Abasesigabeni esiphakathi - kungcono ... Izendlalelo umphakathi. Abasesigabeni esiphakathi eRussia futhi Europe

Omunye izici eziyinhloko isigaba isigaba sezenhlalo kuyinto ngokuqaphela kwakhe ngokwakhe ngokuthi "umuzwa kutati, ilungu nobuntu isigaba esithile social" (Abercrombie, N., et al. Lwezenhlalo Dictionary, 1997). Kulesi isigaba sezenhlalo kuyindlela eside, ngokuphambene, isib, umthengi ungqimba. Kuvele ngokucacile ebalulekile umqondo ukuze uthumele izimpahla isigaba somphakathi sitholwa njengefa.

cwaningo INGEMUVA

Njengoba A.Ş. waphawula Zhvitiashvili ( "Ukuhunyushwa welithi" ikilasi "e wesimanje kwabantu Western", 2005), ukunakekela inkinga amakilasi isayensi kanye nobudlelwane ekilasini kwakubangelwa izici ezimbili:

• ukuqashelwa yemvelo elinganiselwe kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ezifanayo emibhalweni noKarla Marksa;
• ukunakwa esisebenzayo izinqubo uguqulwa isimo Russian kanye amazwe athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu.

Kulokhu, umbuzo nokufaneleka gqamisa emphakathini wethu, isigaba middle class elisavulekele kube yilolu suku, kokubili ezifuywayo nayiwo yangaphandle theory lwezenhlalo.

Inkinga yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo umqondo "isigaba sezenhlalo" e kwabantu Western

isayensi Western emphakathini kuhlanganisa Amathrendi eziningana incazelo nomqondo ekilasini. Okokuqala, lena Ukuhamba kusuka umbandela evelele kwezomnotho e ukuhlaziywa ekilasini-inqubo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sinyathelo eyenza lolo vivinyo lube umqondo ethé xaxa. Ngakolunye - izici babhekane nezinga elikhulu ngokombono social iba ngaphansi ezithile: umngcele phakathi nomqondo ekilasini futhi stratum iba uhlamvu kancane akachazeki.

Izimpawu middle class

Ngokombono Economist West German kanye sikahulumeni, umsunguli we uhlelo lesimanje umnotho eJalimane, Lyudviga Erharda, abasesigabeni esiphakathi - abantu livelele izici ezilandelayo qualitative:

• ukuzethemba;
• Ngokusho ezimele;
• isibindi ukubeka khona ezabo ukuncika ukusebenza lomsebenzi wabo;
• nesimo esithule kwezenhlalo;
• ukuzimela;
• isifiso ukuyibhala zomphakathi khulula nezwe.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, u-Edgar Savisaar, lo owayengundunankulu lokuqala njengondunankulu Estonia, uqokomisa lezi zimfanelo zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba, njenge:

• isimo kwezenhlalo ozinzile futhi isiqiniseko;
• kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila, umsebenzi kwezemfundo noqeqesho;
• sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe okusezingeni eliphezulu emakethe yezabasebenzi;
• imininingwane ecacile mayelana nemicimbi emphakathini;
• zokungabaza zezombusazwe;
• ukuzimela elanele ukuhlaziya ulwazi;
• ezingeni lelisetulu self-kahle emphakatsini;
• Umsebenzi umthelela zomphakathi ezibalulekile izinqubo;
• ezingeni lelisetulu umthwalo zomphakathi;
• ukuma, ngaphezu yena nomkhaya wakhe, ukuba nomphakathi wonkana.

Ngakho, kuzo zombili ngeengaba kuyinto ukugcizelelwa okungaka ohlangothini kwezomnotho bokuba khona ongaswele, kodwa kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Abasesigabeni esiphakathi futhi isigaba ochwepheshe

Ukuqhathanisa sebuningini izici maphakathi no-range ekhishwe Erhard, izici osebenzisa sezokuhlalisana kwabantu American Talcott Parsons, belinganisa umqondo professional ungaphawula ngengozi ethile. Umbono parsonsovsky babo bomsebenzi kuba umsekeli amagugu ovulekile-yeningi, kuhlanganise - okulindelekile emsebenzini wethu futhi inkonzo ongenabugovu kumakhasimende abo. Ukuba khona efaneleyo, ngokuvumelana Parsons futhi Storer, angenela khona ukuba isitoreji, ukudluliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi ezikhethekile kanye ukuzimela okusezingeni eliphezulu emkhakheni edonsa amalungu amasha umphakathi professional, ukuvikelwa imvelo, ubuqotho kanye nabanye.

Ngakho, umqondo zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba nezobuchwepheshe kuhlotshaniswe eduze izifundo eziningi lwezenhlalo.

Ukwehlukanisa we "ubudala" futhi ikilasi "entsha" phakathi

Okwakushiwo umqondo zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba has a ngokucacile ashukumisayo, khomba ngqo izici zenhlalakahle kanye nezomnotho emphakathini kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Ngakho, incazelo yesimanje zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba ke iyisici qualitatively entsha kwezenhlalo.

Ngokombono we-American sezokuhlalisana kwabantu C. Wright Mills, ngokungafani kuya, "ubudala" ikilasi "entsha" phakathi ikakhulu lalinabashumayeli osomabhizinisi abancane abenza inzuzo impahla babo abakhona. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, abasesigabeni esiphakathi American kwaba onxiwankulu yasemakhaya futhi izwe lalo ngesikhathi esifanayo wabakhumbuza indlela zokukhiqiza, indlela nomholo, kanye into utshalomali. Ngakho, lapho uhlala usomabhizinisi ozimele, imingcele self-setha ngumnikazi imisebenzi okhokhelwayo. Labour and impahla abasesigabeni esiphakathi American babengamathe nolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezenhlalo kwalesi sigaba yezakhamuzi futhi encike ngqo kwi isimo ngokutholakala nempahla yabo.

Ngenxa yalokho, "ubudala" middle class kwadingeka nsuku nokuphathelene, kanye ukurhunyezwa ecacile. Futhi abawumele besihambisana nesiminyaminya ekubusweni kokubili umphakathi eliphezulu futhi isimo.

Imisebenzi ye-middle class emphakathini

Ngakho-ke, isikhundla zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba maphakathi uhlelo kwezenhlalo inikeza ukuzinza isihlobo nokuzinza yayo. Ngakho, abasesigabeni esiphakathi - uhlobo nomlamuleli phakathi izigxobo okwedlulele isakhiwo babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini. Ngakho for elikhulu ngumlamuli imisebenzi kuyadingeka ukuba naye lo umphakathi ungqimba has amandla anele.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba zezenhlalo eziningi ezifuywayo, ubuso omkhulu ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi isimame futhi umthombo esimisweni sezenhlalo, okuyinto igxile esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kulungiselela engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma abasesigabeni esiphakathi zivumelana izici ezithile wezomnotho kwezombangazwe: ezigcina umthetho, izenzo yingxenye yokuqwashisa kanye nokuqoqa ikhono ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo, ukuzimela kwemibono nabanye.

Isiko Western

Ekuqaleni, kuleli umcabango ngokwesayensi entshonalanga abasesigabeni esiphakathi kwahlonzwa nabantu uquqaba jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, nomqondo Ortega y Gasset kuba ingakuvumeli ukucabangela nokuqhwandela ongaswele emkhakheni elwati nemakhono. Ngo Hegel, lapho ebonakala njengoba mass ungenalutho - ngaphandle imigomo ethile nemibono.

Phakathi izindlela basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle ukuba phakathi isigaba ikilasi emphakathini kunomehluko obalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, abasesigabeni esiphakathi eYurophu, ngokoMthetho sezokuhlalisana kwabantu French Pierre Bourdieu, ngaphezu inhloko-dolobha echumayo zabiwa njengemali alawula theory kaMarx, kufanele esekelwe yekwakha sive, ezamasiko kanye ongokomfanekiso. Enye indlela dolobha ufanekisela ukucabanga zezombusazwe Bourdieu sika. Ilungelo kobunikazi zase zihleliwe documentary, uma kuziwa endabeni ubunikazi kwezomnotho. Endabeni ingxenye yamasiko lalibhekwa ubufakazi diploma noma isihloko academic. Ubunikazi yezenhlalakahle ukuqinisekisile a isihloko yezikhulu. Ngakho kwamiswa incazelo ephelele umphakathi ongaswele lutho.

Futhi inothi kungenye iphuzu elibalulekile. Esikhathini isiko esentshonalanga kwezakhi phakathi umphakathi uyazi yokuthi yangasese akuyona nje into ukwabiwa, futhi futhi ephelezelwa isidingo ukugcwalisa eziningi imisebenzi yomphakathi. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke kube untouchable, asele evulekile abahlukumeza abanye.

Ingxoxo yenkinga zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba emphakathini Russian

Abasesigabeni esiphakathi eRussia wodwana-mpikiswano yesayensi ngemcondvo lwezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye zezenhlalo Western ukuphika ukuthi ukhona ukuba khona lesi sendlalelo umphakathi esikhathini ukusebenza ngokuphelele iSoviet Union ngesikhathi Ukuqeda ohlelweni post-Soviet (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Kusukela umbono H. Baltsera ngesiRashiya zenhlalo-babhekane nezinga elikhulu isakhiwo kukhona khona ungqimba oluphakathi nendawo, kodwa kuhluke ukuqonda zasendulo welithi "middle class" emphakathini.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Russian sezokuhlalisana kwabantu AG Levinson, ubhala ukuthi lo mbuzo bokuba khona zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba eRussia njengoba into empirically aqinisekiswe ayikanye abalulekile. Kulesi simo igama inikezwe eqenjini elithile labantu, noma mayelana nokuchazwa ezinye imiphumela kuphela. Umbuzo we khona middle class eRussia kufanele unqume hhayi imvelo lapho uqhuba isicelo noma eziyisisekelo umphakathi nocwaningo futhi phakathi nezikhungo zomphakathi kanye zomphakathi, njengesibonelo - kohlaka umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kwaphawula u-umbhali, ngoba abacwaningi abaningi, kufakwe ingxoxo mayelana nokuba khona / ukungabikho zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba emphakathini isiRashiya, kungcono ukuba kwamangqamuzana kwemiqondo efana "nezihlakaniphi", "Uchwepheshe", "abaphathi" nabanye.

Izici zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba e nesakhiwo somphakathi wanamuhla Russian

ukuqonda Classical kuhilela ukugxilisa hhayi kuphela abanikazi impahla osayizi abathile, kodwa futhi ku abathwali eziyisisekelo amagugu omphakathi -. Umsebenzi Socio-zezombusazwe, ekulweni zokukhwabanisa kwezenhlalo, unesithunzi futhi ukuzimela, njll Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isimo Russian e 90 zokuqala. Abashisekeli bezinguquko kubhekwe ubuhlobo impahla emphakathini kuphela kuthabathela ecaleni kwezomnotho.

Ngisho nanamuhla zikhona izinsalela bezibona ukuthi "zemiphakathi Insika 'kufaka phakathi noma yimaphi"' mfowethu ' "Solntsevo noma Tambov mafia" (Simonian AD "middle class:? Utalagu yezenhlalakahle noma ngokoqobo", 2009) - isibonelo, ngesisekelo khona imishini emibili umndeni kanye nabanye.

Kule ndaba, imfundiso yasekhaya lwezenhlalo kukhona zango ezithile, lapho impilo esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo eRussia kuhlanganisa ibhizinisi ngokuyinhloko yangasese, hhayi onjiniyela, odokotela noma othisha. Isizathu sale "ukungalingani" Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abameleli amabhizinisi angasese abe imali eliphakeme kakhulu ochwepheshe esesikhulume ngazo.

Abacwaningi abaningi, siphawula khona umphakathi Russian isilinganiso umthengi ungqimba, bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho yayo ibe ekilasini agcwele kuyadingeka ukudala lezimo eziningana:

• ukuguqulwa isakhi umnotho;
• kumiswa isikhundla esithile ngemibono;
• izinguquko Psychology umphakathi;
• wokubuyekeza zokuziphatha t. d.

Kunoma ikuphi, inqubo ukwakha isigaba egcwele phakathi emphakathini Russian kudinga isikhathi ngokwanele eside.

esidlule Criminal nesamanje zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba eRussia

division lwasekuqaleni ku imikhakha yomphakathi ngokuya ngemibandela kwezomnotho njengoba ukuqonda angahleliwe theory kaMarx waba ukulungisiswa ezithile. Abamele labantu acebe ngokwezimali futhi super-ocebile emphakathini Russian, kunezindlela eziningi. Kodwa, nawu umbuzo esiphakeme usomabhizinisi olusemthethweni noma avelele namukela umvuzo kanjani, singasho sithi esigabeni lwabantu kusuka isikhundla ukubaluleka esiqinile zezenhlalo nezombusazwe izwi. Eyeka kakhulu yokuthi awayona khulula. Akukhona izakhamuzi eziningi kangaka, njengoba ahlanganiswe amandla ababehamba (Simonian, 2009).

simiso azimele eRussia nabo aba nethonya layo ongemuhle ngokucacile kwetinhlavu welithi "middle class yezenhlalakahle." kwekulu isimo esibhekene phezu ukwabiwa komnotho jikelele phakathi abamele ngazinye izinkampane lwenziwe esikhundleni umcebo okuthiwa zabantu. Lesi simo kwasicinisa elonakele izakhiwo isimo. Ngenxa yalokho, umnikazi dolobha yesimanje okungenani iyahlangabezana nezidingo of ummeleli zakudala eqembu, uma impilo esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kusekela, njengoba SA Dzarasov ngokuyinhloko lobugebengu, akulona uhlobo okunengqondo ukwazi.

Inkinga iba yokuthi kulesi sigaba sabantu uyakwazi ukuyokudla zabanye abantu okuhle futhi ngenkathi hhayi ngempela ukwazi ukudala. Hhayi ukuthi kwaba icala unawareness lezi zinyathelo. Ephakathi abantu ekilasini kulesi sigaba nge ukuqonda ngokugcwele impahla illicitly atholwe zihlobene ke - hhayi njengomuntu okufanele ezinhle, kodwa njengoba ukukhiqizwa efiselekayo namalungelo siqu.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngesilwane esifuywayo yesimanje Russian alamukeli imisebenzi yomphakathi isakhiwo inikezwe. Nqaba, futhi lo mqondo kuzuze wonke umuntu, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ithatha indlela umphakathi Western zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba. Ngakho-ke, iningi labantu Russian enqaba ngayo ukuqaphela imiphumela azimele asekuqaleni 90-yalolucwaningo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukugcina bangasephula impahla, kubalulekile ukuba abe umlingisi esisemthethweni. Kuphela ngaphansi kwalesi simo yangasese kuba isisekelo somnotho womphakathi agcwele civil.

Ngakho, eyimfanelo lobugebengu emphakathini nokuba kunomthelela hhayi kuphela ekwakhekeni abasesigabeni esiphakathi, kodwa futhi kuholela ukusonteka leli qiniso, lapho kusekelwe emigomweni isigaba sezenhlalo.