Amaphrotheni zamagama kuseli, ukulandelana izinqubo biosynthetic. Synthesis amaphrotheyini ribosomes.

Ukuphila kuyisipho inqubo khona wamaprotheni molecule. Lokho kanjani obonakaliswe eziningi ososayensi abakholelwa ukuthi amaprotheni ngesisekelo zonke ekuphileni. Lezi izitatimende baqiniseka ilungile, ngoba kulezi izinto kuseli abaningi kakhulu imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Zonke ezinye organic compounds ukudlala indima amandla substrates, futhi amandla ukulungiselela mhla ludingeka futhi ngenxa yokuqaphela wamaprotheni molecule.

ikhono lomzimba synthesize amaprotheni

Akubona bonke eziphilayo ezikhona bayakwazi ukufeza zamagama amaprotheni kuseli. Amagciwane namagciwane azikwazi yakha amaprotheni, futhi ngenxa yalokho izimuncagazi, uyobanika ketshezi oyifunayo kusukela cell aphethe. Nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise amaseli prokaryotic, bayakwazi synthesize amaprotheni. Zonke womuntu amaseli, izilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta, cishe wonke ama-bacterium futhi protists uyophila ngenxa ikhono biosynthesis amaprotheni. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ukuqaliswa isakhiwo ukwakha, ovikelayo yokwamukela, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imisebenzi.

-Stage isici amaprotheni biosynthesis

Isakhiwo amaprotheni ufakwe endaweni nucleic acid (DNA noma RNA) njengoba codon. Lona ulwazi eyifa udlalwa njalo iseli kudinga amaprotheni izidakamizwa entsha. Kusukela biosynthesis kuyinto yokudlulisa ulwazi ukuze i-nucleus ye isidingo synthesize iprotheni entsha nge izakhiwo vele.

Ukuphendula le ngxenye dispiralized we nucleic acid, lapho isakhiwo yayo ehlukahlukene. Le ndawo liphindwe kabili isithunywa RNA wayiswa ribosome. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ukwakhiwa yochungechunge polypeptide ngesisekelo matrix - RNA isithunywa. Kafushane zonke izinyathelo biosynthetic zimi kanje:

• umbhalo (DNA Ukubuyelela kabili isinyathelo ingxenye ne okubhalwe amaprotheni isakhiwo);
• ukucubungula (isinyathelo ukwakha isithunywa RNA);
• translation (amaprotheni zamagama kuseli ngesisekelo the RNA isithunywa);
• ukuguqulwa posttranslational ( "nokuvuthwa" we polypeptide, kumiswa isakhiwo zalo ezinobukhulu obuthathu).

Ukulotshwa ka nucleic acid

Whole cell amaprotheni zamagama e ribosome kwenziwe, futhi ulwazi mayelana molecule equkethwe nucleic acid (RNA noma i-DNA). Kuyinto ezakhini zofuzo: isakhi ngasinye - iprotheni ethile. Zofuzo ifakwe ulwazi mayelana ukulandelana acid acid yamaprotheni inoveli. Endabeni ukususwa DNA isimiso sezakhi zofuzo uqhutshwa ngendlela elandelayo:

• Iqala ukukhululwa kuka-nucleic acid ingxenye histone kwenzeka despiralization;
• DNA polymerase kabili ingxenye DNA lapho isakhi sofuzo i-amaprotheni lilondolozwe;
• ingxenye kabili Iyisithunywa RNA eyandulela, okuyinto kusetshenzwe by enzyme ukususa ifaka non-esephepheni (ngesisekelo yalo kokuba lo kwezici mRNA).

Isekelwe proinformatsionnoy RNA is kuhlelwe umqondo mRNA. Kuyinto kakade matrix ke amaprotheni zamagama kuseli kwenzeka ku ribosomes (e emangelengele reticulum endoplasmic).

Ribosomal amaprotheni zamagama

Isilayezi RNA has emikhawulweni emibili, okuyinto zenziwa njengoba 3`- 5`. Ukufunda namaprotheni zamagama ku ribosomes nge 5`kontsa iqala futhi uyaqhubeka kuze intron - ingxenye okungadingi encode yimiphi amino acid. Kuyinto kanje:

• isithunywa RNA "ahlukaniswe" phezu ribosome, ujoyine acid acid lokuqala;
• uhamba ribosome kanye mRNA a codon olulodwa;
• Inikeza oyifunayo yokudlulisa i-RNA (mRNA codon idatha okubhalwe) i-acid-alpha-amino;
• acid acid kuxhunywe kokuqala acid acid ukwakha dipeptide;
• mRNA ukuthi wabe eseshintsha unyawo futhi ngomunye codon, ugqoko kanye acid-alpha-amino kuxhunywe ezikhulayo peptide chain.

Lapho nje ribosome ufinyelela intron (non-esephepheni faka), isithunywa RNA umane kokudlulela. Khona-ke, njengoba ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba isithunywa RNA, ribosome ifinyelela futhi exon - kwesigaba, ukulandelana nucleotide ka okuhambelana ethile acid acid.

Kusukela leli phuzu iqala futhi amaprotheni ngokujoyina monomers neketango. Inqubo uyaqhubeka kuze kube nesenzakalo lomunye intron noma kuze codon stop. Kugcine polypeptide uchungechunge zamagama evala whereupon esiyinhloko amaprotheni isakhiwo kubhekwa igcwaliswe futhi isigaba postsynthetic iqala (posttranslational) ukuguqulwa kwe-molecule.

ukuguqulwa post-Translational

Ngemva translation, amaprotheni zamagama kwenzeka emathangini bushelelezi reticulum endoplasmic. Lesi sakamuva iqukethe esincane ribosomes. Kwezinye amaseli bangase ngingekho e-res. ezindaweni ezinjalo kudingeka ukwakha lokuqala yesibili, noma ephakeme kakade ke, uma ekhethiwe, isakhiwo quaternary.

Whole cell amaprotheni zamagama kwenzeka e omningi nezindleko zamandla ATP. Ngoba bonke abanye izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo adingekayo ukuze asekele amaprotheni biosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye amandla awadingayo ukuze bayise namaprotheni iseli ezokuthutha asebenzayo.

Abaningi namaprotheni zidluliselwa kwesinye isitokisi bazifake enye indawo ukuguqulwa. Ikakhulukazi, post-Translational amaprotheni zamagama kwenzeka eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi, lapho ijoyina carbohydrate noma lipid lesizinda polypeptide isakhiwo esithile.