Academy of Sciences Library: kuphi? Incazelo, izinkomba

Library of the Academy of Sciences - sikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia, lokuqoqa imisebenzi ezinyathelisiwe. It yasungulwa ngo-1714 ngu- esinqumweni uPetru I. Injongo eyinhloko yale umtapo ukuqaliswa ukufinyelela izincwadi kubo bonke izakhamuzi isimo, sifisa imfundo European. Namuhla, izindonga izikhungo igcinwe izincwadi namaBhayibheli okungaba izigidi ezingamashumi amabili.

isisekelo

Library of the Academy of Sciences itholakala Petersburg, ku Vasilyevsky Island. ikheli wakhe: Exchange Line, 1 (esitimeleni esiteshini esiseduze - "Ezemidlalo"). Kodwa umlando kulesi sikhungo eside. Umtapo nje kokushintsha indawo. Ukwakha manje usesikhundleni lakhiwa ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Ngonyaka isisekelo Isikhwama ine amabhuku angaphezu kwamabili ayizinkulungwane. Umtapo ekuqaleni ise Summer Palace. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emine, abagqugquzeli sasithuthela Kikin Izingxoxo. Lesi sakhiwo, yakhelwe isitayela Baroque, umtapo wamukela izivakashi zayo zokuqala. On Vasilevsky Isiqhingi luhlobo wayiswa forties kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Kodwa ke wawusegunjini isakhiwo esidala. Lesi sakhiwo esisha, okuyinto namuhla iyona kunazo esibanzi ncwadi Isikhwama yezwe, waqala ukwakha e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Umqondisi sokuqala emtatsheni kwakungu uRobert Karlovich Areskin ngubani waqasha njengendlela yezincwadi Ioganna Shumahera. Wayefanele ulandele umthamo wemvula njalo yesikhwama. kamuva Schumacher baba umqondisi. Library of the Academy of Sciences - igama elisemthethweni lesikhungo. Kodwa uma kuziwa endabeni, akwaziwa.

izivakashi kuqala

kwesokudla Priority ukusebenzisa izincwadi Isikhwama kwakungezabamhlophe izifundiswa. Kodwa abanye abantu abafundile wavakashela umtapo. Lokhu isebenza kuze yoma ekuseni. abafundi bokuqala babefana abantu eziphambili kakhulu isimo, okungukuthi nabangane kombusi: Feofan Prokopovich, Athanasius Kondoidi, YV Bruce AI Osterman.

ephrintiwe amabhuku Isikhwama ngaphansi uPetru kwadingeka izincwadi mayelana abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesithupha. Kulesi izincwadi ngesiGreki futhi isiSlavonic Esidala izilimi kungukuthi kunakwe. Izincwadi ezinjalo yezincwadi igcinwe ekamelweni elihlukile. Lapho u-Elizabethe wavulwa ukufinyelela lezi imisebenzi.

Izindaba kuvulwa imitapo Russian zasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Omunye wabantu bokuqala ngakho emibhalweni yakhe okukhulunywa uthisha omkhulu Denis Diderot.

umlilo kuqala

Umtapo edumile emhlabeni wonke ashisiwe kathathu. Umlilo sokuqala senzeke ngo 1747. Ngenxa edlule mayelana nomcimbi, kangako. Ngaleyo minyaka umtapo kwaba ngo Kunstkammer. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umlilo wabhubhisa Gottorp wonke futhi bakha umbhoshongo. Izincwadi ngalezo zinsuku awuzange kangaka agcinwe. Futhi-ke umonakalo kwaba, uma iqhathaniswa nayo imililo okwalandela ezincane.

Library ngekhulu XIX

Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye kwathiwa washayelwa sisekelo, owawuthi Library of the Academy of Sciences Petersburg, uyilungiselelo ucwaningo. Ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa umsebenzi, ayisekho ugcwalisekile. Umthetho-sisekelo isakhiwo iphawulwe ngokusobala kanye. Ngamunye izimali kumele njalo olusha. Ukuze unikeze umtapo nge kwizihumusho ezintsha, ummemezeli ngamunye kwadingeka ukuba athumele izincwadi njalo. Nge uhlelo ngalunye - ikhophi eyodwa. Uma lesi sifo asizange sigcwaliseke, abasebenzi ukuphrinta ikhokhwe inhlawulo.

izakhiwo ezintsha

Phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye njengengxenye isikhungo waqala ukwakha nekumitapolwazi zezemfundo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona incwadi amaqoqo ngalesi iminyuziyamu. Abahleli kanye nabaholi kwakungamadodana ososayensi eziholayo isikhathi: L. L. Fleri, EK Berg I. F. Brandt.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ingobo yomlando Academy of Sciences Library baqala ukuzwa ukuntuleka isikhala. Beka incwadi izimali abasha babeke baba ndawo. Futhi ngokushesha sakha isakhiwo esisha.

Library ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX

Ukuqala leminyaka elidlule kwaphawulwa nokwanda okuphawulekayo abasebenzi. Futhi, inani ukuthenga izincwadi ezintsha e-Treasury, Ngaba mkhulu kakhulu. Nokho, izindleko zokulungisa awazange kwenziwe. Ukushisisa uhlelo wahlala shabby kakhulu. Futhi ngo-1901 kwaba khona umlilo, owabhubhisa ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane imiqulu. Nokho, Lo mcimbi sad, asheshisa inqubo yokwenza isiphakamiso sokwakha isakhiwo esisha, iphrojekthi okungokukaNkulunkulu umakhi RR Marfeld. Kuyinto isakhiwo eyaziwa namuhla emhlabeni wonke futhi uphethe inqwaba yezincwadi ezibalulekile zesayensi.

Ngokwakha Exchange Street

Library of Russian Academy of Sciences kwase ufakwe isakhiwo esisha ngo-1914. Kodwa izenzakalo zomlando baye behlisa kancane ngezimali hambisa ezakhiweni ezintsha. waqala Impi. Isakhiwo esetshenziswa oda Ministry of War njengoba abantu baphume esibhedlela.

Nokho, Library of the Academy of Sciences (Petersburg) lavuselelwa ububanzi negunya okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwesayensi. Yingakho, naphezu isiphithiphithi jikelele nokubhujiswa kuleli zwe, usalokhu wathola isakhiwo esisha futhi usuphinde Igumbi onokwethenjelwa incwadi amaqoqo kanye zomlando.

Ngokuqinisekile izenzakalo zomlando ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa umtapo. Izimali njalo lapho bethola izincwadi uhlamvu wamavukelambuso. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ku eko ekuseni ukuze umtapo wathola yesandla eminingi, ezizimele kanye nezincwadi ezihlukahlukene lasendulo ezisavuliwe, amasonto kanye nezinye izikhungo kwavala. Ngo-1924 lesi sikhwama jikelele zaba amavolumu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu.

Library ngo-1930

Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ekuseni Scientific Library of the Academy of Sciences kwaba ihlelwe kabusha. Isikhwama ukuthi agcwaliswa ngezithukuthuku amagatsha kwamanye amadolobha wengxenye European yezwe. Lesakhiwo futhi umnyango uvele senzelwe sokubuyiselwa kanye nokongiwa imibhalo emidala. Maphakathi nawo-namathathu banesifo esibi we-Academy of Sciences Library siqukethe amayunithi ezilandelayo:

• kwesigaba yokufuna;
• processing unit;
• systematization ahlukaniswe;
• emnyangweni;
• umnyango yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni lwempilo;
• legatsha eMoscow.

Library ngesikhathi livinjezelwe

Library of the Academy of Sciences, ogama izincwadi zesayensi kanye namasiko ifa, olungiselwe ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi ngoJulayi iminyaka engamashumi amane nanye. Kodwa phambi kakhulu ngokushesha esondela Leningrad. ayikwazanga ukuthumela ezingemuva. Ngo-August, eziningi zezincwadi iyiswe phansi emhlabathini, livulwa isihlabathi nomhlaba.

Ngenxa yalokho zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu, eyathatha iminyaka emibili, emagcekeni umtapo bahlupheka kakhulu. Ngenkathi abaseBhabhiloni bevimbezele kweLeningrad ku isikhungo kwaba cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amahlanu abasebenzi. Iningi babo bafa. Ukufunda amakamelo liqhubekile ngesikhathi sempi siye saba. Kodwa wavakashela izakhamuzi zabo, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ngokuvamile kakhulu. Ngokuphelele imisebenzi lesikhungo liye kabusha ngonyaka ngaphambi Victory Omkhulu, uma esiphuthumayo ekugcineni ngakwazi ukubuyela abafundi njalo futhi abasebenzi umtapo.

Fire 1988

Inhlekelele edabukisayo kakhulu emlandweni umtapo senzeka ngo-February 1988. Umlilo phansi amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezincwadi futhi nakomagazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi eziningi baye bahlupheka ngenxa yomlilo wokukucima. Izindlela ezahlukene kanye namasu ziye zasetshenziswa ukuze ome izincwadi. Basuke omisiwe izikhatha zomoya oshisayo, futhi high imvamisa imisinga, futhi cleaner emakamelweni.

Ososayensi baye basisize komuzi. Kwakudingekile ukuthuthukisa izindlela eziphuthumayo ukuze silwe isikhunta. Gwema zokuthelela fungal zokwakheka izimali ephethwe. Nokho, ekugcineni ukutakulwa exhunywe hhayi kuphela abahlali, kodwa futhi umphakathi jikelele. Lwezezimali, impahla yokusebenza kanye namathuluzi usekelo umtapo kanye Academy of Sciences.

izimo umlilo

Umlilo, lapho kusengozini babe ezikhumbuzo ebaluleke kunayo isiko endaweni sokuqala sasiyingxenye yesikhwama iphephandaba. Kwasekusithi kusihlwa nane Februwari. Ngu ekuseni, izicishamlilo wakwazi okwasekhaya umthombo umlilo. Kodwa ngokushesha kwaba khona entsha, kakade kube komunye umkhawulo isakhiwo. Futhi kulesi sikhathi lowo mlilo ezinamandla kakhulu. Ngemva kwehora, lapho kucaca ukuthi umlilo izobanjezelwa isikhathi eside, zonke zokungena kwi-Exchange mgwaqo kade avaliwe. Burning izitezi lesi sakhiwo. Umlilo kwaba sasibonakala ngisho ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli dolobha. Fire welula alikwazanga ngetulu kwemahora lalishumi.

Empeleni lowo mlilo icala lobugebengu. Le nguqulo elikhulu laliwukuthi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi esinye sezisebenzi - uConstantine Butyrkin - kusolakala hhayi acime usikilidi wakhe ngokuphonsa ke kudoti. Umsolwa uphika wecala. Ubufakazi umshushisi wayengekho.

izinguqulo okusha eyavela kamuva. Ngemva kwezinyangana, kungamanyala kwaqubuka cindezela. abasebenzi Library hhayi abebesolwa ngokuba budedengu, kodwa futhi lokwebiwa izincwadi, futhi ngisho wokhelwa othile. Ngiphakathi okufushane engakaze kungase kutholakale. Nokho, bakhetha nokucabanga ukuthi wokhelwa Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuqubuke umlilo cishe kanyekanye ezingxenyeni ezahlukene isakhiwo. Icala ivaliwe yokushoda kobufakazi. Kodwa ngisho nanamuhla umlilo imfihlakalo ekujabulisayo eziningi. Ubufakazi lokhu - eziningana izinhlelo zethelevishini imibhalo ngalolu daba.

History of the isakhiwo

House at Exchange Street, ibhilidi 1, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lakhiwa iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi inguquko. Isibhedlela samasosha wawusegunjini isakhiwo ekuqaleni senzelwe umtapo, sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi. Ngemva kokuthuthela ezakhiweni ezintsha ncwadi Isikhwama lahlukaniswa laba iminyango elandelayo:

• Asian Museum.
• Ihlangano yokuNgeza Slavic Studies.
• Ihlangano yokuNgeza izincwadi, amaphepha kanye namagama.

Kusukela ngo-1960, engaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili kwenziwe ukwakhiwa ezengeziwe.

Namuhla, i-Academy of Sciences Library of the Russian Federation has amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-nesishiyagalolunye. Phakathi kwabo - edishini kokubili ezifuywayo angaphandle. Isikhwama njalo olusha. Umonakalo okudale umlilo ngonyaka 1988 sibonga kancane agcwaliswa ukuba usizo lokusekelwa amanye amazwe izindawo umtapo. Ngo-2007, i-kabusha isakhiwo kusukela emalini kahulumeni izimali zanikezelwa.

Umqondisi BAN

abaholi ahlonishwayo umtapo babe I. D. Shumaher, II Yakovkin, GA Chebotarev. Okwamanje, umqondisi-Academy of Sciences Library - Leonov Valeriy Pavlovich. Lo muntu wabahola BAN 1988.

Leonov umqondo omusha umtapo kwahlongozwa. Scientific umqondisi imisebenzi BAN ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela nobuholi sikhungo, kodwa futhi ne ukulungiswa izisebenzi ngokwesayensi. Kusukela ngo-2002, Leonov uyiSisebenzi ahlonishwe of Culture of Russia. imisebenzi yayo zokuphatha nocwaningo wathola ukuhlolwa ezanele hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi phesheya.