Amaseli Haploid: izici, ukuhlukana, ukubuyabuyelela

amaseli Haploid - lena, siwumgogodla equkethe isethi eyodwa lezakhi zofuzo. It is, ngokuyisisekelo, the gametes - okungukuthi, amaseli senzelwe zizalela. Futhi isethi haploid wama-chromosomes ube nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa prokaryotic kakhulu. amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo ka eukaryotes (ngaphandle ubulili) - izitshalo diploid kungenzeka polyploid.

Isakhiwo amaseli prokaryotic

Prokaryotes kukhona eziphilayo, ehlanganisa kuseli eyodwa, lapho kungekho core. Lezi zihlanganisa amagciwane kuphela. Iningi labo isethi eyodwa lezakhi zofuzo.

Sakhiwo amaseli eukaryotic lihlukile yokuthi awunazo ezinye organelles. Ngokwesibonelo, akudingeki mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apharathasi, vacuole, reticulum endoplasmic. Nokho, njengoba eukaryotic, prokaryotic iseli haploid has plasma ulwelwesi ehlanganisa amaprotheni phospholipids; ribosomes, ekusungulweni amaprotheni; iseli odongeni, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi yakhiwa ka murein. Futhi capsule zingase isakhiwo esinjalo cell, okuhlanganisa izinto ezifana amaprotheni kanye glucose. chromosomes abo ukuntanta ngokukhululekile cytoplasm, i-nucleus, noma abavikelwe yi isiphi esinye isakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, impahla lezinceku amagciwane imelelwa-chromosome eyodwa kuphela, lapho ilwazi kulotshwe ku amaprotheni ukuthi kumele ezivezwa iseli. Indlela esiphelweni eziphilayo ezifana - division okulula amaseli haploid. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu ukwandisa izinombolo zabo.

amaseli eukaryotic kokuba isethi eyodwa wama-chromosomes

Kulesi hlobo eziphilayo nuclei haploid namaseli ngokuthi gametes. Kungenzeka zihluke kakhulu ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Lokuzaliswa amaseli ngokobulili haploid, futhi umzimba omusha ungaqala ukuthuthukisa kuphela ngesikhathi confluence gametes ezimbili, kwemiqondo okwehlela abantu abahlukahlukene zohlobo olulodwa.

Ezakhiwe Fusion iseli ezimbili haploid ngokuthi i zygote, sesivele possesses isethi double lezakhi zofuzo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaseli lwegciwane zihlukile kusukela diploid ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo, bangase kusadingeka abanye organelles esivela eukaryotes.

isilwane gametes

Ubulili amaseli eziphilayo okuqondene umbuso, ebizwa ngokuthi isidoda neqanda. Okokuqala ekhiqizwa emzimbeni lowesilisa, kwesibili - zesifazane. Egg kukhiqizwa amaqanda kanye nesidoda cells - e emasendeni. Futhi labo nabanye - namangqamuzana akhethekile haploid, okuyinto zinemisebenzi eyahlukene zibuye.

Isakhiwo iqanda

ubulili amaseli Female babe Ubukhulu inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela amadoda. Basuke isilungisiwe. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukunikeza zygote okokuqala izakhamzimba ezidingekayo kulolu phiko. Iqanda siqukethe cytoplasm, ulwelwesi, igobolondo gelatinous umzimba elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nucleus, equkethe chromosome ethwele Imininingwane sitholwa njengefa. Futhi e oyiyo iqukethe elimbudumbudu cortical eziqukethe enzyme, kuvimbela abanye isidoda esitokisini emva kokukhulelwa, noma ungase zimiswe zygote polyploid (nge kathathu futhi iqoqo Ama-chromosomes e), okuyinto Kwakuyohlanganisani zonke izinhlobo ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Egg inyoni Iqanda kungabuye kubhekwe, kodwa uqukethe izakhamzimba okuningi ukuba esanele ekuthuthukiseni umbungu. Female germ cells ezincelisayo unamakhemikhali eziningi eziphilayo, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya izigaba kamuva ukuthuthukisa embryo ngokusebenzisa yi-placenta, isuke isithole yonke ezidingekayo evela kumama.

Endabeni izinyoni ingakwenzi lokho, ngakho ekuwo wonke izakhi kumele ekuqaleni khona iqanda. Iqanda has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phezulu ye-yolk sac kanye igobolondo namaprotheni embozwe igobolondo, ephethe umsebenzi okuvikela sikhona isakhiwo egumbini emoyeni, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu umoya-mpilo-embryo.

Isakhiwo isidoda

Lokhu kubuye amaseli haploid senzelwe zizalela. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu ukugcinwa ukudluliswa zoyise impahla sitholwa njengefa. Lokhu cell haploid mobile has a usayizi mancane kakhulu kunalawo iqanda, iqiniso lokuthi iqukethe akukho izakhamzimba.

Isidoda inezingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko: umsila nenhloko Lesisemkhatsini le therebetween ikhadi. Tail (msila) yakhiwa microtubules - izakhiwo ezakhiwa ngaphandle amaprotheni. Siyabonga kuye, isidoda Ungahambisa sifinyelele umgomo walo - iqanda, okumelwe zalisa.

ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini ahlukaniswe phakathi ikhanda nomsila iqukethe mitochondria, okuyinto ahlelwe helically emhlabeni ingxenye maphakathi lo msila, kanye pair of centrioles amanga perpendicular nomunye.

Eyokuqala - ke organelles ukuthi amandla umkhiqizo, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuhamba gametes. Inhloko Isidoda uhlamvu okuyinto has a isethi haploid wama-chromosomes (23 e abantu). Ngaphandle kwale ngxenye amaseli besilisa zokuzala kuyinto autosome. Eqinisweni, it is ingasebenza modified, uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula anda. Iqukethe enzyme ukuthi kubalulekile isidoda ungase chaza ingxenye engaphandle igobolondo iqanda umquba. Ngemva gamete besilisa okuhlanganisiwe ne insikazi, bakha zygote is okuyinto anazo inombolo diploid wama-chromosomes (46 abantu). It has ikhono ezihlukanisa, futhi yakha therefrom umbungu.

plant cells Haploid

Organisms lokhu "umbuso" achazwayo amaseli afanayo zokuzala. Abesifazane, futhi, abizwa ngokuthi amaqanda, futhi amadoda - isidoda. Eyokuqala ku pistil, kanti eyesibili - kwi stamen, impova. Ngemva contact on pestle yayo kokukhulelwa kwenzeka, bese kwakhiwa izithelo imbewu ngaphakathi.

Ngo izitshalo aphansi (spore) - wona, ezinjengohlinzamfuku - kukhona alternation izizukulwane. Omunye eveza asexually (ezinhlamvu), kanye nezinye - ngokobulili. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi sporophyte, kanti eyesibili - gametophyte. Sethule Fern sporophyte isitshalo nge amashidi ezinkulu, kuyilapho gametophyte - encane isakhiwo oluhlaza esime inhliziyo kuso futhi amaseli ubulili akhiwa.