Afrika Relief namaminerali. Ifomu ngempumuzo Afrika

Konke kusahamba kahle ukukhumbula ukuthi i-Afrika yilona zwekazi ezishisayo emhlabeni. Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi i-Afrika - liphinde "okusezingeni eliphezulu" emazweni, njengoba inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ukuphakama isilinganiso ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. impumuzo Afrika zingafani futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: kukhona izintaba, Amathafa, emathafeni enkulu, esebenza futhi sekuyisikhathi eside izintaba-mlilo yokuqothulwa.

Umfanekiso oqoshiwe noma yisiphi isifunda waziwa ukuba esihlobene isakhiwo zomhlaba futhi Geological zensimu. Relief e-Afrika futhi izidubedube izwekazi nazo ezihlobene ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba zaleli zwekazi. Ake sihlole kabanzi lolu daba.

Uhlelo echaza impumuzo Afrika

impumuzo Isici ukunikeza noma yimuphi izwekazi ohlelweni oluthile. Relief Afrika ochazwa algorithm ezilandelayo:

1. ezwekazini Isici isakhiwo zomhlaba.
2. Ukuhlaziya umlando ungqimba lomhlaba.
3. Izimpawu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (exogenous futhi endogenous) impumuzo-izici.
4. Incazelo izici jikelele impumuzo izwekazi.
5. Ukwabiwa ukuphakama esiphezulu kanye esincane.
6. WezokuMbiwa indawo yabo on ensimini-mpumalanga yezwe.

Okuphansi nomPristi Afrika

Incazelo Afrika impumuzo kufanele siqale ngamazwi yokuthi nezwekazi, iphuzu orographic umbono, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: i-Afrika high and low.

Okuphansi Afrika kungaphezu kuka-60% endaweni ingqikithi nezwekazi (ngokwendawo iyona enyakatho, entshonalanga nasenkabeni Afrika). It ubuswa ukuphakama 1000 amamitha. Afrika High ihlanganisa izingxenye eningizimu futhi impumalanga yezwekazi, lapho ukuphakama isilinganiso 1000-1500 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Lapha kukhona iphuzu esiphezulu - INtaba iKilimanjaro (5,895 metres), Kenya kanye Rwenzori.

izici Jikelele impumuzo Afrika

Manje cabanga izici eziyinhloko ngempumuzo Afrika.

Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi isimo sezwe ezwekazini uyisicaba esikhathini esiningi. Intaba amabanga izungezwe ezwekazini kuphela eningizimu enyakatho-ntshonalanga. EMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi sezwe owendlalekile.

Afrika ubuswa lezo zinhlobo impumuzo: Amathafa, emathafeni, ezinkangala, Amathafa, elineziqongo, buttes futhi massifs mlilo. Kulokhu esisogwini insimu yezwe abeve Ukuboshelwa ngaphakathi ke ngokuvamile kuqondaniswe indawo - emathafeni futhi Amathafa, futhi emaphethelweni - amagquma nezintaba zokhahlamba. Lesi sici lihlotshaniswa isakhiwo zomhlaba-Afrika, eziningi zazo amanga emsamo Precambrian lasendulo futhi emaphethelweni alo ahlelwe alo endaweni.

Kuzo zonke abasha entabeni izinhlelo Afrika kuphela ngokudlala kwe-Atlas. Empumalanga nezwekazi welula amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-6000 eside omkhulu yeGreat Rift Valley. Ezindaweni amaphutha ayo kwakhiwa izintaba-mlilo omkhulu, futhi emigodini kwakhiwa echibini ijulile kakhulu.

Kumele efakwe kanye amafomu elikhulu esiqoshiwe Afrika. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Atlas, eDrakensberg futhi iCape Izintaba, I Highlands Ethiopia, Highlands Tibesti futhi Ahaggar, East African Plateau.

Atlas ezintabeni

Amafomu entabeni ngempumuzo Afrika, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, kuphela eningizimu enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye zwekazi. Kuvele amabanga Afrika entabeni iyona Atlas.

Atlas Izintaba umsuka eminyakeni million 300 edlule ngenxa yale ngozi we Eurasia netindishi Afrika. Kamuva, ephakanyiswe ukuphakama eside ngenxa ukunyakaza zomhlaba esenzeka ekupheleni le Paleogene. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka kule ndawo futhi manje.

Atlas yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko Marl, limestone namadwala wentaba-mlilo zasendulo. Insimu unothile metal imikhando, kanye phosphorite namafutha.

Kuyinto entabeni enkulu kunazo zonke e-Afrika uhlelo kuhlanganisa amaningi kakhulu parallel izintaba:

• Atlas okuphezulu.
• Rif.
• Ucingo Atlas.
• Ephakathi Atlas.
• Atlas Saharan.
• Anti-Atlas.

Ubude ingqikithi zokhahlamba - mayelana 2.400 amakhilomitha. Eziphakeme eliphakeme ezitholakala endaweni Morocco (Mount Toubkal, 4165 metres). Isilinganiso ukuphakama amabanga ziyahlukahluka phakathi 2000-2500 amamitha.

zoKhahlamba ezintabeni

Lolu hlelo entabeni eningizimu yezwekazi lase isendaweni indawo lamazwe amathathu - Lesotho, South Africa kanye naseSwazini. Iphuzu esiphezulu Zokhahlamba - Mount Thabana Ntlenyana at 3482 amamitha eliphezulu. kwamiswa Izintaba eminyakeni million 360 edlule, ngenkathi Hercynian. Bafika igama eyesabisa kakhulu ukubukeka kwayo akude futhi zasendle.

Insimu amumethe namaminerali:-platinum, igolide, ithini amalahle. izwe abahlukile futhi eziphilayo zoKhahlamba ezintabeni, lapho kukhona izinhlobo eziningana sekuphenduke umkhuba. Ingxenye esemqoka ye-Massif entabeni (Drakensberg Park) kuyinto UNESCO.

ZoKhahlamba - umngcele nakangaka phakathi Indian Ocean nomcengezi sifinyelela engenhla River Orange. Sinenkosi simise esiyingqayizivele: izihloko zazo flat, yethebula, ahlukaniswe ukuguguleka ngenani.

ezinkangala zaseEthiopia

Relief Afrika ephawulekayo ahlukahlukene. Lapha ungathola okusezingeni eliphezulu izintaba ohlobo ohlanzekile Amathafa inamagquma, emathafeni elikhulu emigodini ejulile. Omunye ethandwa kakhulu izinhlobo zosizo ezwekazini kuyinto ezinkangala zaseEthiopia, ngaphakathi okuyinto zitholakala Ethiopia nje kuphela kodwa futhi 6 kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.

Lena real entabeni uhla an ukuphakama isilinganiso amakhilomitha 2-3 futhi iphuzu esiphezulu at 4.550 amamitha (Mount Ras Dashen). Ngenxa izici ezithile sezwe upland evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ophahleni Afrika". Ngaphezu kwalokho, "uphahla" ngokuvamile unikina, basalelwe seismicity okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Highlands kwamiswa iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-75 nje edlule. Siqukethe schists crystalline kanye gneisses overlain amadwala wentaba-mlilo kwaphezulu. nemithambeka Abaningana impela olunothile esentshonalanga ezinkangala zaseEthiopia, emihosheni ezimangelengele iBlue Nile River.

Ngaphakathi Plateau zikhona izimali ezifakwa ocebile igolide, i-sulphur, i-platinum, nethusi nsimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubuye kube indawo ebalulekile wezolimo. ezinkangala zaseEthiopia kubhekwa lapho kwazalelwa ikhofi, kanye ezinye izinhlobo kakolweni.

intabamlilo Kilimanjaro

Lokhu intabamlilo akuyona kuphela iphuzu esiphezulu ezwekazini (5895 metres), kodwa futhi uhlobo uphawu lonke elase-Afrika. Le ntaba-mlilo itholakala emngceleni lamazwe amabili - eKenya naseTanzania. Nge igama Swahili intaba-mlilo elisho "intaba shining '.

Kilimanjaro kunqoba amaMasai ithafa 900 metres ubude, ngakho zibukeke kubonakala sengathi le ntaba-mlilo kuyinto bethenjiswa inzalo enkulu. Ososayensi musa ukubikezela mlilo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze (ngaphandle kwekhabhoni engaba), nakuba muva kuye kwatholakala ukuthi lava elingamamitha 400 kusukela Kibo wentaba.

Ngokusho yetinsita zendawo, intaba-mlilo kwabheduka cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule. Nakuba bungekho ubufakazi obubhalwe lokhu. Iphuzu esiphezulu Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Peak - ngowokuqala iwine ngo-1889, Hans Meyer. Namuhla wayekwenza ukunqoba okusheshayo of Kilimanjaro. Ngo-2010, yaseSpain Kilian Burgada ukubeka umlando womhlaba ngokuqeda ukugibela esiqongweni sentaba-mlilo e amahora 5 namaminithi 23.

Relief e-Afrika kanye namaminerali

Afrika - izwekazi abanekhono omkhulu kwezomnotho, okuyinto libhekene nenqwaba namaminerali ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumuzo ucishe bushelelezi kancane dissected zensimu kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana.

Afrika ecebile yezinto zemvelo, lapho lingathuthukiswa yokusansimbi futhi petrochemicals. Ngakho, kuleli zwekazi lisiphathele ushushiso ezweni igunya eliphelele zigcine jikelele kwe-phosphate, titanium netshe, chromite, futhi tantalum. Ensimini ka-Afrika futhi babe ezifakwa enkulu manganese, ithusi kanye nokwe-uranium-ore, bauxite, igolide ngisho amadayimane. Ezwekazini, ngisho ihlaba umkhosi okuthiwa "ibhande zethusi" - ibhande ephezulu amaminerali ezingaba, elula esuka Katanga kuya Republic of Congo (DRC). Ngaphezu ithusi langempela nazo misela igolide, ayibe, ithini, i-uranium namafutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona a imithombo ecebile kakhulu amaminerali ezibhekwa nalabo izingxenye ze-Afrika, njengoba Atlas Izintaba, eNyakatho ye-Afrika eNtshonalanga Afrika (Guinea, ingxenye yayo).

Ngakho uke got kangcono izici impumuzo enkulu yezwekazi lase-ezishisayo Earth. Relief Afrika uhlukile futhi ezihlukahlukene, ingatholakala lapha zonke izinhlobo - izintaba, Amathafa futhi Amathafa, ezinkangala, amagquma nezigodi.