Ingxabano - ulwazi ubunjalo umkhakha: theory, isicelo kanye theory kanye nama-ongabhekisela kuzo?

Abanye ososayensi bathi ukuphathwa ukungqubuzana efanele cishe njalo legatsha bolwazi lwabantu. Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi at kwalapho wesayensi ahlukahlukene, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke-ke izibambo izindlela kanye nentuthuko wefilosofi, kwengqondo kwabantu. Lokhu isayensi manje liba ezizimele ngaphezulu, kodwa yena wazalwa ngo ekujuleni lezi eyala. Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi (bemvelo, azimisele ekupheleni isihloko), eyasungulwa ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo eyala amaningi - isicelo, theory kanye nama-theory kanye nama-isicelo.

izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze ukungqubuzana

Okokuqala sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini ukutadisha ukuphathwa ingxabano, iziphi izindlela ezahlukene isihloko lokhu isayensi. Lezi ukubukwa kukhona ngenxa nemibono engafani ezindabeni ubunjalo indoda. Ngokwesibonelo, Hobbes babekholelwa ukuthi ngokwemvelo esimweni ubutha umphakathi, ukuyiphi ibinzana "emzabalazweni zonke ngokumelene zonke." izithakazelo ngabanye njalo sibhekene izithakazelo umphakathi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu yokwaba ingcebo ngenye indlela abantu ubulungiswa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isazi yamaGreki asendulo-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi umphakathi kufanele zize phezu izithakazelo lomuntu. Phela, umuntu kuyinto ebalulekile okuyingxenye futhi cishe iyodwa ezimweni eziningi esasizobhujiswa perdition.

Ingxabano kanye Western Umphakathi

Umuntu uye wafuna njalo izindlela ukuxazulula ngempumelelo izingxabano. Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi, nesuka Sidinga ukugcina ukuthula phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene nezinhlanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi bephilile. Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye eYurophu kakhulu eqinile-ukusabalala imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marxism. Umsuka walo eziyisisekelo ziyancipha yombuzo zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kwama-class ehlukene kwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, kusukela kuleso sikhathi, impucuko European ifunda kalula isinqumo izingxabano futhi izithakazelo amaqembu ahlukahlukene. Isici esiyinhloko Inqubomgomo European yikhono ukuyekethisa.

Erazm Rotterdamsky kufanele waphawula: "Impi lumnandi kulabo abazi." Ngakho-ke Ingxabano iba ebaluleke nakakhulu namuhla.

Ingxabano eRussia

Isimiso esikhulu lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukwakha lapho sixazulula izingxabano emlandweni isiRashiya, kwaba isimiso catholicity. Umuntu njalo ingxenye yonke, futhi Ukwehluka zezihlubuki futhi kumele ukulahlwa okukhulu.

The Revolution-1917 waletha sengqondo entsha ukuze ingxabano: ke kuyakhuthazwa ukulwela izithakazelo zabo, ukubuyiselwa ubulungiswa. Ezikhathini sezenhlalo, indoda, kunalokho, ngezinga okuncane kakhulu kwadingeka ilungelo lokuvota - wayengumuntu yesimiso emikhulu ukuzizuzisa wakhe siqu kanye nomsebenzi.

Uma sikhuluma sengqondo Russian iyonke, kuhlanganise ukubukwa emphakathini wanamuhla, it libhekene izimiso sokukhathalela nokuzidela, ukunganakwa nezinzuzo zazo siqu esivuna emphakathini. Izici eziyinhloko the ukwazi kazwelonke maqondana ukungqubuzana kuthule nokuphika. Lokhu, ngokusho ososayensi, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izindlela Western esebenza umehluko kakhulu kabi ngazivumelanisa nendlela emphakathini Russian.

Umehluko futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela uPawulu McLean

Ingxabano njengoba igatsha ulwazi lwesayensi ihlanganisa enjalo ebonakala kude indawo yakhe bolwazi lwabantu, nokwakheka futhi izitho zomzimba. sihlobana kanjani lezi eyala?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo udinga cabanga ngalokho okwenzekayo ngesikhathi kushayisana ezingeni izinqubo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kanye ukucabangela isakhiwo lakamuva. Njengoba wazi, omunye ubuchopho bomuntu sihluke ubuchopho kwezilwane ebukhoneni neocortex - cortex cerebral. Le ngxenye unesibopho izinqubo of ukucabanga okunengqondo, bezibona ezanele engokoqobo, efinyelela iziphetho kweqiniso. Neocortex, noma amagxolo entsha, unesibopho ukuziqaphela, bezibona ezibucayi, ukuhlaziya isimo.

Imfundiso ye-nentambo emicu mithathu lakhiwe futhi kungase kutholakale yi-nososayensi waseMelika uPawulu MacLean. It is kuhlobane ngokuqondile izinqubo, okuyinto uhlola Ingxabano.

Inkulumo eyalandela enesihloko esithi ubuchopho sezinzwa noma ngokomzwelo. Le ngxenye isivele amadala futhi enesibopho esengeziwe isimo sezenhlalo imizwa. Ubuchopho sezinzwa ekhona ezincelisayo nezinyoni.

Futhi ekugcineni, ngesikhathi umsebenzi ingxabano eba izingxenye ezingaphezu asendulo okuthiwa ezihuquzelayo ingqondo. Leli umnyango e ingane kuze kube iminyaka emithathu, futhi uthi - njengoba leli gama lisikisela - imisebenzi bakudala kakhulu. Nakubukwa jikelele kakhulu kangakanani ukuphishekela injabulo futhi kugwenywe ubuhlungu. Lolu hlelo kule omdala for ukwaneliseka indlala, ukuthola umlingani wezocansi, ukuhlasela noma indiza ukuphendula.

Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuziphatha komuntu buvezwa ukuthi ingxenye iyasebenza ngesikhathi esithile. Ukuba kungqubuzana, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi leli kuhilela ezingxenyeni eziningi zasendulo zobuchopho. Nale ncazelo, elihlobene ne izincomo eziningi ngokuziphatha esimweni ukungqubuzana - udinga ukugxila izibalo, ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo ngalesi simo, ukucabanga izinkinga okunengqondo. Lokhu kokushintsha ukunakwa kusiza ukuqondisa kabusha yilokho esigxila kukho lapho excitation endaweni "humanized" zone.

Incazelo into kokungqubuzana

Kuyinto iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu isinqumo kwanoma iyiphi ukungavumelani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba nzima kakhulu. Into we izingxabano ngokuvamile zigutshuzelwe uhlangothi noma kokubili. Wabuye ngezinye izikhathi indawo ngenxa yokuphishekela imigomo yabo futhi manipulations. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni eziningi, into zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kosopolitiki amandla. Nokho, lokhu motif ngokuvamile kuphenduke ngenye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulwa kungathatha indawo ezicashe yokukhathalela labantu. Ngakho izaba emihle imaski izisusa ezijulile.

Ingxabano njengoba kungaba njalo egatsheni ngokwengqondo ulwazi yakhelwe ukuhlukanisa izisusa umehluko phakathi kwabantu kweqiniso.

Into we izingxabano kufanele zihlukaniswa ukusuka kokuthathwayo. Lesi sakamuva libizwa kuwukuziphikisa ukuthi odlulela amaqembu ukuba impi ukungena lwendaba.

Isakhiwo ukungqubuzana

Akungabazeki ukuthi ngokwezinga elithile ukungqubuzana ukuphathwa - igatsha ulwazi ngesimo theory, ngoba engakwazi ukuthembela kuzo izindlela futhi ipumelelo sciences theory. Abstracting kusukela esimweni esithile, lo mseshi lehlukanisa lezo zakhi obuvamile ezilwayo. Ososayensi ngesisekelo the Abstraction labelwe eziningana umehluko izigaba isimo.

1. Oku-ukungqubuzana esiteji. Libhekene ukwanda ukungezwani phakathi okwamanje kokuba emaceleni aphikisanayo. Izizathu ekuqaleni kwalesi isigaba umthetho wangempela izithakazelo party eyodwa noma bezibona osontekile ukuziphatha, noma ukwaziswa okungamanga ngoFakazi ukuziphatha omunye nabaphikisi.
2. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona yokukhuphuka. Lena esigabeni kuyingozi kakhulu, ngoba inqubo ngxabano kuzokhulisa kuphela, ngaleyo ndlela sibe sibi nakakhulu ingxabano. Kulesi sigaba, udinga ukusebenzisa ulwazi ukuthi ayatholakala ku arsenal of nengxabano, futhi ukuvimbela nokwandisa ingxabano.
3. Isinyathelo isixazululo. Ukufinyelela kulesi sigaba livela lapho amaqembu aqonde ukuthi kumelwe uqaphele ukuthi lesi simo siyaphuthuma ngoba ngalokho okuyikho ngempela wena. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele ulwazi oluyiqiniso, ukuqonda ukuthi impumelelo intengo kungaba prohibitively ephakeme kunaleyo ukulahlekelwa.
4. Izingxoxo. Kulesi sigaba, umehluko kuyaqedwa ekugcineni. Kuphenywa izixazululo kungenzeka izinkinga ezisele, amaphepha ayedingeka ngemvume, sesenze izivumelwano ezithile.

Njengoba sekushiwo, ingxenye ezwela kakhulu kunazo zonke ye-ukungqubuzana isigaba yokukhuphuka. It izingxabano ungaya e lwesigameko ehluke ngokuphelele.

Ingxabano NoMthetho

Ngesikhathi kuhlangana wesayensi ezimbili - Ingxabano kanye nesayensi - kumiswa elinye igatsha eyimfihlo isayensi mayelana nomehluko: Ingxabano Law. Lokhu legatsha lolwazi study izindlela zokunqanda izingxabano ezenzeka ukushayisana zezikhonzi zomthetho. It yakhelwe ukukhomba isici kulesi sigaba sama-imithetho ukungavumelani.

Ingxabano Legal - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi uhlamvu kokubili ngokwengqondo futhi esemthethweni. Lokhu webumbacambili kubangelwa ebalulekile kokubili eyala. nobukhulu bayo ubonisa ubunjalo umthetho. Isebenza futhi ulwazi lwezenhlalo nengqondo futhi esikhathini esiningi kuba isiyalo isicelo.

Izinhlobo izingxabano kwengqondo

Ngu uhlobo, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukungqubuzana: intrapersonal, ekuchumana, phakathi ngabanye kanye neqembu, phakathi kwamaqembu, kanye izingxabano ngamazwe.

ukungqubuzana Intrapersonal - lokhu umehluko phakathi izakhi ezihlukahlukene Sakhiwo sangekhatsi indoda. Uthwala ngaphakathi kuye kokubili izisusa uhlamvu ezahlukene, okuyinto kungqubuzane. izingxabano ezinjalo imbangela uthi Neurotic.

izingxabano okusebenzisana singenzeka for yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. ukugeleza yabo incike izici ezingokwengqondo abantu bengena ukungavumelani degree of ukuhambisana.

Le mpi ephakathi kwala ngabanye kanye neqembu kungenxa lokungafani phakathi ukubukwa eqembu kanye ngabanye. Kungaba kokubili abhubhisayo futhi zokudala.

Intergroup izingxabano futhi eziyizici umlingisi onhlobonhlobo. Lolu hlobo ukungqubuzana kuhlukile isikali yayo. Abakwazi zenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene: ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo.

izingxabano International khona phakathi uthi noma amaqembu amazwe.

Futhi kuyahlukahluka conflictologists ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili kwenzinye izingxabano. Lezi nezigatshana ezimbili ababonakali ngezikhundla kuye ngezidingo salowo nabahlukumezekile noma zombili izinhlangothi: ukungqubuzana kwezinzuzo izingxabano yobuchopho. Laba ezihlobene umehluko imibono, uveza umbono ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene. Ukungqubuzana kwemisebenzi babe yinto ehlukile. Basuke ehlangene kokunikezwa kwe-izidingo ngokushesha.

Izindlela wokuxazululwa

Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi theory, ngakolunye uhlangothi; kodwa ngakolunye - kuhloswe ukuxazulula imibuzo enengqondo kakhulu. Futhi injongo yayo eyinhloko, Yiqiniso, nokuqedwa izingxabano futhi ukuthula. Sekukonke zikhona izindlela eziningana ezinjalo.

1. Ukuhlehla. It libhekene bobabili bavume icala amaqembu.
2. Ukugwema izinkinga. Kulokhu omunye amaqembu ukuba impi iqala ukushaya indiva ingxabano futhi uyenqaba bona izithakazelo zabo. Le ndlela, kunalokho, ngeke ukhulume leli zwi lesinqumo, kanye abatement we ukungavumelani isimo.
3. Concessions nganxanye. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye timeserving yokuxazulula, kodwa ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu akunakugwenywa, kodwa kunenzuzo.
4. Ukuzibandakanya besithathu. Abantu noma amaqembu zenhlalo ukuthi awunasithakazelo endabeni ukungavumelani, ekusizeni ukuxazulula lesi simo ingxabano. ngokuvamile kuba ikhambi kuphela.
5. Cooperation. Indlela ezikhiqiza kakhulu. It libhekene yikhono lokubona ukuthi izithakazelo ngaphesheya ukusiza abaphikisi wenze izinto zenzeke. Kuthatha indawo nsuku okuhambisanayo.

izindlela Ukhombe yokulungisa ingxabano, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungase kufakwe i-izinhlobo eziningi ezingqubuzana, okungukuthi, kukhona theory. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ludvweshu kuhloswe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile bomhlaba wangempela. Ngakho-ke, abanye bangase bathi njengoba Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi isicelo. Kodwa, kubonakala sengathi, lokhu kuphela incazelo olungaphelele ke.

Ukuphoqa kokubili ukungqubuzana umphumela

Le ndlela kuyisiqalo esibi kunazo zonke, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya inkambo yayo akunakwa ngokuphelele izithakazelo amaqembu. Lolu hlobo nengxabano - nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukuqamba indlela yokuphuma - ngokuvamile ehambisana nemshado. Omunye uzakwethu bangase bacabange ukuthi sinelungelo ukuphoqa abanye ukuba enze noma isiphi isenzo uwedwa - ngokwesibonelo, behlanza izingubo esigcwele kwakuzodingeka sokuzilibazisa. Yiqiniso, ezinye womshado angase uyavuma ukwenza lolu oda, kodwa ngaphakathi kuye uyozizwa ekuthotshisweni ukhiqiza kuphela uchungechunge izimpendulo, futhi ufisa nokuphindisela imbala.

indlela sibhekwe nayo evame ukusetshenziswa ubudlelwane phakathi abaphathi nalabo abangaphansi. Ngeshwa, abaphathi abaningi abaqapheli imikhawulo kwamandla abo noma izisusa zabo ngempela musa uqondane ukubaluleka elikhiqizayo izinkampani ezithile. Ngokungenangqondo yobandlululo izithakazelo umsebenzi, inhloko ngeke uthole lutho kodwa njalo umsebenzi inzuzo, umsebenzi kahle babulawa noma ukuketula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, la magama alandelayo, esebenza impoqo, ubuhlobo phakathi komzali nengane. Futhi lapha, njengoba sibonile ezibonelweni langaphambilini, ukunqunywa njalo ngentando yakhe umzali kobushiqela ngeke sifinyelele nanoma yimiphi imiphumela emihle. Uyoletha up umuntu nge eziningi izakhiwo ngokwengqondo kuka raspishetsya e yokungafaneleki yabo njengomzali futhi omdala ngaso sonke. Noma - ngesikhathi esiseduze noma esikude kakhulu - eyobhekana yokuthi ingane iqala ukuba isiphithiphithi.

Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi, ukuqonda theory kanye ngokoqobo kolwazi wathola. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa izindlela lokuxazulula izingxabano, conflictology yakhelwe, nganoma isiphi endaweni ethile - ezisukela kwamaZwe, siphetfo umndeni.

Izenzo okushayisanayo

Esikhathini ukungqubuzana ezimbili zama-izenzo. Bathi ume ngokuhluka kwami ngenxa yobuhlobo bawo banikelwe okuphokophelwe ngayinye amaqembu. Lezi yizinyathelo eziyisisekelo nokusekela. Main ngqo okuhloswe ngazo ukuthola umphumela oyifunayo. Ukusekela izenzo - leyo ngaphezu Uhlobo lokuqala, isibonelo, isiphazamiso lesitha, ukuheha umbimbi.

Zonke izenzo ukuthi kukhona uhlobo nolaka noma abe nodlame, abizwa ngokuthi ingxabano.

Ngakho, kumelwe ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi: Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi imvelo? Ingabe theory ngokuphelele, noma ngabe kuphathelene kuphela izingxabano yangasese?

Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi locwaningo theory noma isicelo?

Kulula kakhulu ukuthola isixazululo kule nezinye. Zezibalo ukufunda izinombolo abstract. Into cwaningo physics noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali futhi izenzakalo bomhlaba wangempela. Kodwa uma kuziwa nengxabano, umcwaningi kunzima kakhulu ngisho ukuqinisekisa isimo sayo njengomholi usosayensi othile. Nokho, kusukela ukuthi lokhu isayensi akusiyo okungenani (noma mhlawumbe ngaphezulu) ezibalulekile kunamanye amagatsha ulwazi lwesayensi. Phela, ngubani nje lowatiko kutsi esintwini uzokwazi ukusizakala inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe ngengqondo, isicelo futhi ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokugwema izingxabano?

Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha (bemvelo - isicelo noma theory, kusobala kusukela isiqondiso yocwaningo), okuyinto has kwaqala nefilosofi kanye psychology. Iyayijabulela apharathasi methodological Imininingwane Sciences. Ingxabano - kuyinto igatsha ulwazi uhlamvu theory kanye isicelo. It ihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile, ikhambi izinkinga komphakathi kanye esisebenzayo ezihlobene kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nomthetho.