Aquaculture - ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu: angenasawoti kanye zasolwandle

Umuntu namuhla esetshenziswa ukulawula imvelo. Imisebenzi yakhe yokwakha ezinkulu isikhathi eside akukhona fantasy kodwa kuyinto eyenzekayo. Uma ufuna - ungavula igagasi emfuleni, ukuhlakaza amafu, sikhule i umhlambi wonke yezimvu Dolly. Futhi zohlobo inhlanzi ... Aquaculture - umugqa imisebenzi lapho abantu ifa okungenani engu anamane amawaka edlule. Lesi yisihloko sokuqala (ezimbili-core) angenasawoti isiqondiso. Kodwa yesibili - mariculture (zasolwandle) - yingcweti for engaphezu kweyikhulu.

Iphonseka egcwele mullet ...

Ngezinye izinhlanzi "emasimini" indoda idale izimo evumela ukuzalela futhi sikhule izilwane zasemanzini. Inqubo kuhlanganisa umjikelezo ogcwele noma nje ingxenye yayo (kuncike imisebenzi). Kukholakala ukuthi aquaculture - kuyinto brainchild of China, okuyinto vele eminyakeni 3750 edlule wadala angenasawoti emadanyini zizalela izinhlanzi kuzo.

Nasi a "esiliva ophilayo". Kuyinto ukuhweba mihlangano. gazinga Noncommodity ngokuvamile fed izinkomo, izinkukhu. Umuntu isebenzisa ekamelweni lokudlela (lezimpahla). Kuyaziwa ukuthi Chinese usukhulile izinhlobo ezahlukene inyama yesibili eliphezulu ' "emuva 1120 BC. Imininingwane Ilondolozwe mayelana okokufundisa lokuqala imfundamakhwela abalimi yezilwane ezinomgogodla yasemanzini. "Incwadi" kubhala Fang Li (China) e 599 BC. e.

Ngilusizo zasolwandle ulwelwe obomvu (purple), ezidliwayo bivalve zasolwandle molluscs (oyster), iparele izimbaza (clams, ngaphakathi okuyinto itshe ukhula), ray-finned Yummy (mullet) ku ezweni of inombolo kumbhali 1 esekhulile isigamu esikhathini seminyaka eyikulungwana eyadlulako.

Ngo amatheku, nemifula, amachweba

Kamuva aquaculture ukwenza eMesopotamiya, isigodi siphakathi kwemifula emikhulu emibili i - iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Aquaculture - kunjalo, futhi ijwayelekile nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, AmaRoma namaGreki, kanye nezinye umhlaba. Ogwini Mediterranean ngesikhathi lapho yayingaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma, mullet "ukukhiqizwa siqu" yanqamula e amachweba ezigcwele amanzi brackish.

Abantu insada eziqhingini zasePacific, njengoba agcina izinhlanzi zayo emasimini esetshenziswa amatheku, coves. Pools nge ziyafuywa izinhlanzi zasolwandle e-Hawaii owawukhona ekhulwini xv. amachibi Artificial ehlukanisiwe ulwandle okuvimbezela namadamu.

Kuthiwa eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nesishiyagalolunye izakhiwo ezinjalo "yasinda" kuze 1900. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Japanese ngwenya "amabhizinisi ezolimo" esikhiqiza oyster, izimila zasolwandle, ama-scallop kusukela ekhulwini lesikhombisa.

Carp sezindela hhayi kuphela

aquaculture Russian iya emuva ekhulwini lesikhombisa-nesishiyagalombili. Ngokukhethekile ekuqaleni bakhangwa linesizotha carp eziqinile. I-carp amapulazi kuqala eyaphakama zezindela, futhi kamuva wahlangana emachibini ku ezweni kulendawo futhi yebo esimweni.

Umqulu global kwemikhiqizo izinhlanzi ukudliwa ngabantu makhulu. Ingxenye yawo - ke sika aquaculture esekhulile ekunakekeleni umsebenzi wezandla zomuntu. Splash umkhakha ukuthuthukiswa ewela ngeminyaka yoma futhi Eighties kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngokusho Food and Agriculture Organization yeZizwe Ezihlangene (FAO), kutshalwa emhlabeni zinhlobo amane namashumi ayisihlanu futhi zenyathi inhlanzi, kuhlanganise ezinamagobolondo, molluscs, ulwelwe nezinye izilwane zasemanzini ukuthi zinomsoco.

Ezamuva zikufice

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi umholi ongenambangi komugqa aquaculture mkhiqizo inhlanzi emizimbeni angenasawoti. Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa mollusk ezinamagobolondo, nokuxhumana (diadromous) izinhlanzi kanye, ekugcineni, ezahlukene zasolwandle "dade" nezinye izilwane zasemanzini.

Aquaculture - liphinde ocebile zinhlobo ezingeni. Uma yihlaziye, kuvela ukuthi iningi carp esekhulile. indawo Lesibili carp utshani, eyesithathu kunesithembiso carp. Phakathi ezingenamgogodla e mariculture ethandwa kakhulu phakathi abathengi bivalves, ikakhulukazi ama-oyster. Ngokuphathelene shellfish ke kukhona akaphakeme obungenakuphikwa ka izimfanzi ezimhlophe, kwalandela amahlosi kanye Chinese mitten ibaleka.

Umbuso ngamunye ukudoba ngokwayo esechaza ngokwayo iphesenti zitshalwe bese zidayiswa kamuva kwezinsiza zasemanzini eziphilayo, kodwa bonke - phakathi abaholi embonini, phakathi kwamanye amazwe. Ukwehluka - Peru neRussia. aquaculture isiRashiya ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ukuthi awazange asinakekele ngokwanele.

Ngaphandle indawo okungayi

China, okuyinto sishilo ekuqaleni, ikhula amaphesenti angu-70 kwasolwandle futhi ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti. ezingeni eliphezulu enjalo yentuthuko umkhakha kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Ikakhulukazi, 1980 kwakukhona "ubusha" yezindawo zasolwandle ngaphesheya kwezilwandle indawo futhi eseduze nale ndlela (kufika ku amamayela 200) e umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Lesi sikhala baba insimu ka umbuso kwezomthetho ekhethekile (okukhethekile zone kwezomnotho). Kwacaca ukuthi "esiliva ophilayo" ekhula esitezi emfuleni futhi isikhala kolwandle, kukhona exhaustible. Okunye ibhizinisi - aquaculture, lapho imithombo kungaba njalo futhi ngokushesha alulame.

Ngentuthuko yakamuva senziwe ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi endaweni kulinywe yezimboni zilwane ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi ubuchwepheshe, ulwelwe, ama-mollusk (izinto commercial). Iqiniso ukubala yasheshe yaholela impumelelo: njengoba wazi, izindleko ithani elilodwa imikhiqizo izinhlanzi ekhiqizwa eyayenziwe ngezansi intengo izindleko inyama, emasimini amanzi ikhiqize kuka Amasimu (yokulima).

ukuthuthukiswa uyaqhubeka

Kuyaziwa ukuthi eMhlabeni labantu ukwanda kanye, Ngakho-ke, inkinga ukudla kuphela zaba zimbi. Umnotho Water sizivezile njengokuba ikusasa eliqhakazile, ukuhlinzeka izinkulungwane zabantu nge imisebenzi eziyigugu. Emazweni ezifana eChina, eNdiya, eVietnam, Japan, Thailand, njll .., kuphi kwabantu labantu kuphezulu nomsebenzi ongaphakeme, kuba insindiso yangempela. Ukuthi baye abaholi ukuthuthukiswa aquaculture.

Kakade Eighties kwekhulu elidlule eJapane, abantu enamandla eyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu wasebenza amapulazi zasolwandle kwezohwebo, esikhiqiza kwesigidi amathani izinhlanzi ngonyaka. EChina, amanzi-ensimini abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili owakhulela amathani ayisishiyagalombili imikhiqizo eyigugu babesebenza.

Ngu degree of imishini epulazini zitshalwe bese zidayiswa kamuva eziphilayo ngiyijwayele impilo emanzini (zasemanzini), zihlukile. ENorway, UK, Finland nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile European, ezingeni lelisetulu ukuhamba komsebenzi ezishintshayo. E-Asia, ubuswa umsebenzi wezandla.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, izinsiza zasemanzini aquaculture uvumele ukuze ingaziki eziyisishiyagalombili amaphesenti amathathu kuphela abantu emhlabeni - abasebenzi nalabo abancike embonini - amalungu emikhaya yabo. Ikhumbula ukubaluleka indlela yokuthuthuka, singaphetha ngokuthi eminyakeni ezayo sizoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa aquaculture.