Albrecht Durer: Biography kanye nomsebenzi. Isebenza ngu Albrehta Dyurera: uhlu

A. Dürer (1471-1528) - umculi omkhulu isiJalimane, futhi zokuphila kwakhe futhi art umhlaziyi eminyakeni edlule. Umlando wakhe kanye nomsebenzi zihlobene kakhulu ngeNkathi Yenguquko. Imisebenzi Albrehta Dyurera futhi namuhla ukuheha Ongoti abaningi yobuciko. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalo? Life kanye umsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera okwethulwa kulesi sihloko.

i-curriculum vitae

Uyise wayengumGreki bomdabu yaseHungary, umkhandi wesiliva. Albrecht wafunda wokuqala noyise bese at Michael Wohlgemuth, umdwebi futhi womqophi kusukela eNuremberg. 1490-1494 - "Iminyaka engama-engcwele", kuyadingeka ukuze uthole isihloko master. Albrecht wachitha sikhathi emizini Elingenhla Rhine (Strasbourg, Colmar, Basel). Lapha engena embuthanweni ncwadi abaprintayo kanye abaphika. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Dürer ongathanda ukuyithuthukisa le oqoshwe kwensimbi M. Shogauera e Colmar, kodwa akawatholanga ngaye luphila. Albrecht wayeseqala ukutadisha imisebenzi lokhu okuyinhloko, ukukhuluma namadodana akhe, ababephakathi abaculi.

Ngo 1494 wabuyela eNuremberg Albrecht Dürer. Biography kanye ukusebenza yaphawula ngesikhathi ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile. Labe labetibambile umshado nokuboshelwa Agnes Frey, kanye kokuvula studio yakhe siqu. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Albrecht unqume ukwenza uhambo entsha, kulokhu ukukhetha enyakatho ye-Italy. Waya Padua futhi Venice e 1494-95, ngokulandelana. Ngo-Venice, Dürer uhambo, futhi 1505, wahlala khona kwaze kwaba 1507. Albrecht ajwayelane kuKesari Maximilian mina libhekisela 1512. Ngokusobala, ngesikhathi esifanayo, Dürer waqala ukusebenzela ababemvakashela kwaze kwaba sekufeni Maximilian, owenzeka ngo-1519 Kuyaziwa ukuthi Albert futhi wavakashela Netherlands. Esikhathini kusuka 1520 kuya 1521, wahamba waya emadolobheni ezifana Brussels, Antwerp, eseGhent, Bruges, Malines, nabanye.

lokusungula Durer

Albrecht Dürer, biography kanye lokusungula zazo uqondane ukuvelela Renaissance isiJalimane, akakwazanga ukuhlala kude Amathrendi isikhathi sakhe. Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima, isikhathi kakhulu disharmonious. isimilo saKhe zashiya izibazi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko. I imvuselelo imisebenzi Albrecht aqoqana ubuqobelo cefe yobuciko amasiko German. Bona azibonakali ngesimo dyurerovskih izinhlamvu kude ubuhle ngokombono ekahle classical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi ethanda ezilihlukanisayo, unaka kakhulu imininingwane ngabanye. ukubaluleka kakhulu Albrecht isezingeni okufanayo contact isikhathi ubuciko Italy. Ukudala Albrehta Dyurera waphawula ukuthi bezama ukuqonda imfihlo sokuphelela yayo nokuzwana. Dürer omele yedwa yeNyakatho Renaissance, okuyinto enezici nesiqondiso isithakazelo, isifiso ukuqonda imithetho yobuciko, ukwakha ngezabelo ephelele sibalo abantu zingabekwa belingana amakhosi enkulu the Renaissance Italian.

imidwebo

Ukudala Albrehta Dyurera ahlukahlukene. Wayenekhono kulowo njengoba draftsman, womqophi kanye nokudweba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo mfanekiso futhi umdwebo simyisa ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ehola indima. Angaphezu kuka-900 amaphepha ifa has Dürer-umdwebi. Ngokwe-ezihlukahlukene kanye nobukhulu ungafaniswa kuphela ngemisebenzi uLeonardo da Vinci. Ngokusobala, lo mdwebo uyingxenye yempilo yansukuzonke okuyinhloko. Dürer yingcweti kahle wonke amasu ecacile isikhathi - kusukela amalahle, emifanekiso, ipensela-Italian ngepeni kamoba futhi pin esiliva. Kepha amakhosi isiNtaliyane, umdvwebo isibe esigabeni ezibalulekile Durer oluhlanganisiwe. Lesi sigaba ifakiwe Studi, imidwebo emakhanda, imilenze, izingalo, draperies.

Ukuze Durer Umdwebo kwaba lolithulusi yafunda izinhlobo isici - eNuremberg ozinikezele, namanenekazi abagqoke kahle futhi abalimi. Elikhazimulayo usebenza Albrehta Dyurera - ". Ucezu Turf" emifanekiso Masters "Hare" (ngenhla) futhi Zenziwa nge lamabutho kubanda futhi ngamandla kangangokuba kungaba imifanekiso amakhodi ngokwesayensi.

uchungechunge namathafa

Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu we master uchungechunge ebukeka zeminyaka 1494-95. Lezi imisebenzi Albrehta Dyurera wabulawelwa emifanekiso futhi gouache phakathi nohambo lwakhe e-Italy. Basuke olinganiselayo ngokucophelela, Ukwakheka yakhelwe izinhlelo ngekwendzawo ngokushelela kushintshana nomunye. Lezi imisebenzi Albrehta Dyurera kuyizinto zokuqala emlandweni art European namathafa elithi "ubumsulwa".

"UKhisimusi", "Wokudumisa izazi", "u-Adamu no-Eva"

Sula isimo bushelelezi, isifiso umlobi ukulinganisela ivumelane isigqi nomumo - lawa izici isici yobuciko by Durer kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 kuya ekuqaleni eyishumi kwekhulu le-16 yesibili. Lena i-altare "Christmas", wenza emhlabeni 1498, futhi noma oluphathelene naye lowo 1504 umsebenzi "Wokudumisa izazi," lapho Dürer ihlanganisa iqembu amaMagi futhi Madonna Silhouettes ezintathu bushelelezi, ezolile isigqi isiyingi futhi lwaleli motif, liphindwe izikhathi eziningana kule umhlobiso yezakhiwo. In the 1500s omunye izindikimba eyinhloko lokusungula Albrecht iba isifiso ukuthola olinganise ekahle zomzimba womuntu. Ufuna izimfihlo zabo, ukudweba zesifazane nude izibalo besilisa. Phawula ukuthi owokuqala eJalimane, u-Albrecht waqala ukutadisha egijima enqunu. Lezi usesho abangu ngokufingqiwe 1504 umbhalo esithi "UAdamu NoEva," kanye ukuqaliswa mayelana 1507 esikhulu eponymous diptych ebabazekayo.

"Wokudumisa uZiqu-zintathu" futhi "umkhosi kumaKatolika"

Umsebenzi nzima kakhulu, Harmonically ngaphambilini izingoma olungokomfanekiso kusuka ezihlukahlukene izibalo wabulawa eminyakeni ukuvuthwa zokudala Albrecht Dürer. imisebenzi esiphawulekayo yakhe zibandakanya elisungulwe 1506 "Ukugujwa ubuhlalu", ngo-1511 - "The Wokudumisa zintathu Ongcwele." "Idili kumaKatolika" ingenye imisebenzi enkulu Dürer (161.5 x 192 cm). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingenye amaphethini ezinkulu buviyoviyo. Sebenza eduze art amakhosi isiNtaliyane, hhayi kuphela izisusa, kodwa futhi ubungqabavu babo polnozvuchiem uveza plethora izithombe (ikakhulukazi ekumeni), i-izingoma yakhoibrium, nobubanzi lokubhala. Isithombe onesihloko esithi "Wokudumisa uZiqu-zintathu", emele umsebenzi altare elincane, semicircles Rhythmic ezisukunyiswe i arched ekupheleni altare kuhlanganiswe indiza emkhathini izingelosi Obaba umkhosi ongcwele. Le ndlela ungathi "Phikisa" ngo-Raphael.

ekumeni ekuseni

Ngaphandle ekumeni Kunzima ukucabanga umsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera. Ake ubone ngeso lengqondo kuye kule uhlobo baningi futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu. Albrecht isivele umsebenzi ekuseni, kwenziwe mayelana 1499 (Portrait Oswald Krell) kuveza master aqine. Yena kahle idlulisa amandla kwangaphakathi imodeli, ubunjalo umlingisi. Ohlukile Albrehta Dyurera itholakala lokuthi ukuthi self-portrait ungumholi esikhathini ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe portrait. Emuva ngo-1484 wadala umdwebo esiliva pin, okwethulwa ngaye ngaphambili kulesi sihloko. Lapha u-Albrecht okubonisa ingane eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Kakade ngaleso isandla isikhathi Durer kwaholela wagxila ukuba ukuzazi, okuyinto wayiqhubekisa e ezintathu zokuqala yakhe imidwebo-ekumeni. Sikhuluma umsebenzi 1493 e 1498 kanye 1500. Esikhathini yokugcina emsebenzini (isithombe ke umelwe ngenhla) sikhombisa Albrecht ngokuqinile kusukela front. Nokuntula intshebe encane nezinwele ezinde sobuso sakhe sokunene kusikhumbuza umfanekiso kaKristu Pantocrator.

kwendandatho

Ukudala Albrehta Dyurera (1471-1528) ethakazelisayo ayewenza mikhondo kahle ngokufanayo ku yethusi zokhuni. Albrecht waphenduka lokuqopha ngemva Schongauer, omunye ubuciko ezinkulu. Ngo imisebenzi Dürer kwakuwukubonakaliswa kokukhishwa udlubulunda, wokungahlaliseki yobuntu bakhe yokudala, kanye izingxabano okukhulu kwesimilo okwalandela ayinandaba naye. Ngokuhlukile imisebenzi ekuqaleni ecacile nokuzola olunothile master kakade isibe emikhulu uchungechunge lokuqala ingcaca, esakhiwa 15 kwendandatho on isihloko Apocalypse. Le misebenzi yenziwa emthini Albrecht ezidalwe 1498. Durer kwendandatho e yabo okuningi kuka imidwebo, isekelwe esikweni German. Zivela umfutho emincane, ukunyakaza abukhali, izithombe overexpression Rhythm ezingqubuzanayo ezaziyaluzisa, okusheshayo kuphulwa imigqa emphethweni. Umfanekiso Fortune copperplate umbhalo "Nemesis", eziphathelene Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1500., Ingabe uhlamvu esesabekayo. Lokhu ukuphrinta ingenye imisebenzi engcono by Dürer.

"Ukuphila of the Virgin", "Passion Omkhulu" nethi "Passion Encane"

. Esikhathini ingcaca umjikelezo "Life kaMariya", wadala eminyakeni engaba ngu-1502-05, isithakazelo umbhali abavelele e-imininingwane uhlobo, kanye inala imininingwane - izici ejwayelekile yobuciko isiko-German. Lolu chungechunge ingcaca iyona isimo esicacile kakhulu nokuzola. nezinye ezimbili uthando ezizinikele Kristu, elinesimo Inkulumo okukhulu. Yenziwe isihlahla "Passion Omkhulu" (mayelana 1498-1510 GG.), Kanye ezimbili uchungechunge kwendandatho ku zethusi "Passion Small" (iminyaka sokudalwa - 1507-13 futhi 1509-11). Le misebenzi ngu Dürer kwaba edume kunazo phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe.

Triptych 1513-1514 GG.

Umbhalo 1513 "Knight, Ukufa uDeveli", kanye ezimbili imisebenzi 1514 ( "Hieronymus kuseli" futhi "Melancholy") zidlala indima ebalulekile ifa u-Albrecht. Bakha uhlobo triptych. Le misebenzi abathola isahlulelo nge ubuhlakani master virtuoso. Basuke zihlukaniswa lokuhlushwa ezingavamile angokomfanekiso banganhlanhlatsi. Ngokusobala, Dürer hhayi wakhulelwa ukudala kubo njengoba umjikelezo owodwa. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi ihlanganisa lezinyathelo zokuziphatha futhi zefilosofi, eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (ukuchazwa kwalo enikelwe omningi namuhla). Ngokusobala, le indatshana "Manual of iqhawe Christian" E. Rotterdam waphefumulelwa isithombe kumbhali oseqinile of iqhawe esikebheni, ngubani kutfutsela umgomo ezingaziwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uDeveli, kulandela izithende zakhe, kanye izinsongo zokufa. Warrior uvezwa ngokumelene izwe zasendle enamadwala. Akukhona njalo kulula ukwazi ukuthi ungumuntu umsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera. Isifingqo indatshana eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima kubalulekile ukuqonda yesithombe iqhawe.

Saint Jerome (ngenhla), ababeyile zonke izifundo zesayensi, uyisibonelo esizedlula zonke impilo ucabangisisa futhi introspection ezingokomoya. I ngokubabazekayo melancholy ezinamaphiko, egxilile imicabango yakhe zizimbi, okwethulwa ngaphansi kwesimo inqwaba esingalawuleki okusheshayo-esilazayo izinhlamvu isikhathi Sciences, amathuluzi we yohwebo.

Ivame esichazwa njengesono samuntu lokudala umoya womuntu ukubuyisa. Qaphela ukuthi abaphika Renaissance ezitholakala nabantu a Ubumnene melancholy, "ukuthatheka laphezulu" ngqondongqondo, samuntu lokusungula. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ngaphakathi lo mkhuba ovamile uwukuthi lokusungula, futhi Albrehta Dyurera. Futhi elichaza kafushane umsebenzi wakhe kamuva.

imisebenzi kamuva

Dürer emva 1514 wasebenza esigodlweni Maximilian mina (ethulwa ngenhla isithombe sakhe, eyenziwe Albrecht). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi wenziwa oda eziningi ezisemthethweni Albrecht Dürer. Imisebenzi adalwe kubo, zidinga eziningi ikhono, kodwa kakhulu isikhathi-ukudliwa kubo zaveza lithography, ukwenziwa 192 amabhodi. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi "Arch of Maximilian mina". It ikhiqizwa ngabasebenzi, ngaphandle Durer, iqembu elikhulu abaculi. Ngemva kohambo eNetherlands, kwenziwe eminyakeni 1520-21., Kusukela u-Albrecht waqala yisifiso zobuciko. Ngalesi sikhathi, uquqaba lwezingelosi imidwebo eminingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi emihle ekumeni ingcaca abangu agcwaliswa umkhiqizo Albrehta Dyurera. Zibhaleni phansi kanje: eyenziwe 1520 nge amalahle , "Erazm Rotterdamsky", kanye umsebenzi ngo-1521, "Lucas van Leyden" (wenza ipensela esiliva), "Agnes Dürer", ukudalwa okuyinto wasebenzisa induku yensimbi, nabanye.

Eni of the 1520s

Portrait kule 1520s kuba uhlobo ezinkulu ngemisebenzi Dürer. Ngalesi sikhathi, isithombe wadala ku oqoshwe zethusi abaphika abavelele isikhathi sakhe Albrecht Dürer. Imisebenzi emikhulu kanje: in 1526 - Portrait Filippa Melanhtona, e-1524 - Willibald Pirkheyma e 1526 - Erasmus. Umdwebo livela 1521 "Portrait of a Insizwa" e-1524 - "Portrait soMuntu," e-1526 - "UJerome Holtsshuer" nezinye imisebenzi. Lezi imisebenzi ezincane zihlukaniswa Ukwakheka lihle, ukuphelela classical, Silhouettes kubalwa. Basuke ekhangayo nzima wabuka omkhulu velvet Beret noma izigqoko zelanga eziwumhelane. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo compositional lezi imisebenzi - ebusweni, lokhu eduze, ukwakha ukuhwebelana ezicashile obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Ngo inkulumo ngokulambisa lizwakale ebusweni, emehlweni akhe amehlo ezivulekile, ku zezinkulumo kancane engonxantathu e ukumamatheka noma izindebe isigamu-evulekile, cheekbones e lisebenza sibalo kanye nokunyakaza ukuhwaqabala ungabona iminonjana ukuphila okukhulu okungokomoya. Vula Albrecht e besikhathi sakhe ngokuzimisela kuba ngezinga elikhulu esikhathini diptych "Abane Zabaphostoli" (ngezansi), inkosi lokugcina imidwebo (1525). Yebo, kwalotshwa eNuremberg Dürer Hall. Yethula omkhulu izibalo umvangeli Mark, abaphostoli uPawulu, uPetru noJohane, abamelela, ngokuvumelana besikhathi yenkosi, 4 senhliziyo.

umsebenzi theory, ukubaluleka lokusungula

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphila Albrecht ishicilele umsebenzi theory: isiqondiso kokuthi ukulinganiswa umbusi kanye ikhampasi (ngo-1525 kwasungulwa), ukuqinisa izinqaba, izinqaba nemizi (1527), futhi 1528 eshicilelwe umsebenzi "izincwadi ezine ku olinganise womuntu." Albrecht Dürer, ubuqambi kanye isiphetho esesiye sacabangela, odlule emhlabeni ngokukhulu ukudabukisa eNuremberg-Ephreli 6, 1528

Dürer owaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni lonke art German Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-16. kwendandatho yakhe futhi Italy ukujabulele yimpumelelo enkulu - ngisho ekhishwe kubo inkohliso. Izingcweti eziningi Italian baye babhekana umthelela umsebenzi walo, kuhlanganise Pordenone futhi Pontormo.