Ammonia. izakhiwo Chemical, izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Ukusebenzisa nokuthola

Lokuhlukana nendlwana imizila eduze Oasis eNyakatho Afrika Amoni - ngokomlando neyaziwayo ikhaya ammonia. Abapristi sikhulekela kukankulunkulu u-Amoni, phakathi imikhuba yabo esetshenziswa hydrogen nitride lapho ukufuthelana exuded ammonia iphunga. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu amoniany ngokusobala igama ammonia babevela ngalezo zikhathi.

ososayensi Modern ungazange wafunda kukhishwe ammonia okumsulwa kuphela, ukumthola eziningi izicelo, kodwa futhi ukwazi belingisa molecule design into bamakhemikhali imibuthano professional ubizwa ngokuthi "i-hydrogen nitride." Kuyaphawuleka ammonia-molecule ukucushwa wukuthi kuba nombhoshongo ocijile njalo, afana labo ngiye ngazibonela zamagama lokuqala yalolu ketshezi eGibhithe lasendulo.

Nitrogen sise vertex olucutshungulwayo mbhoshongo kwenza nge-athomu ye-hydrogen lwesibopho polar. I-athomu nitrogen kwakwakhe ine pair lisuswe ukwabiwa ka-electron, kuba isimo esiyisisekelo sokuba ukubonakala ikhono ammonia esebumba donor-acceptor hydrogen izibopho nezinhlupheko, ngesikhathi asesikhundleni gumbi nge esikhulu polarity ammonia-molecule steel kubangela ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwabo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ammonia isici ezahlukene kusukela izakhiwo kanye nezici compounds yalolu hlobo.

Njengoba kwakuvunguza ammonia mark ngayinye, kuhlobene obhekwe ammonia, okuyinto igesi kungenambala, alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni kabili. Ngoba umuntu kuba anobuthi, has solubility okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ammonia yiyona izakhiwo amakhemikhali imibukiso yabo futhi ngokuyinhloko ngenxa lisuswe ukwabiwa electron pair. It uyakwazi ukuthi zilawule proton, kanjalo azakhele ion ammonium. I aqueous isixazululo ammonia (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ammonia liquid) has a ukuphendula kancane ane-alikhali. Ithola ammonium nosawoti ukusabela nge acid ikhuthaza ammonia. I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali lokhu kwakwakhe kukhona nucleophiles efanayo noma complexing.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kutshengisa izakhiwo ammonia kanye asidi uyakwazi ukusabela ezisansimbi, ukwakha amides. Amides ethathwe izinsimbi alikhali lapho zizwa ammonia. Imides, nitrides nosawoti of izinsimbi eziningana etholakala ngokuzikhandla kokuqhuba ukusabela ammonia liquid. Nitrides okulungiselelwe amalahle metal esimweni nitrogen.

Ngo amides metal hydroxides izakhiwo manifest. Ofanayo alikhali amide-ammonia izixazululo nosawoti kukhona babashayeli ezinhle ugesi.

Ammonia chemical izakhiwo lapho uxhumana phenolphthalein ziphephile, ezinemibala nge umbala obomvu, ukwengeza imiphumela acid neutralization yayo. amalahle ammonia kuyivumela ukuba avele njengoba reductant. It uyakwazi ukuba bayosha oksijini, umphumela uba amanzi kanye nitrogen. Esikhathini namachibi ammonia ukuthola kulethe platinum nitric oxide, umkhiqizo for the zamagama yezimboni nitric acid.

Ukwehlisa nekhono nitrogen esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza metal evele kusuka oxides ngesikhathi nokunamathisela ngomthofu. Esikhathini namachibi ammonia ne-sodium hypochlorite (khona okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni gelatin) hydrazine yalungiswa. Ukusabela nge halogens (chlorine, iodine) ukhiqiza iziqhumane.

Ngakho, kubaluleke kakhulu has synthesis zezimboni ammonia. Ukusabela ekuwulungiseleleni ine uhlobo ukuxhumana nitrogen ne-hydrogen. Ibizwa ngokuthi inqubo Haber. Ngenxa yalokho we exotherm ukuphendula kwenzeka nevolumu ukwehla. isimo zamagama ammonia iyona lokushisa ongaphakeme futhi umfutho ophakeme.

Cabangela isivuno ammonia chemical izakhiwo ezinye izinto ukwenza njenge yelikhono salokhu inqubo. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kungenzeka ukusheshisa ukuzuzwa zilingana.