Ancient Rus: yezandla, izinhlobo zabo, ukuthuthukiswa

Ukubhujiswa ubudlelwane ohlanganyelwe-yezizwana ukuvela Ochwepheshe imikhakha emincane - ukuthi lezi zinguquko zinezikhathi ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili nelesishiyagalolunye Rus sidilizwa. Yezandla zisenza sibe emadolobheni, ihlukanisa labantu emsebenzini phansi. Lokhu kungenxa kusungulwa Ochwepheshe lokuqala - amakhosi ezinhlotsheni ezithile izikebhe, okwakubekelwa bagxila kule izikhungo tribal - emadolobheni.

Amadolobha - Craft Centres

Sazama asetshenziswa ekwakheni idolobha ukuze isikhundla salo ezindawo ivumela kokubili ukuhweba kungenziwa kangcono futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvikela ngempumelelo uyokulwa nezitha. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni lapho imifula emibili, noma emhlabeni egqumeni. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe sokunethezeka izikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ivikeleke kahle. Kancane kancane, ngosizo ukuthuthukiswa yezandla, omuzi aqala ukumela izinqaba wezempi hhayi kuphela ziphenduka zezitolo.

Idolobha iyona ezibiyele, owahlala e-Prince. Le ngxenye is kwafakwa odongeni inqaba kanye ezungezile kukhale zobumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azungeze ukumba emseleni ezijulile eligcwele amanzi. Zonke lezi izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze azivikele izitha. Ngaphandle, emhlabeni ezibiyele kwaba isiphetho wezingcweti, okubizwa ngokuthi isiphetho. Ngibize ingxenye yomuzi Posad. Ezindaweni eziningi, futhi le ngxenye esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngodonga ukuzivikela.

Life edolobheni ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, artisan ukudala imikhiqizo, izikebhe ukuhweba eRussia sidilizwa ayenziwa. Ngekhulu yeshumi nambili kwakukhona phezu ayisithupha wezandla ubuchwepheshe. Masters ezikhethekile womshini izingubo, izitsha kanye namathuluzi adingwa Rus lasendulo. Yezandla Russia sidilizwa lakhula ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha. Ezindaweni wayehlala futhi esebenza ochwepheshe abanamakhono ezindaweni ezahlukene: master wensimbi, ubucwebe, zobumba, abakhandi bezicathulo, abathungi, Abeluki, itshe-bezihlahla, abameleli nezinye yezandla. Izandla lezi izingcweti ukudala umnotho futhi amandla isimo Russian lasendulo, impahla yaso ephezulu namasiko esingokomoya.

Ngaphandle yensimbi - kuphi

Amaphayona ochwepheshe babe ngensimbi. Icala labo isibe omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi zihlukaniswe yezandla sidilizwa Rus 9-12 leminyaka. Lo msebenzi okukhulunywa ngayo epics kazwelonke kanye zamasiko: epics, tinganekwane inganekwane, lapho smith njalo imodeli izikhwepha, isibindi nokuba nomusa. Ngaleso sikhathi, insimbi etholwe encibilika we-ore bog. Limbiwa yayo off-inkathi, omisiwe bese uthuthwa workshop lapho esebenzisa amaziko ekhethekile kwancibilika. etholwe Ngakho metal. abavubukuli Modern ngesikhathi kumbiwa imizi yasendulo njalo atholakala slags okuyizinto ukugqwala inqubo sokuncibilikisa izinsimbi, futhi izingcezu bazisa enziwe ngensimbi mass. izinsalela ezitholakele izitolo wensimbi ngigcinile ingxenye entabeni futhi amaziko eduze kwayo ngesikhathi esisodwa wasebenza sezingcweti.

Thola into wensimbi: konke ngoba amasosha futhi tillers

Nge ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza metal iqala nxazonke entsha yentuthuko ukuhweba, elalikade angazanga owayehlala ezweni ukulimela ukuziphilisa. Yezandla Russia lasendulo, ikakhulukazi, Blacksmithing, ayebenze orientation esisebenzayo. Imikhiqizo eyenziwa ngensimbi, bonke kwakudingeka. Badinga empi ahlelwa isikhali - arrowheads, impi izimbazo, izinkemba, nemikhonto, izinkemba - lezigqoko zokuzivikela - chain imeyli nezigqoko. ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kufinyelelwa Rus lasendulo ezingeni elithile wekhono kungenziwa ngokuthi kuyikhono. zempi abahlukile ezatholakala amathuna nezindawo zokungcwaba ngakho amangcwaba Kiev, Chernigov nakwamanye amadolobha.

Ekhandiwe yensimbi amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze abalimi: kungekho ensimbi, amasikela, openers, amageja ezazingakaze zicatshangwe ukucutshungulwa umhlaba. Kunoma umnotho edingekayo izinaliti, imimese, ngamasaha, izingidi, okhiye, nezinye izinto zasendlini enziwa sokukhanda wezingcweti abanamakhono. Found in a amakhosi yokungcwaba Blacksmithing luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngisho ethuneni, kanye abakhandi bensimbi waya amathuluzi abo - izando kanye anvils, amashizolo nezizenze.

Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi angaphezu kuka-150 zama-imikhiqizo metal eyaziwa ekhulwini leshumi nanye sidilizwa Russia. Yezandla Russia sidilizwa esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-trade phakathi zokuhlala.

Ikhono ukudala imihlobiso

abakhandi bensimbi Master futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezenza umsebenzi omuhle, ukudala yobuciko kancane - ubucwebe. Kancane kancane goldsmithery ibhizinisi abiwa igatsha ehlukile. Ngakho kwaba khona izikebhe ubucwebe eRussia lasendulo. amakhosi Russian ngakho ephethwe kahle imishini yokukhiqiza imigexo, okungase kuphela bazibuze ukuthi baphumelela. Yehlela izikhathi zethu izinto elihlakaniphile - iziphandla lethusi, namacici, buckles, namacici imigexo - ubuhlakani emangalisayo yokukhiqiza. Ubucwebe wadala in ubuciko granulation, phezulu kubo soldered iphethini ogxile sebuningini zazifakwa amabhola. Enye indlela yokwenza imigexo kwaba filigree. Lokhu amasu ungachazwa ukuthi mncane wire umdwebo sidalwe zazo soldered ebusweni metal, izikhala okuholela bagcwala koqweqwe lwawo anemibala ehlukene. Jewelers yingcweti kanye sibalo thusi, kanye ezidinga ekhethekile art mobile imishini lapho esisogwini iphethini abamnyama ngemuva izingcwecwe zesiliva. Ukuze ezisekhona obunamaparele esihle ngegolide nangesiliva ku lensimbi nelethusi. amasu anjalo eyinkimbinkimbi ibonisa ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa safinyelela yezandla eRussia lasendulo. Ngakho, ezandleni izingcweti lasendulo wadala ephezulu ukubaluleka ubucwebe, senziwe inqubo ye Cloisonné koqweqwe lwawo. Kwakuyisikhathi brand engavamile Russian goldsmithery izikebhe. Ikhono Jewelers Russian babe inqubo nzima kakhulu, futhi imisebenzi yabo nazo zasakazwa kuzo zonke emhlabeni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke indawo bewazisa kakhulu futhi bayindlala kakhulu.

Futhi kwezitini, futhi izitsha sculpted yonke indawo

Ukubumba Russia lasendulo igatsha ezimele kamuva wensimbi. isondo sombumbi uvele okhokho bethu ekhulwini leshumi nanye. Lokhu kwenza ukuba izingcweti lasendulo ukudala imikhiqizo amahle. kudivayisi umshini yayilula, wathuthela ne unyawo drive, kodwa izitsha ukuthi uphathe ukudala yababumbi kwaleso sikhathi, eshaya ekudalweni amakhono kanye ezihlukahlukene amafomu. Ekuqaleni, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma zobumba kwaba womama. Nokho, umbhalo wesandla kwezincwadi Kievan Rus 'kukhona ukusho kuphela ababumbi-amadoda.

Babesebenzisa ubumba imikhiqizo yabo, okuyinto ngokukhethekile iphathwa emanzini amanzi asebenzayo ngilulekela. Isidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izimbiza zobumba ezazisetshenziswa nezinye izitsha, zazo ezazenziwe ezahlukene ngobukhulu futhi isetshenziselwe izinhloso ezinhlobonhlobo, zingase wathela amanzi noma esitolo imikhiqizo, amajikijolo. Izimbiza zafakwa kuhhavini nokudla okuphekiwe. izitsha ezinjalo uyasinda kuze kube yilolu suku.

Yini Old Masters laziwe?

Echaza izikebhe lasendulo Rus 9-12 leminyaka, uqaphele kafushane ukuthi Russian Slavic inkathi yangaphambi kobuKristu bakwazi ukwenza embossing, esikhiqiza zobumba, kahle ubuciko efekethisiwe esihle, ezazidume ngokutshala ubuciko babo enamels. Ukuze ezisekhona umsebenzi Kiev abaculi. Lokhu esiyingqayizivele eqoshwe amaphetheni phezu amathambo, blackening, eqopha ku metal. Were ezidumile emhlabeni wonke amakhosi ubudala Russian of glassmaking namathayili.

izikebhe abahlukahlukene kahle Rus Lasendulo, kodwa okunekhono iningi lawo lalingabantu ukhuni ukucubungula. Lezi zincwadi ukwakha izakhiwo yasendlini, izindlu, namasango, amabhuloho, izinqaba izindonga. izikebhe zamapulangwe, zonke izinto kwezomnotho ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso woodcarvings. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi isikhumbuzo esikhulu samuntu yobuciko neyezandla e Rus wasendulo, matryoshka - elimibalabala zaveza unodoli esenziwe ngokhuni ubuze ngaphakathi. Kulo ezicela komunye nomunye ezifana ubuhle, futhi ngamunye mncane kwalowo odlule.

art imidwebo

Okuhlobisa futhi isicelo art yezandla Russia lasendulo babengene abadumile ngalé kwemingcele yayo. Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule okhokho bethu bayahlonishwa emhlabeni wonke yobuciko yayo imidwebo yobuciko. A ezihlukahlukene Motifs Patterned e nomhlobiso Russian kwaholela ukuvela izikole nezitayela Folk art ezahlukene. Ukuze ngamunye wabo libhekene nombala ohlukile futhi umugqa.

Gzhel

Bright blue ayibe umdwebo kwi zobumba kungemuva elimhlophe ngokuthi Gzhel, owenzeka ngo igama edolobheni eduze eMoscow, lapho lo mkhuba wazalwa. Ngokokuqala ngqá ke ohlala kuso kuyakhulunywa ngaso sisekelo Ivan Kalita. Okokuqala, inkosi wenza izitsha kanye amathoyizi, kamuva ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, uhla yandile kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi ethandwa iziko tile. Gzhel zobumba kwaduma emhlabeni wonke. Okunye imidwebo wawobaba futhi wathola iziqu esezindaweni zawo ngenxa yokudalwa nokusabalalisa.

Imibala egqamile ku nengemuva elimnyama

Zhostovo Umdwebo - yobuciko neyezandla eRussia lasendulo, ezazingena ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili emzaneni eduze eMoscow elinegama elifanayo. Kuyinto umdwebo amafutha isizinda emathileyi. Kulula ukufunda ngoba izimbali elikhanyayo ezimibalabala, izithelo, izinyoni, esisogwini nengemuva elimnyama. amaphethini inflicted ke embozwe ukuvenisha ekhethekile, ngakho-ke kuba sengathi shiny. Le nqubo Umdwebo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi, isithombe wadala ngezigaba eziningana.

imibala bejabule kakhulu ziyamjabulisa iso, ngakho emathileyi athandwa kakhulu eRussia futhi namanje basekhona a element zokuhlobisa emikhayeni eminingi kanye namahhovisi.

Palekh

Kusukela maphakathi wesifunda e-Ivanovo isifunda saqanjwa Palekh yesikhumbuzo. Lolu hlobo izikebhe yiphethini lacquer ku umkhiqizo. Labelwe phezu abamnyama ngemuva temdzabu ezimibalabala, ezifuywayo, izifundo zenkolo kuhlobisa caskets, bele kanye nezinye izinto. Kukholakala ukuthi Palekh lacquer miniature uvele ngekhulu nanhlanu, lapho amadolobha zikhule futhi ukuhweba ezahlukene Rus sidilizwa. Yezandla bazalelwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, siqondiso we yezandla ubudala, efana Palekh emincanyana, wadala yasendulo Russian isithonjana abadwebi. Ngo Palekh abaculi onekhono wahlala owayethatha izimemo ivela kuzo zonke izifunda Russian isicelo imidwebo emathempelini futhi amasonto. Yibo labo baqala ukupenda amabhokisi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto izifundo kumnandi futhi zomlando. Zonke izithombe zisetshenziswa elikhanyayo tempera upende phezu isizinda black.

Ubuchwepheshe yalolu hlobo izikebhe kuba kubenzima, inqubo kakhulu isikhathi esiningi yokudala izithonjana ne-multi-esiteji. Funda futhi kahle kuthatha isikhathi eside, kodwa umphumela uba ngokuvamile ibhokisi amnyama uguqulwe ube ubuhle eziyingqayizivele into.

Khokhloma

Olunye uhlobo ngesandla Umdwebo izinkuni - kuyinto Khokhloma, okuyinto yavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu edlule. Izitsha kanye izinto zasekhaya, zaveza izimbali elikhanyayo-ebomvu ezidonsela ukunakekela ubunjalo babo. Amaphethini, alo in imihlobiso amahle, ojabulisa kakhulu iso futhi ezinsukwini zethu. Ekwakheni Kokhloma imikhiqizo abe imfihlo, okuyinto ukuthi kukhona izikhathi eziningana varnished ke omnene esithandweni. Ngenxa yalokho ngokudubula the yellowing enamathela, nemikhiqizo wadala ngokhuni, eyayibhalwe kubonakale izinto eziyigugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa tableware ukucutshungulwa enjalo iba okuqinile. Isihloko sawo esikhulu evumela ukusetshenziswa Khokhloma izinkomishi, nezitsha, nezinkezo ngenhloso - ukugcina ukudla okuzodliwa.

yezicathulo ethandwa

Lubok - olunye uhlobo Folk ubuciko, emelela yezandla Russia lasendulo. Session ukusungulwa imiswe ukuphrinta ephepheni ipuleti lokhuni. abantu okunjalo izithombe Kwasakazwa wezohwebo njengoba emuva ekhulwini lesikhombisa kanye kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili babe uhlobo ethandwa kakhulu futhi ezivamile buciko Russian. Scenes ukuboniswa lubok zahlukahlukene kakhulu: themes zenkolo futhi nozwela, abantu epics futhi inganekwane, nomlando kanye wezokwelapha, okuyinto sonke isikhathi sihambisana umbhalo encane, okungase kube ezifundisayo noma ezihlekisayo kanye kutjelwa amasiko nemikhuba wayehlala nabo isikhathi hlakani inherent abantu.

Yezandla Russia lasendulo, ngekhulu le-18: samovar Russian

Lelo khono wezingcweti yethu isiRashiya, singakwazi okumele siziqhenye ngayo. Namuhla, umsebenzi wabo kungabonwa hhayi kuphela e iminyuziyamu, kodwa futhi amakhaya ethu. Ezinye izinhlobo yezandla eRussia lasendulo babengene ezidumile ikakhulukazi. Ngokwesibonelo, kulo lonke izwe lethu futhi kuze kube namuhla kutholakala Tula samovar. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalombili kwakukhona izinhlobo engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ahlukene mikhiqizo. Esikhathini sethu emzini Tula, kukhona ngisho Museum of samovars.

Ayengobani amakhosi kuqala, okuyinto idume Rus Lasendulo? Yezandla, ngeshwa, asigcinanga amagama Abadali zabo. Kodwa nathi ukusho izinto behlele kithi kusukela kudala. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izinto eliyingqayizivele futhi ezingavamile, izinto zasendlini, kodwa ngomkhiqizo ngamunye uzizwa amakhono nesipiliyoni wezingcweti lasendulo.