Anglo-Saxon, umlando, luhlelo lwelulwimi kanye isichazamazwi iDemo.

IsiZulu Sanamuhla sihluke kakhulu ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni - Old English, noma-Anglo-Saxon ulimi. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kulesi - ezikhumbuzo of izincwadi zasendulo. Cishe ngeke baqonde umuntu kude ekutadisheni izincwadi zasendulo. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa izinguquko IHubo 23 iminyaka 1,000.

Yini eyamenza washintsha kangaka ecacile ngolimi? Nothayi banamuhla lihlukile loqobo?

Yikuphi-ke ihlukaniswe izinkathi ngesiNgisi?

Umlando kolimi Old English owaqala ekhulwini V, ne nemizana wokuqala German endaweni yaseBrithani yesimanje. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphansi kwethonya isimo setepolitiki ulimi wabhekana nezinguquko ehlukahlukene lahlukaniswa laba:

• Old English inkathi IsiZulu kwakusakazwa kusuka V ukuze VII leminyaka, kuphawulwa ukufika izizwe zamaJalimane kanye nomhlaba obhekwe ukuloba;
• Ephakathi isikhathi isiZulu isiZulu - kusukela V ukuze XV ekhulwini Ngaleso sikhathi Britain unqotshwe Normans, futhi ngo-1475 kuqala inkathi zokunyathelisa;
• Modern English - ngekhulu xv - kuze kube namuhla.

Old English libhekene khona imixhantela ukuthi kwavela ngemva kokunqotshwa Britain yi Angles, Saxons futhi Jutes. Kwakukhona 4 zezigodi: Northumbria, Mercian, Wessex futhi Kent. Abokuqala ababili wathi eNgilandi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi indawo ohlala kuyo yawo kwakuyilawa ngandawonye, eziningi izici zayo uvele yilowo nalowo kubo. Ngezinye Wessex uthi Sachs, futhi Kent - Utes.

Yini isichazamazwi ulimi?

Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi Dictionary of Old English lalinabashumayeli amazwi 30,000 ukuze 100,000. Basuke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 3:

• ethize Old English izwi atholakala kuphela ngalolo limi;
• Indo-European - amagama endala ebantfu phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane kanye izitho zomzimba, tetentomnyakato futhi anhlobonhlobo Izinombolo;
• German - amagama atholakala kuphela kuleli qembu futhi basakazwa kuphela izilimi iqembu.

Ngo Old English ayesezohlubuka 600 ukubolekisa kusukela Celtic Latin izilimi, okuyinto bathonywa lezi zenzakalo eziyingqopha-mlando.

• I ekhulwini BC. e. UMbuso WaseRoma ngaphansi koMbusi uKlawudiyu iBrithani futhi kwenza kwaba koloni lazo. Ihlukaniswe yaba Emakamu empi endaweni kamuva owaba nemizi British: Lancaster, Manchester, Lincoln. Qeda "caster" futhi "Chester" lisho ukuthi "ikamu" ngesiLatini, futhi isiphetho "Coln" - "isiphetho".
• V nezinkophe. Britain ihlaselwe izizwe zamaJalimane le Saxons, Angles futhi Jutes, isandiso owathatha ulimi Celtic. Izizwe zamaJalimane bawungenisa-Anglo-Saxon hhayi kuphela silulumagama yakho kodwa futhi lathathwa Latin: usilika, ushizi, iwayini, umina , ibhotela kanye nabanye.
• ngonyaka 597. Ekusakazekeni kobuKristu kwaholela isidingo zokweboleka amagama asho imiqondo zenkolo: umbhishobhi, ikhandlela, ingelosi, uSathane, Thixo, ingoma, i-monk nabanye. Vele kusuka amagama Latin izitshalo athathwa, izifo, imithi, izilwane, izingubo, izinto zasekhaya, izitsha kanye nemikhiqizo: pine, isitshalo, umnduze imfiva, umdlavuza, indlovu, ikamela, cap, raddish nabanye. Ngaphezu oqondile zokweboleka esetshenziswa kabanzi ukope - ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi izwi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngoMsombuluko - iDemo Monadie - kuhunyushwa Lunae Othandekayo ( "Usuku Moon").
• ngonyaka 878. Anglo-Saxons kanye Danes dweba thula vumelwane, lapho yokugcina ukwamukela ingxenye yezwe UK. Leli qiniso kunemtselela ulimi kwakukhona amazwi ezifana oluvala amasondo, intukuthelo futhi inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu sk- sc-. Izibonelo: isikhumba, ikhanda, isibhakabhaka.
• Unyaka 790. kuphangwa viking kwaholela amazwi zokweboleka inkatho, shayela, thatha, afe. ukugula, ugly, bona, abo. kokubili. Le nkathi futhi inikeza inflections nokufa.

Grammar of Old English

Old English waba lolimi eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba kuqhathaniswa sesiNgisi sanamuhla.

• esetshenziswa uma ubhala Runic, Gothic futhi amagama Latin.
• isabizwana, ibizo futhi isiphawulo nhlobonhlobo ngobulili.
• ngaphandle bunye nebunyenti wayebuye plural ezimbili: ic (Ngingumfana) / thina (thina) / Ingqondo (thina amabili).
• 5 amacala: nominative, genitive, umenziwa ongaqondene ngqo nomlandi, umenziwa wesenzo, futhi ablative.

1. glaed - kwenjabulo;
2. glades - kwenjabulo;
3. gladum - kwenjabulo;
4. glaedne - kwenjabulo;
5. esobala enokukhanya kwelanga - kwenjabulo.

• kahle emabito, tiphawulo netabito bethambekele kuye ekugcineni.

Uhlelo ngamazwi lihlukile?

Tento e Old English, uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nokusetshenziswa kolimi.

1. Tento zihlukaniswe eqinile, ababuthaka, kanye nabanye. Namandla kwadingeka 7 conjugations, ababuthakathaka - 3, kanye nezinye - 2.
2. Kwakungekho esizayo, kuphela samanje kanye esidlule.
3. Verb inflected ngoba umuntu kanye nenombolo.

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko kuneGreyidini zanamuhla zesiNgisi Old English?

Old English ngenxa izenzakalo zomlando uye washintsha eziningana ngaphambi kokuba uthenge ifomu yesimanje. Uyini umehluko phakathi ifomu wanamuhla ulimi loqobo?

• 5 amacala kwesokunxele 2 kuphela - kuyinto evamile futhi sebuniyo.

• Ngo isimiso samanje akukho conjugations isenzo, esikhundleni kubo babe yizinkulungwane tento okungajwayelekile.

• Kube esizayo ukuthi lihlukile esidlule kanye nokuntuleka samanje injalo ngamazwi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le isimo sesenzo ayishintshi, nesenzo-umsizi ukhonza izwi kuthanda.

• Kube gerund - amafomu engenabuntu sento ne izakhiwo ibizo kanye nesenzo.

Yimaphi amazwi kufakwe Dictionary of Old English?

UK ezweni ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene kwakungekaNkulunkulu abaseRoma, Scandinavians kanye izizwe zamaJalimane. Yimaphi amazwi kufakwe isichazamazwi?

• mona - inyanga - inyanga;
• brodor - umzalwane - umzalwane;
• modor - Umama - umama;
• sunu - indodana - indodana;
• beon - kube - khona;
• d banj feat don - do - Yenzani
• ic - Mina -;
• twa - amabili - amabili;
• isilwane - ukuthi - okuthile;
• handus - esandleni -ruka;
• clipian - shayela - shayela;
• brid - inyoni - inyoni.

, Nakuba ngowokuqala yaba nethonya elikhulu ku ekwakhekeni yesibili naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Old English nezilimi sesiNgisi sanamuhla kukhona ngokuphelele sihluke nomunye.