Dissociation kasawoti, acid kanye alkalis. Ulwazi Ngokusetshenziswa ngokoqobo

Ukuze Physical Chemistry kanye Biochemistry ejwayelekile inqubo jikelele lapho particulate ndaba - molecule ion (izinhlayiya kahle icala ngokuthi cations nezinhlayiyana omubi icala, ngokuthi anions) ezizivelelayo iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku izinhlayiya ezincane. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi dissociation, okuyinto igama lesiLatini elisho "dissociation" lisho ukuthi "ukuhlala ngokwahlukana." It libhekene izinkomba ezifana "degree of dissociation", okubonisa isilinganiso izinhlayiya dissociated nesibalo izinhlayiya ngaphambi kokuwa, ie, ingxenyenamba izinhlayiya ukuthi isihlakazeka. Inqubo nokwahlukana izinhlayiya kungenzeka ngenxa yezenzo ezithile ku ketshezi, ubunjalo miphumela inquma uhlobo dissociation. Hlukanisa dissociation ezishisayo, photodissociation, dissociation ngaphansi kwethonya emisebeni ionizing, dissociation electrolytic. Dissociation kuphambene usoseshini recombination. Le nqubo ivame kudidaniswe ionization.

dissociation electrolytic uhlobo dissociation, kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya molecule kuphela namabhere uhlamvu zamakhemikhali. Izinto ezingasetshenziswa Nqamula ku kuphela ku ion nokuziphatha zamanje kagesi, ngokuthi electrolyte (acid, usawoti, isizinda). Izinto okuyinto lapho ziyoncibilika hhayi Nqamula ku ion (alcohols, esters, ama-carbohydrate, njll) akuzona electrolyte. I electrolyte ezibaluleke kakhulu kuphela - amanzi. Amanzi uqobo libhekene njengendlela electrolyte ababuthakathaka. imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani Polar (isib ethanol, i-ammonia ne acetic acid) nawo uyakwazi Ukuqedwa le electrolyte. Dissociation of acid, alkalis, efana dissociation nosawoti zenzeka izixazululo aqueous. I nosawoti ka - lesi sigaba of zamakhemikhali kabani molecule enziwe izinhlayiya kahle icala (metal cations), nezinhlayiyana omubi icala (acid anion zinsalela). Acid kwalokho nosawoti, ngokungafani nosawoti ezivamile aqukethe ezimbili izinhlobo cations (metal ne-hydrogen) kanye acid anion ezisalayo. Lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini molecule ukubola ku-athomu usawoti. Lo sawoti kungenziwa zibuyiswe shabalala amanzi.

Hlukanisa emkhatsini electrolyte abanamandla nababuthaka. Esikhathini classical imfundiso yokuziphendukela electrolytic dissociation inqubo neyaziwayo kubhekwe esethola, kodwa le nkulumo isebenza kuphela electrolyte buthakathaka izixazululo alulaze. Kuvele dissociation electrolytic of acid, lezisekelo zalo, nosawoti, kuyinto inqubo okungenakuhlehliswa, kusukela usawoti (cishe bonke ngaphandle eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithile), acid lezisekelo (labo wakhiwa alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi) kukhona electrolyte eqinile kanye nama-molecule e izixazululo ababuthakathaka ngokuphelele (100 %) ubuhlobo phakathi ion. electrolyte Namandla: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (nitric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (calcium chloride), NaOH (i-sodium hydroxide). electrolyte engaqinile: NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide), H2CO3 (carbonic acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid) futhi iningi acid organic lezisekelo. Bona lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini ungakwazi Nqamula kancane (ngokujwayelekile, lokhu value zokhahlamba kusuka 1 kuya ku-10%).

Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ikhambi i electrolyte eqinile iqukethe ion kuphela, futhi isixazululo of electrolyte ababuthakathaka, ikakhulukazi ama-molecule nondecomposed kwendaba. Dissociation kasawoti kuholela yokuthi ikhambi equkethe ion metal kuphela futhi ezisalayo acid (isib sodium Na + seka futhi chlorine anion Cl-) kanye nama-molecule nondecomposed (NaCl) abe nosawoti. Dissociation acid nosawoti kuholela ekwakhekeni isixazululo we seka metal, i-hydrogen seka kanye acid anion ezisalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, usawoti acid NaHCO3 (i-sodium Bicarbonate) dissociates ibe seka sodium (Na +), i-hydrogen seka (H) ne-anion ka carbonic acid acid ezisalayo (SO3-).

Uma isixazululo (ncibilika) afakwe electrolytic cell electrolyte (umkhumbi anode futhi cathode), lapho voltage sisetshenziswa ukuqala ukuhamba ohlangothini izinhlayiya ekhokheliswa electrode kwenkokhiso okuphambene: cations omuhle - kuya cathode omubi icala, kuyilapho anions negative - kuya kahle icala anode. Lokhu impahla electrolyte, ngokukhethekile, dissociation nosawoti elisetshenziswa kakhulu ngalobu buciko. electrolysis Kwenziwa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of aluminium, zethusi (by yokucwenga electrolytic). Electrolysis ekhiqiza izinto elicwengekileyo ubumsulwa obunjalo ngeke kutholakale ezinye izindlela (ziphuzo zazihluzwa, crystallization, nabanye). Nge-electrolysis izinsimbi ezikhishwe imikhando, sihlanza kusukela cathode is imali kuphela seka metal kanye ukungcola bahlale isixazululo noma ancibilikise. Lo mkhuba dissociation nosawoti esitholakala esikhiqiza hydrogen okumsulwa kanye chlorine okumsulwa. Ngo amanzi, i-sodium chloride is ukubola zibe ion: seka sodium ne-chlorine anion. uzobe Ngesikhathi anode labelwe chlorine okumsulwa ngesikhathi cathode - le-hydrogen eceleni, kanye nekhambi uyomenzela omunye ovela eceleni ezibalulekile - hydroxide sodium.