye nezimakethe. Kwaba ngemva ukunwetshwa United States ukuya ogwini olusentshonalanga ekhulwini XIX, esifundeni Pacific zaqala ukuthola izici ubunye kwezomnotho.

Kodwa ucishe eduze ukuma yesimanje kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki Asia-Pacific atholwe kuphela ngemva ukwahlukanisa wamakoloni kwekhulu XIX, izimpi zezwe ezimbili kanye inqubo decolonization. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uMbuso of Japan, esekelwe umfelandawonye eJalimane lobuNazi, wazama kube ngebutho lempi ukuqinisekisa isikhundla ovelele kule ndawo, kodwa egqilazwe amabutho azihlanganisa.

yesimanjemanje

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, njengoba lonke izwe, amazwe Asia-Pacific empeleni uhlukaniswe amakamu amabili ezepolitiki: i sezenhlalo imodeli yentuthuko kanye zama-Capitalist. Ekamu lokuqala, abaholi kwakungamadodana Union neChina (nakuba futhi kwadingeka izingxabano ngemibono phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili), okwesibili, ubuswa US. babe Canada, Australia, iJapane ne-US Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni amaningi athuthukile kwezomnotho we-Asia-Pacific esifundeni ekamu zama-Capitalist. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwaba sobala ukuthi, naphezu kokushiyeka eziningi, i-capitalism (entshonalanga) imodeli ukuthuthukiswa komnotho umise ngokwaso njengoba kuphumelele.

Ngisho wahlulwa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, Japan usukhethe imodeli Western yentuthuko, ngosizo-United States, e-span esifushane yesikhathi isibe kwelinye lamazwe amaningi ezithuthukile kwezomnotho, hhayi kuphela esifundeni kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonkana. Lokhu kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi "Japanese isimangaliso kwezomnotho." Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo komnotho wenarha le baze basongela oyophuma phezulu emhlabeni ngokuya-GDP, kepha lokhu akwenzekanga ngenxa tetemnotfo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela-yalolucwaningo 60 XX leminyaka, ukusebenza kwezomnotho namandla kakhulu yabonisa "Abane-Asia Tigers." Ngakho sikubiza kulamazwe alandelayo: Republic of Korea (South Korea), Singapore, Taiwan kanye Hong Kong. izinga labo ekuthuthukiseni lingaphezulu ngisho ukudlula izinga kwamanye amazwe ase-Western Europe. tilinganiso Good waphinde waveza Philippines neThailand. Kodwa emazweni sezenhlalo, ngokukhethekile, eVietnam, Mongolia, I-Laos, Cambodia futhi umnotho North Korea lakhuphuka zimbi kakhulu.

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, isimo sezombusazwe esifundeni ishintshile kakhulu. Kusukela okumsulwa umnotho sezenhlalo wenqaba nasezinganeni amazwe ezifana China, okuyinto Nokho, nje zokugcina avunyelwe esikhathini esizayo ukuze abe ngomunye wabaholi komnotho womhlaba. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo, akuzona yimpumelelo ngakho, futhi kwakukhona abanye kwamanye amazwe sezenhlalo ukuthi zifakwe esifundeni Asia-Pacific. Inqubomgomo iye kulandela kamuva eVietnam. Lapho, naphezu wokubusa baqhubeka nemibono kaMarx, njengoba eChina, yezinhlobo umnotho emakethe kwangena. Cambodia ngokuvamile wenqaba imfundiso sezenhlalo.

Ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, iRussia salahlekelwa ehola esifundeni, kokubili kwezomnotho kanye ngokuya zezombusazwe, kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2000, okubonisa ukukhula komnotho okukhulu, kungaphumelelanga ukubuyela okulahlekileyo.

nomthelela emnothweni esifundeni okubangelwa crisis Asian zezimali zeminyaka 1997-1998. "Abane-Asia Tigers" baye bahlupheka kakhulu. Inkinga kakhulu okumisiwe ukukhula kwabo. Lisho obunamandla beliphinde emnothweni waseJapane. It is le nkinga isibe omunye izimbangela okuzenzakalelayo eRussia kusukela ngo-1998. Tinkinga samanje esifundeni Asia-Pacific enemisuka kulezi zenzakalo crisis.

Umnotho China futhi uye wahlupheka, kodwa, uma ziqhathaniswa amazwe okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, hhayi kakhulu kangangokuba ngokushesha avumela ukuze uqhube ukukhula ngokushesha kakhudlwana. Ngo-2014, umnotho China eye yaqhubekela endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni, ngaphambi US GDP nokuthenga amandla silinganiso. Umholi kule inkomba China namanje esikhathini samanje, nakuba kuze kube manje namanje eliphansi kuya US okuzisholo GDP. Ngaphandle kwalokho, manje imikhiqizo ephuma China linqobe imakethe Asia-Pacific, ikakhulu ngenxa yokubiza kwalo ongaphakeme.

I global kwezomnotho Inkinga 2008 ngonyaka futhi waba nomthelela omubi emnothweni yesifunda, kodwa hhayi njengoba umonakala nje isikhathi esibucayi Asian 1997. Ngakho, isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific iyona omunye ezifundeni enamandla kakhulu kwezomnotho emhlabeni, agudle ugu olusempumalanga ye Melika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

abaholi bezwe

Okulandelayo sizobe ukukhuluma onjani lizwe njengamanje wabusa kule ndawo, futhi kwaba namuphi imithombo kuba benza.

Iqiniso lokuthi esifundeni Asia-Pacific ungumholi emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba, kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi amazwe amathathu nje esifundeni (US, China ne Japan) kuthatha indawo yokuqala emhlabeni GDP bokuzisholo. abaholi GDP (PPP), China ne-United States. indawo Okwesithathu uya lapho beya eNdiya, leso ezinye izazi kusebenza futhi esifundeni Asia-Pacific. Phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso salokhu inkomba zihlanganisa amanye amazwe ezifana eJapane, Russia nase-Indonesia.

Izwe nesinabantu abaningi kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi omunye amazwe Asia-Pacific - China. Kuze kube manje, inani labantu kuleli zwe lidlule uwuphawu lwabantu 1.3 billion. Phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso futhi zihlanganisa amanye amazwe ezifana esifundeni, US, Indonesia. Russia nase-Japan.

Esikhathini esifundeni Asia-Pacific has izindawo ezine eziyinhloko zezwe izwe: Russia, Canada, China ne-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni ayishumi phezulu zihlanganisa Australia (indawo 6th).

Asia-Pacific Isifunda njengengxenye ezimakethe zomhlaba

Uma sicabanga isiqalo nesigcino umnotho emazweni onke esifundeni Asia-Pacific, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi le ndawo ingaphezu emakethe izwe elikhulu kunawo wonke, okwathi lapho, uma sicabangela bonke izinkomba ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe afana no-US, eChina naseRussia, emakethe European kulesigaba bengayi ukuncintisana. Kunokuphishekela Europe, isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific intuthuko senziwa. Ochwepheshe ukubikezela nakakhulu lag abalulekile umnotho jikelele we EU futhi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kusukela umnotho Asia-Pacific esikhathini esizayo.

Manje emakethe isidingo Asia-Pacific ndawo ephezulu imikhiqizo, womshini ezisetshenziswa ubucwepheshe bakamuva electronic.

Ukubambisana futhi Integration

nokubambisana phakathi kwemibuso Asia-Pacific esifundeni kudlala indima sasivumela okuphawulekayo kusebentisana ubudlelwano phakathi kwala mazwe. Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene esifundeni obonakaliswe ukudalwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezomnotho nezombusazwe.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yilezi: the kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ASEAN Inhlangano (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, eVietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Myanmar), Shanghai Cooperation Inhlangano (Russia, China, India, Pakistan kanye eziningana elise-Asia Ephakathi CIS), I-Asia nokubambisana -Pacific (APEC) (emazweni angu-21 esifundeni, kuhlanganise US, eChina naseRussia).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona eziningi nezinhlangano ezincane ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya igama elingenhla, ungambozi zonke izindawo ezomnotho izifundazwe kanye ngokukhethekile imikhakha ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Asian Development Bank ngokukhethekile umsebenzi emkhakheni wezezimali.

Izizinda ngobukhulu kwezomnotho

Idolobha elikhulu, isikhungo zezombangazwe nezomnotho esifundeni zihlanganisa eLos Angeles, San Francisco (USA), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing (China), Taipei (Taiwan), Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (South Korea), Jakarta (Indonesia ), Sydney, Melbourne (e-Australia), Singapore.

Ngezinye izikhathi, phakathi izikhungo wabiza edolobheni laseMoscow. Nakuba itholakala kude iPacific Ocean, kodwa yize kunjalo iyinhloko-dolobha nedolobha elikhulu ngobukhulu ngokwendawo kwekulu Pacific amandla - eRussia.

Indima Russia esifundeni Asia-Pacific

ukubaluleka waseRussia ukuba babambisane Asia-Pacific kunzima overestimate. Kuyinto omunye abaholi inhlangano SCO, okuyinto sihlanganisa China, okuyinto ingenye amaphrojekthi ngobukhulu ukuhlanganiswa esifundeni. Futhi, Russian Federation - zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke usayizi kulezo ukuthi zifakwe esifundeni Asia-Pacific. ERussia nabo wathola ilungelo kwezinkulu kunazo eziyishumi iminotho izwe ngokwalo GDP, elibuye ugcizelela ukubaluleka bakule ndawo.

Ithemba engcono uhulumeni waseRussia ziwumthwalo yokusakazeka ukusebenzisana nezinye izifunda umholi - China.

Isibikezelo sezulu sezinsuku ukuthuthukiswa

ukuqhubeka esifundeni Asia-Pacific kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi zezomnotho nezombusazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivele kungenzeka ukusho manje ukuthi esifundeni isibe omunye wabaholi emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Futhi esikhathini esizayo ke kulindeleke ukuhambisa izikhungo umnotho we eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasemazweni US East Coast iyona Insimu esifundeni Asia-Pacific.

Nga-2030, i-GDP inani kulindeleke ukuthi senyuke ngu-70% esifundeni.

Inani esifundeni

Asia-Pacific ingenye ezifundeni ezintathu ezinkulu kwezomnotho emhlabeni, kanye East American futhi Western Europe. Kodwa, ngokungafani kulezi zifunda, umsebenzi umshikashika yaphela kancane kancane, Asia-Pacific, ngokuphambene, iyindawo ethembisa kakhulu lapho ezihambayo izinqubo zezomnotho eziyinhloko.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe eziningi, yilona esifundeni Asia-Pacific liyisikhungo, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uzokubusa ngokuphelele emnothweni wezwe.