Ubugebengu International: umqondo nezinhlobo

Kwezinkambiso zomthetho zembulunga yonke akuwona umqondo owodwa icala ngamazwe. Nokho, zikhona izimpawu ezinkulu-ke kuzo. imithombo ezihlukahlukene zithi incazelo enjalo, 'njengesenzo ubugebengu ngamazwe obenziwa esintwini futhi emhlabeni. " Ososayensi abaningi kanye neNhlangano Yezizwe Commission uyazicabangela migomo kuyahambisana. hhayi zokwethula incazelo evamile, kwanqunywa kule ndaba. UN Commission baphetha ngokuthi ukusungulwa imikhawulo jikelele umqondo, belinganisa amacala ngamazwe, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo izenzo kuhlongoziwe Charter of the eNuremberg Tribunal (Art. 6), kufanele kwenziwe umkhuba.

Inchazelo jikelele

Okwamanje, izwe nezincwadi ekhuluma ngokuphila komndeni isinikeza izincazelo eziningi. Ngemuva kwekuwahlolisisa ochwepheshe baye bazama ukwakha incazelo jikelele. International Kulicala esingadala ukwephulwa iziqondiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Sihilela isijeziso ngamanye umuntu uzibophezele kuwo. Isici esiyinhloko isenzo esinjalo esivuna yomthetho yayo ekulu egcekeni yiliphi izwe ukuthi uzimisele futhi uyakwazi ukuqala ukukhiqizwa elihambisana. Lesi sici ehlukanisa amacala international izenzo abavamile ngenxa yoshushiso olukhulu kuziwa imfundiso kobukhosi isimo.

isigaba Ezihlobene

ubunjalo leentjhabatjhaba ubugebengu uyayenza ukwephulwa wokubambisana othulile ezinhlakeni ezahlukene ubudlelwane: impahla, usikompilo nenhlalo yabantu, kwezomnotho kanye nokunye. Izenzo ezinjalo elimazako izinhlangano ezingokomthetho futhi izakhamuzi emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ziyisijeziso ngamacala ngamazwe kungenziwa elisungulwe nezivumelwano efanele. Nokho, kufanele zivumelwano samukelwa ngokomthetho amazwe yosayinayo. Ukuletha abenzi bokubi ukuba ubulungiswa kulokhu Kwenziwa ngaphakathi isimo yomthetho othize. Lezi zenzo, njengoba umthetho, zihlanganisa ukudunwa, ukudunwa kwezimoto, mbumbulu, ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso izidakamizwa nokunye.

Yini izimpawu kufanele amacala international?

kwebalingisi kwabo kusekelwe kuzici ezithile. Ngokuyinhloko kuyinto ububanzi ebanzi wokusabalalisa. ubugebengu International, ubugebengu ngokumelene ukuthula ihlanganisa ukwephula kokubili ezivamile imithetho jikelele kanye nezivumelwano phakathi kwemibuso. Regulations ukuthi akuzona kuhambisana unecala kufanele iqondiswe ukuvikelwa amagugu ethile. Basuke kubhekwa umphakathi omhlaba njengenxusa ezibalulekile futhi abophe bonke abantu futhi wonke amazwe. Amanani Core awashintsheki:

• I-UN Charter.
• I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• European Convention.
• Nezivumelwano International.
• Geneva Convention nokunye.

Ekulweni nobugebengu ngamazwe kuwumsebenzi wonke umphakathi international a.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

Imithethonqubo kunalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zobugebengu zomhlaba wonke:

1. Genocide.
2. Ibutho elaya lempi.
3. Obugebengu aphambene nobuntu.
4. Ulaka.

kohlanga

Lenchazelo ihlanganisa amacala ngamazwe zomthetho uzibophezele ngenjongo nolokubhujiswa iqembu yobuzwe, inkolo noma kazwelonke. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa:

1. Killing amalungu omphakathi.
2. Vimbela ukubeletha.
3. umthelela kwengqondo.
4. Linganisa izimo ukuphila okuvamile.
5. Abangela umonakalo ngokomzimba.

Lobu bugebengu ngamazwe livikeleke neSivumelwano Prevention of Genocide futhi Ukujeziswa 1948, Rome Statute soMthetho ICC kusukela 1998

Ukwephulwa kwe-izakhamuzi '

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa bugebengu elandelayo international:

• Ukugqilazwa.
• Ukubulala.
• Xhumanisa.
• Ukushushiswa on izizathu inkolo, ubuhlanga, ezombangazwe noma nokunjalo.

Lezi zenzo ziyabonakala ku Rome Statute International Tribunal.

ukuhlaselwa lempi

Lezi zihlanganisa amacala international ezifana:

• Ubugqila ngokumelene nabakhileyo insimu matasa kuwo.
• Ukuhlukumeza izakhamuzi.
• Ukubulawa izakhamuzi.
• izenzo zobudlova ngokumelene iziboshwa zempi.
• Ukubulala abathunjwa.
• Ukubhujiswa nokuphanga impahla lesiyenta sisodvwa nobe embikwebantfu, kalungisiswa aqondisa lempi.
• Ukubhujiswa emizaneni, nasemizini, kanjalonjalo.

Ubugebengu obunjalo obunobudlova ikundla kuthiwa livikeleke Charter, Rome Statute, Protocol engeziwe kuya Imihlangano Geneva.

umthetho yasekhaya

Lubhekele amacala ngamazwe ezilotshwe ch. 34 we Criminal Code. Kuyinto elinesijeziso ngaphansi izihloko ezilandelayo:

• 354 - I-ikholi zomphakathi kugqashuka impi.
• 356 - I-ukusebenzisa izindlela akuvumelekile futhi izindlela zempi.
• 357 - I-ukuqothulwa kohlanga.
• 360 - I-nokuhlaselwa kwaleli izikhungo kanye abantu wokuvikela ngamazwe.

Kufanele ukuthi Article. 356 we Criminal Code kusala ngengubo, ngoba iqukethe ireferensi isivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni kanye Russian Federation.

Ukuhlonishwa izenzo: Imithelela

Abacwaningi baye bathola eziningi nemiphumela ebalulekile kakhulu wezomthetho Ukwahlukaniswa eziphula umthetho njengoba amacala international:

1. Izenzo kwalesi sigaba kufanele bajeziswe, kungakhathaliseki okunikezwe lapho noma yiziphi izinhlawulo ngabo emthethweni yasekhaya.
2. ukuhlukunyezwa International angatjhutjhiswa yizinkantolo, okuyinto ngaphansi kwezinye (evamile) izimo ngeke ube ethile efanele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izifundo ababenolwazi okuthiwa yibo ababangela ukwenza kubo, kungenziwa wazama begodu yiliphi izwe, kungakhathaliseki uxhumano indawo nge icala futhi nobuzwe babantu isisulu noma umhlaseli. Kuyoba lutho, futhi akukho usongo ngqo ukuphepha noma izithakazelo zezwe koMbuso. Ngakho, umshushisi wenziwa Ngokwesibonelo, ngisho noma kungekho sisekelo ezivamile for ethile.
3. ukushaya International nokunciphisa imithetho evamile ebhekisela amasosha omzimba Heads of State nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu kusuka kushushiswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu owenza izenzo ezinjalo, isinyathelo njengesikhulu sikahulumeni, ummeleli amandla. Kule ndaba bangangenwa yilesi sifo ekuhlulelweni elobugebengu noma elamademeshe yezinkantolo afanele emazweni angaphandle nasezinhlanganweni engamboziwe. Wenza okuhlukile kukhona isimo isahluko ekhona, abameleli zamanxusa, tiNdvuna Foreign, kuyakuba inviolable kuya mzuzu kokushiya isikhundla saso.
4. kungenzeka inkantolo enikeziwe nokwahlulelwa yesikhashana zika ngamazwe ezenziwa ngaphambi kwalophiko. Lo mthetho ubizwa ayigcini nje ezimweni lapho okuphula ziye izigebengu kwimigomo global ngesikhathi.
5. ubugebengu International, kunoma yisiphi isehlakalo, njengokuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu impi, ukuhlukumeza, izenzo ngokumelene esintwini, isimiso ukulinganiselwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa.
6. ushwele izenzo ezamukelwe ngu iziphathimandla lamazwe azakhamuzi kukhona abadlali kusolakala ukuthi wenza isenzo, noma endaweni lapho obunini babebhekwa njengabantu, musa uzibophele izinkantolo yezinye nakwamanye iziphathimandla abanekhono.

Ukuphulwa ababexoxa Ukuvikelwa

Uhlu lwabantu, izenzo maqondana nalapho babhekwa njengabantu ubugebengu ngamazwe, livikeleke emhlanganweni efanele. Ngokusho idokhumenti, kuya izinhlaka ezingabanikazi Ukuvikelwa zihlanganisa:

1. Inhloko State noma yilungu lomgwamanda collegial ekwenzeni izabelo zakhe ngasinye.
2. ejenti Esemthethweni noma ezinye yamazwe omhlaba inhlangano langaphakathi kuhulumeni, amalungu emikhaya yabo nabo.
3. UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle.
4. abameleli State noma ezinye izikhulu Unelungelo ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile.
5. inhloko kahulumeni.
6. abantu elihambisana nalesi sihloko, izinhlangano ngenhla, imindeni yabo.

premeditation

It isethwe maqondana namacala lenzeka uma:

1. Drain, obulala noma ngenye ukwephula inkululeko kanye nesazisi lale ndaba akhuluma ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile.
2. Ukuhlaselwa ngobudlova phezu kwabaphilayo, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni, kusho zokuthutha waloyo muntu.
3. Ukuzama kuhlasela.
4. Iyathinteka kulokhu kuhlasela.
5. Ukubonakaliswa Komusa ezazibhekiswe umuntu ngaphansi ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile.

Ngokungafani yasekhaya irherho lobulungiswa bobulelesi, emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba inikeza ezibanzi izenzo. Akunandaba isisusa ku owenze umthetho. hlinzeka Main igunya lokuvikela ngokukhethekile njengeziNdawo abantu aqiniswa Convention. Omunye wabo wayebizwa yokutholwa ngo-1994. It ulawula ukuphepha UN nabasebenzi kanye abantu ahlobene. Lesi sakamuva, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa kubahlanganyeli yokugcinwa imisebenzi, abasebenzi nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ukuhlinzeka usizo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle. Ukuhlaselwa yalemitimba babhekwa njengabantu emacaleni ngaphansi komthetho lobugebengu kazwelonke.

kalowo zokuthatha

Lobu bugebengu kwachazwa ngokuthi isenzo amaphekula ayingozi. Ekuqaleni, umthunjwa zazisetshenziswa labizwa ngokuthi iphambene nezimiso kwamukelwa kabanzi emhlabeni kuphela leli cala lihlobene izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Izici Zabantu ubugebengu elisungulwe eMhlanganweni 1979, lapho ngo-1987 wajoyina eSoviet Union. Lo mbiko, ngokukhethekile, wawuthi kuncike esiqukethe futhi detains, uzombulala, umonakalo, noma uqhubeke uyibambe, ukwenza States, izinhlangano ezilawulwa, noma yisiphi isakhamuzi / inhlangano yalo esemthethweni ukuze isenzo njengoba isimo ayimpoqo ukukhululwa sibophezela lokuduna imoto. Ngenxa lezi zenzo zobugebengu Uphinde abhekwe ngomzamo nokuhlanganyela isenzo esinjalo. Kulokhu sikhuluma uhlamvu ngamazwe yobugebengu. Kulo mongo, Art. 13 soMthetho-sisekelo sibeka ukuthi idokhumenti asisebenzi emacaleni bekuphi yezakhamuzi uzibophezele ngaphakathi ensimini ka kwelinye izwe, njengoba umhlaseli futhi isisulu kukhona abantu bayo, ne wokuqala ise-State. Leli nothi unikezela ngohlaka lokwenza ukuxhumana phakathi uthi ekulweni lobu bugebengu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubhukelwa akuvimbeli Uhulumeni we State ukunikeza emthethweni ayo isijeziso ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isenzo kalowo ukuthatha.

izidakamizwa

imisebenzi engekho emthethweni ezihlobene womshini, ukudayiswa izidakamizwa ezinjalo, sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka ekhonza njengomxhumanisi into i imiphumela zomthetho ngamazwe. emhlabeni namuhla EMhlanganweni Single on iNarcotic Izidakamizwa psychotropic. Ahlanganisa a iziqondiso ezingokomthetho ububanzi, ukuhlinzekela izindlela ukulawula nokusakazwa compounds uvinjelwe. Ikakhulukazi, isijeziso kuhlinzekelwe emthethweni:

1. Landa / thumela.
2. Storage.
3. Ukulima futhi ukukhiqiza.
4. Yamadivayisi / kuthenga.

Ngenxa imigomo emisha esivuna UN Convention, elawula izindlela zokunqanda ukushushumbisa obungemthetho compounds ezinjalo. Lo mbhalo wamukelwa ngonyaka 1988, iSoviet Union izibophezele kuso ngo-1989. INgqungquthela uthi wokuqeda ekwandeni obungemthetho, ukukhiqizwa, isitoreji izinto kwelashwa futhi psychotropic uba umthwalo collective wonke amazwe. Uhlu izenzo wafanelekela ukuba ukuhlukumeza ngenhloso iziqondiso ebekwe Art. 3. Umthetho yasekhaya futhi uhlinzekela ukuba secaleni izenzo ezinjalo. Inani Inxanxathela has zoMthetho Federal "Ngo iNarcotic Izidakamizwa Nezinto psychotropic", esenziwa ngo-1998. It evunyiwe nohlaka kahulumeni Inqubomgomo emkhakheni kushushunjiswa obungemthetho lezi izinto, kukhona izinkomba amathuluzi ngamazwe.

obuku

Lobu bugebengu uphindze uchazwe ku-UN Convention efanele. I dokhumenti iveza ukuthi isenzo lolu hlobo esabisa ukuphepha impahla kanye abantu, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu air traffic, kubukela phansi ithemba izakhamuzi 'e ukuphepha izindiza. izici icala is enikezwa esihlokweni. 1 soMthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba isenzo uthathwa emthethweni, enobudlova noma esongelwa enjalo noma usebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo ukusabisa obuku noma ukulawula ke, esenziwe umlingisi ebhodini, ngokuhlala kwendiza. Lesi sigaba zobugebengu osebenza futhi ezama ukuba benze futhi iyathinteka ke. Indiza kubhekwa ngokuhlala kwendiza kusukela mzuzu ukuvala umnyango yangaphandle ngemva ukulayisha phambi kuvulwa iziphi ukuze wehlise. INgqungquthela osebenza ku izimo lapho indawo kokwehla langempela noma uthathe-off itholakala ngaphandle ukubhaliswa izindiza. Kulokhu, ngeke kube nankinga, Yenza indiza yasekhaya noma emhlabeni jikelele.

INgqungquthela alisho isimo ukusungula umthwalo ayo emthethweni mayelana namacala. ERussia, umbuzo isijeziso isinqunyiwe kanje. Umthwalo ayinqunywa zezici waphawula Convention and eziphathelene nokuxhumana amazwe. Lusebenza macala isiwombe noma lokuduna imoto. Kulokhu, isijeziso osebenza ku nezenzo ezenziwe hhayi kuphela kwi-flight, kodwa ayezidinga emhlabeni. hlinzeka Eqine babeka phansi Isentha musa kuthinte ethile kazwelonke.

ngaphezu kwalokho

Namuhla ukuhlukanisa esinye isigaba - ubugebengu cross-border. Njengomthetho, izenzo ezinjalo kuyisikhalo lokushaya, kulimaze izithakazelo izinhlangano noma izakhamuzi zamazwe ehlukene. Lokho umonakalo kuleli cala sidlulela ngalé imingcele umbuso owodwa. muva Lokhu uhlamvu usezuze futhi nobugebengu obuhleliwe.