Abantu bomuzi - injini yohwebo amadolobha medieval

Abantu bomuzi - leli gama zase zihleliwe emlandweni isigaba esithile sabantu, lapho umshado kwezohwebo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Abathengisi nabakhandi, wayephila esikhathini likaPondo, eduze inqaba, noma Kremlin, lapho babhaliswa khona 'watshala' ukuthi kuxazululwe sezikhulu boyars. Lezi bendawo ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile empilweni wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho nezombusazwe principalities Russian. Ngempela bendawo - kuba abalimi ababesezweni abantu bendawo yabo ngobuningi abafuna ukuphila okungcono futhi bashiye amakhaya abo, nakuba babebadala mathupha mahhala, kodwa abuke izinduna. Ezinkathini ezithile bendawo abangu ngisho izimbangi yamakhosi, ukusunduza emakethe ngendlela nokunonophala. Ngesikhathi sodlame nokuvukela bendawo atheleka amayadi angu boyars abacebile abathengisi, njengoba labo ukuba ziqhathaniswa nezimbangi zazo oqondile, babe mpi ngokungafanele ngokuthi abambe isiphetho egcekeni isikhala futhi iguqulwe ibe yizigqila izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni, okuyinto kakhulu kwehlisa badume futhi izinga lempilo.

Izakhamuzi ezindaweni bendawo babenesithakazelo nokuthula, njengoba kuvunyelwe ukuba uchume okuhweba nezentengiselwano kanye izimali anda bendawo ngokwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bakuleli dolobha - kungcono imali, izindleko okungavamile, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ahlukahlukene, kukho konke lokhu ewazalela isevisi ngqo futhi wasiza uhlele kahle edolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Abantu bomuzi zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana: labo babe abanikazi ocebile egcekeni yangasese kanye workshop esikhulu, ababazi ngubani united gang noma abezempi ukuze imisebenzi yabo. Babehlala kaningi phakathi emgwaqweni efanayo. Ekugcineni, abantu bakuleli dolobha elite - a abathengisi, kuye ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yabo, ihlukaniswe zezentengiselwano noma izinkampane. abathengisi Rich nabakhandi ukuphatha yonke inqubo ithatha indawo emphakathini Posad. Babefuna shift omningi walo amacala nentela engxenyeni empofu kakhulu yenhloko umphakathi - Posad abampofu, izingcweti amancane abahwebi, okuyinto kwakuvame nokubhebhetheka ubudlova nhlangothi zombili, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi izibhelu ethandwa

Abantu bomuzi wahlala okubizwa ngokuthi isiphetho omnyama nomhlophe. Nokho, Izakhamuzi lezi zindawo babengenalo umehluko oyisisekelo, abakhileyo nemizana ezimhlophe babe inzuzo eyodwa ebalulekile: komnikazi ezimhlophe kwakungekaNkulunkulu izinduna, ngakho izintela abakhileyo kulezi zindawo wathwalwa kuphela umusa phezu kwempi, ngesikhathi izakhamuzi lamalokishi nabansundu kwakudingeka akhokhe intela isimo. isiphetho White inkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuphila kwabantu umuzi wabantu, bona, njengoba izimbangi zabo, abangu ivikelwe ngamakhosi abo amakhosi asendulo, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, bebelokhu benesithakazelo kuzo ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo. Ukuze bathi abantu bakuleli dolobha - a amakhosi asendulo, ngokuyisisekelo abuqinisile. Izinduna lapho sibhekene, izikhulu kanye zesonto babe abanikazi belopomestnyh abantu banelungelo ingxenye yemali engenayo ngokwemizalwane yabo, ngokwezindlu serfdom.

Lokhu eziyimbangela wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1649. Uchungechunge yokuvukela ezisemadolobheni nasezinxushunxushwini ophoqelelwe uhulumeni ukuya Alexei Mikhailovich umuzi wabantu abantu sabelo. Ngokuhambisana ikhodi entsha kwemithetho imizana abamhlophe kwavala, futhi abantu bakuleli dolobha wathola kuphela ilungelo ukuze imisebenzi ekilasini commercial futhi izikebhe.