Yezandla oMdala Russia. Yini izikebhe athuthukiswe Kievan Rus?

yezandla oMdala Russia - yezinsika lapho oba isiko yokuqala ezweni lethu. umsuka wayo bathatha emphakathini bakudala, lapho yonke imisebenzi babe collective, futhi amathuluzi - elula kakhulu. Nokho, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi okhokho bethu bonke babengaphansi eyinqaba ekuphishekeleni ubuhle. Wadala ngokuhlanganyela nokobana futhi izinto zasendlini abangu ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso, wanikeza ifomu ekhethekile. Njengomthetho, bonke njengoba noyedwa owayethi manje, izakhi okuhlobisa babe izakhiwo imilingo: kuqashelwe, edonsela sikufisela inhlanhla. Eastern lwamaSlav ayefana kule mayelana ezinye izizwe. Kulomcimbi izikebhe ezindala Russia amasu ezikhethekile nezindlela, izisusa yasekuqaleni. Ngu esikhathini Kievan isimo, okhokho bethu bonke babengaphansi amakhosi izinhlobo eziningi yezandla.

Umuntu osebenza ngensimbi - wengcweti bili

Ukwakhela phezu kwasiphi izikebhe lasendulo eRussia ukujabulele udumo ekhethekile, akunzima ukuqonda yezinganekwane eziningi, tinganekwane izaga. Ngokuvamile e izindaba ezitholakala umkhandi wensimbi, senziwa hero of the inkemba isimangaliso, ngokuvamile ukuthi wanika amandla nokuhlakanipha imilingo.

Metal Icubungula eRussia lezwakala ngempela elinye lamakhono kakhulu esifunwa ngapha nangapha. Ungomunye ngowokuqala sekukhona njengenhlangano umsebenzi ezizimele. Smith ohlonishwayo futhi iyahlonishwa, bese insimbi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi oberezhnym impahla uyakwazi ethole ukwelashwa okufanele futhi isimo sengqondo senhlonipho maqondana ukuvikela inkosi yayo, hhayi kuphela abantu okubi, kodwa futhi kusukela amabutho ezimbi.

Ukuthuthukiswa yezandla e Kievan Rus safinyelela isiphetho esimangazayo eziphakeme: okhokho bethu kwakwaziwa cishe zonke izinhlobo yesimanje of izinsimbi. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ekwakheni, filigree, omnyama, ekubunjweni kanye wokushaya.

art obucayi

isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe uyakufanelekela ubucwebe ukwenziwa. Kuyinto futhi Russia safinyelela eziphakeme eside. Le nqubo ozithandayo yayisikhokhiwe ngokuthi filigree (filigree), mobile, kanye lamabele koqweqwe lwawo (koqweqwe lwawo). Ukudalwa amakhosi Kievan Rus futhi kamuva ngezinye izikhathi ziyashaqisa. Ngokwesibonelo, koqweqwe lwawo sasifana iphethini KaMose apelwe ngakho ngokucophelela ngaphandle, ukuthi amehlo izinhlamvu sihleli kungabonwa umfundi omnyama kanye nomhlophe elikhanyayo. Dala izithombe ezifanayo kusukela izingcezu ingilazi enombala. pestle yabo futhi ixubene amanzi kancane. Ungqimba kwaphumela ligcwele imininingwane imikhiqizo yabo bese nezitini izikhathi eziningana. Ngenxa koqweqwe lwawo tho ne metal.

lace Metallic no spray

tracery Filigree kwaba umgexo ngegolide elicwengekileyo noma ngocingo esiliva. Kulesi inqubo ekhiqizwa enhlobonhlobo, ubucwebe amabhokisi nezinye izinto zasendlini. Filigree wabanika ngisahlose akhethekile airiness. Ngaphandle ihaba, mikhiqizo kungenziwa ngokuthi wenza kusukela emchilweni metallic.

Grain futhi yayiyingxenye umhlobiso imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Wabheka like amathonsi amancane wayifafaza phezu kwe-umhlobiso ebusweni. Ikhono izingcweti ukuthi imingcele: ngokuvamile Ubuhlalu ukujiya is hhayi ningi than 0.4 mm.

Uyinki kuyinto ingxubevange esiliva isibabule. Ngo womshini imigexo kwi workpiece metal iphethini emibi. Bese usigcwalisa omnyama zonke bathunyelwa ukubhaka. Ngaphansi isenzo lokushisa eliphezulu Alloys ixhunyiwe, umdvwebo wagcwala isibabule ingxube esiliva. Ngemva master kwadingeka kuphela ukususa izingxenye ezingadingekile zesixuku. Ukuze uthole imikhiqizo ehlukene Ngokuphambene yizicukuthwane isicwebezelisi metal kanye nephethini matte ebusweni.

Ukusebenza ubumba

Lapho elithuma okwesibili ngemva ukubukeka ukwelashwa metal eRussia lezwakala zobumba. Ekuqaleni, izitsha nezinye izinto ukulolongwa ngesandla. Nokho yezandla eRussia lakhula ngokushesha, futhi ngo-9-10 eminyaka. LwamaSlav ayesevele usebenzisa isondo sombumbi. Ngenxa yalokho, zobumba zasakazekela isimo. Ukubumba saphela rarity. Ngayinye yalezi imikhiqizo idale, okuhlukile kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-artisan. Wizards labetibambile, ngolimi lwanamuhla, unendlela yakhe. Umehluko wayekwazi zezici zobuchwepheshe: izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi labadubuli, ukwakheka zobumba, - noma Decor: imibala eyayisetshenziswa, izimfanelo ukuma, ezengeziwe ubuciko izakhi ezihlukahlukene.

Yezandla eRussia kusukela kwamukelwa baqala ukuthuthukisa ngokuvumelana canons Orthodox. Potters, ngaphezu amathoyizi bendabuko kanye nezitsha, waqala ukuveza izinto ezihlukahlukene kwakudingeka kulo ibandla, namathayili - tile zokuhlobisa, okuyinto zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso umhlobiso.

impahla bukhoma

I izikebhe Russia hard lasendulo ukuba ukucabanga ngaphandle woodcarving. Futhi kwakuthi obaba kudala. Ehlotshiswe eqoshwe amathoyizi kanye ifenisha, ekhaya impahla kanye ekhaya. Izinkuni kubhekwa efudumele, ophilayo impahla. Ngenxa eyinsimbi, uyakwazi ukuvikela, gcina ekuhluphekeni, ngakho imikhiqizo yokhuni elalihlangana isimo lasendulo yonke indawo. Waba nendima enkulu kulokhu, futhi ukutholakala impahla. Izinkuni Ngazakhela izindlu, ibamba insimbi kukhiqizwa futhi uthi lokuphotha, amathoyizi kanye nemibhede, nezibhulo futhi lwesikhathi. Ngazo zonke izikhathi eRussia, waphathwa nge lodumo olukhulu. Master bezama ukuqonda umphefumulo ebiyelwe okhunini, nokudala kwansuku noma into engcwele, uyivule ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kokwengeza kakhulu kuwe.

yezithakazelo ezigxilile zababazi onekhono kakhulu kubhekwa Novgorod. On insimu yalo muzi wasendulo esikhathini esithile esidlule i lesikhumbuzo umxhwele bokwakhiwa lokhuni Kuye kwatholakala: kukholamu isigwebo, zangekhulu le-11. Ubude yonke yalo lihlotshiswe ezitsheni, Motifs angalokothi okuphindaphindiwe.

amasu ukhohlwe

Njengoba kuvamisile, nge obhekwe izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe akusebenzi ulwazi fade ubala, ngezinye izikhathi baphelelwa, ngezinye izikhathi ahlale kuphela ngesimo izinto ezingavamile asibhubhi ngesikhathi. Abaningi izikebhe Kievan Rus mpofu ngale ndlela. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi ukuqoba ukhuni, emi enkonzweni yobuKristu, isetshenziswe kuphela ukwakha umhlobiso zangaphakathi nezangaphandle wezangaphakathi isonto. Masters wenza iconostasis futhi Kyoto - kungcono Empeleni pretty owaziwa. Lost in Time Art imifanekiso lokhuni. On ukudalwa izithombe ongcwele usebenzisa woodcarving namuhla kuncane kakhulu ezaziwayo.

Stone begolide

Yezandla eRussia zihlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene izinto ezindaweni insimu ka -Eastern lwamaSlav zokuhlala. Ngaphandle kwalabo sekuphawuliwe, master wasebenzisa itshe. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe akusiyo eliphansi in ubuhle nobuhle lokudalwa lokhuni. Stone eqoshwe izakhiwo ehlotshisiwe, ngokuvamile eyakhelwe limestone ezimhlophe, azikhohlwe ngokuphelele izono zethu noma ngemabula. Ngezikhathi ezithile eyahlangana nayo enkundleni izifundo ezincane. ERussia, ithambo Combs, futhi imifanekiso Kuye kwasakazwa. Masters wasebenza phezu kwendalo izithombe ezincane yabangcwele. Lezi mpawu kungenziwa egqokwa entanyeni, elenga wayibhinca. Ngokuvamile, lekubazeni ku tile itshe umphelelisi isonto.

Isikhundla amakhosi

yezandla sidilizwa eRussia zenani ehlukile. Basuke ngamaqembu amabili. By ohlonishwayo imigexo ibhekwa (goldsmithery), isithonjana Umdwebo ibhizinisi nabanye abambalwa. Phakathi "ezingcolile" ongowakhe, ezifana zobumba.

Ezimweni eziningi, inkosi wasebenza oda. Izingcweti kwakungekaNkulunkulu ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze kwezakhi ehlukehlukene yomphakathi. Emadolobheni ungakwazi Hlangana-Singles Masters. Bona babehilelekile Blacksmithing, ubucwebe ibhizinisi, embossed kanye iconography. Izikhulu kanye boyars ngamamitha, izigodi futhi izigodi wahlala ababazi engaphansi nezigqila. abaculi abahlukahlukene ingatholakala nezigodlo zezindela.

Ukudalwa izandla zesifazane

Kuyinto ezigodlweni amaningi asethuthukile yezandla basendulo Russia njengoba lokuthunga ukwelukwa. Basuke eyayenziwa abesifazane. amakhosi Product sikhathi futhi namuhla mangaza ne ubuhle bayo. Kwangezikhathi wenza kusukela Hemp, yefilakisi noma uvolo. Inqubo ukukhiqizwa isibe ndaba kulula kakhulu ngemva ukubukeka uhlaka lokweluka indwangu ovundlile. Kwathi lapho kuphenduka zekhulu le-12 nele-13.

uhlobo ezivamile ngenalithi besifazane ukuthi kufuze ukwelukwa: Bran, efekethisiwe on ngendwangu, "kasilika pyalichnoe ibhizinisi" (Vshivkov ayindilinga) nokunye. Masters ehlotshiswe amaphethini ezihlukahlukene izitsha isonto futhi zasendlini. efekethisiwe abathengisi Old Russian ngokuvamile zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kukhona futhi wajabulela ngokumthanda jikelele.

nokwehla yesikhashana

inkathi zezimbali emlandweni avame esikhundleni eminyakeni futhi iyinikeza kusasele amakhulu eminyaka zokuwohloka. Kuyinto esesimweni esinjalo babe yezandla of Russia ka-ngekhulu le-14, phakathi ukubusa nehlala njalo iningi amaMongol-Tatar khans. amakhosi abaningi baye bafa ngesikhathi izimpi ngomzamo ukuvikela emizini yabo. Phakathi khona eRussia ejokeni Mongol-Tatar kwaqeda cishe ngokuphelele ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi ubucwebe, saphela ukukhiqizwa koqweqwe lwawo, filigree futhi granulation. Hhayi ngaphansi abathintekayo kanye nezinye yezandla. Nokho, ukuvuselelwa ubuciko isicelo waqala nakwesilandelayo, ngekhulu le-15.

futhi bachuma

Phakathi 15 no-17 leminyaka kwakuyinkathi eqinisa isimo esisha Russian. Isikhungo se-principalities United kwaba eMoscow. yezandla sidilizwa yayikhona eRussia amakhulu eminyaka, waqala athole umfutho futhi. Yazi wafuna zizungeze izinto ezijabulisayo, ukunethezeka kanye nengcebo. Enkantolo isikhulu, khona-ke inkosi, bahlangana izingcweti wahlanganyela itshe eqoshwe kanye zokhuni, ukweluka kanye efekethisiwe, ubucwebe ibhizinisi.

Ukuthuthukiswa ukuthola kanye nobudlelwane lezimpahla-imali. Ngenxa yalokho lemisebenzi yezandla eRussia ngekhulu le-16, baba umthombo omkhulu womnotho nabakhe emizini eminingi. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa yobuciko neyezandla okuzenzela. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke phakathi kwabo kwavela 16-17 eminyaka imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Monastery. Lapha master wahlanganyela woodcarving namathambo, futhi kamuva kwavela futhi ithoyizi izinhlanzi.

izinkanyezi Umhlaba

Ngemva kwekhulu le-15, ngenkuthalo basungula cishe zonke izikebhe eRussia. Ezinganeni ikakhulukazi ajwayelekile phakathi kwabo Khokhloma umdwebo bese Dymkovo amathoyizi. Lemibiko yobuciko neyezandla, futhi namuhla athandwa kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi phesheya.

Khokhloma izikebhe ahlanganiswe eRussia ngekhulu le-17. Lolu hlobo Umdwebo wasebenzisa ukuhlobisa ezihlukahlukene izitsha ngokhuni futhi ifenisha. Khokhloma kahle liyabonakala ngenxa imibala yendabuko: obomvu, omnyama oluhlaza on isizinda igolide. Sasizigqokele amakhosi yokudweba izimfihlo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ngemuva phezu kwezinkuni is hhayi imali powder igolide, kanye nenye ithini esiliva. Umkhiqizo ke embozwe kwakwakhe akhethekile Bhaka kuhhavini izikhathi eziningana. Ngakho it is ekufinyeleleni oyifunayo brown yegolide. Khokhloma Umdwebo njalo ihlanganisa ngokuphelele umkhiqizo emthini azange abe kakhulu.

Bright esiyingqayizivele

Enye abadumile art izikebhe, kuvela ngokusobala kule nkathi - ke Dymkovo ithoyizi. Igama layo ethola endaweni lendabuko. Kirov isiphetho Dymkovo wayedume ubumba yayo obomvu. Emhlabeni akukho umkhiqizo ofana ithoyizi elikhanyayo futhi bejabule. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa ulula, nesithombe uma uthanda, ungenza ngokwakho.

Yezandla Russia lasendulo ayisheshi namuhla. Ungase uthi ngisho ukuthi bayindlu esigabeni esisha yentuthuko. nabafisa ukuzovakasha wendabuko amasiko endala: izinkolelo, izingubo, amasiko, kanye yobuciko neyezandla. Yezandla ngenkuthalo wafunda ngokuthi okukhethekile ezifanele emayunivesithi kanye yayo. Yezandla uyawuthanda namuhla bayindlala kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inkosi ngenjabulo ngiphendukele izikebhe bendabuko. Ubuchwepheshe kuleli cala asitholayo ezihlukahlukene izinguquko: ukusetshenziswa izingoma ezintsha, upende, lezisekelo futhi ukulungisa, kwezinye izimo - basebenzise izinto zikagesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwezinye izimo, indlela yokukhiqiza iyonke ihlala zinjalo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukutadisha umbuzo onjani izikebhe athuthukile eRussia, kubalulekile ukuze uqonde isiko yasekuqaleni Russian, kuyasiza uzizwe umoya. Ukuvuselelwa isithakazelo ngalesi sihloko ubonisa ukuhlobana izinqubo ezinjalo. Singasho ukuthi lo msebenzi e-Russia (izithombe imikhiqizo ezihlukahlukene ukugcwalisa i-Inthanethi, kuqinisekisa kuphela) basaphila futhi ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa.