Yiziphi imizi angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni?

Yikuphi idolobha ufanelwe isihloko kakhulu zemvelo ezizwelayo emhlabeni? Kwezinye izindawo kukhona usongo ngempela impilo nokuphila sabantu? Ake ukhethe eziphezulu ezingu-10 emadolobheni angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Sumgait

idolobha Azerbaijani of Sumgait yasungulwa 40s kwekhulu elidlule. Ekuqaleni, njengoba sekube nesicelo ukukhula ngokushesha kakhulu labantu. Maphakathi nekhulu inani ezingaphezu kuka endaweni yesine yesigidi. Ngokushesha kwaqala ukuba wazizwa esijulile ukungabikho kwezindlu zamanani. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi kwakudingeka nje aqonde badlali abahlanganayo ukuze amakamelo enyinyekile emahostela amaningi.

Nokho, lokhu kusilela izindlu kwaba abahlala Sumgayit akuyona inkinga enkulu. Ngo esifundeni kuboniswe sokugxila lonke eningi izitshalo zamakhemikhali, umsebenzi okuyinto amashumi eminyaka uye ishintsha isimo kanye elimnandi logwadule elihangukile.

Okwamanje Sumgait, esemgwaqweni at ibanga amakhilomitha 30 kusuka enhlokodolobha Azerbaijani Baku, inabantu mayelana 260.000. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, it has izimboni mayelana 40 esifundeni idolobha, okuyinto waziphatha yokukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene amakhemikhali. Amabhizinisi ngobukhulu, njengokuthi "Khimprom", "Aluminium Isitshalo", "Organic Synthesis", Namanje ezisebenza at zigcwele.

Ukuze unyaka ngamunye emkhathini phezu komuzi ukhiphe amathani angu-70 kuya 120 kwekhabhoni Iyingozi, okuyinto umphumela ukucutshungulwa compounds chlorine-aqukethe, iraba, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye womshini zinambuzane, izinto zokuhlanza indlu. Namuhla, sibonga ukuqapha kwezemvelo, ukungcola esifundeni kunqatshelwe. Nokho, ngisho nalabo izinto adedelwa emoyeni, ngokwanele ukuba amanzi nomhlabathi wakuleyo ndawo ingasasebenziseki.

isimo okungekuhle emvelweni ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta impilo yabantu. Ngakho, izinga izifo ezisongela ukuphila ziphakeme ngaphezu kuka-50% uma siqhathanisa nabanye ezindaweni ezithile kuleli zwe. Akumangazi ukuthi Sumgait ngonyaka ingena simo yamadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Linfen

Ukuqhubeka ahlolisise imizi angcoliswe kakhulu 10 emhlabeni, umuntu akakwazi indiva omunye izikhungo ngobukhulu ezimbonini China ngaphansi kwegama Linfen. It iseningizimu main sezimayini zamalahle ngxenye yezwe. indawo ezizungezile amagquma zemvelo nje okwamanje uphosa ezimayini for the isizinda namaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ezimayini ukwenza ukukhiqizwa emthethweni. Waste umsebenzi wabo anganqamuki ukungcolisa inhlabathi kanye komhlaba imali.

Nokho, ezimayini eziningi kukhona inkathazo elincane. Ngaphezu ezimayini, inqwaba yamalahle ukucutshungulwa izitshalo usebenze esifundeni idolobha. Kanye kwenani labantu, okuyinto agcwaliswa abasebenzi abasanda kufika, futhi isibalo sezikhungo izimoto. Lwazo zizonke qeda kwekhabhoni ezinobuthi emkhathini kusukela amabhizinisi endawo sezishiye okuqukethwe inhlekelele arsenic emkhathini.

izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha kumelwe kuphume buso zokuzivikela ukuhlunga ubuthi esiyingozi futhi kancane ukuqeda caustic namalahle iphunga. Ukungcoliswa komoya e Linfen kubalulekile ukuze zangaphansi emva ukuwasha, hung ngefasitela isibe omnyama ngokuphelele emva kwamaminithi ambalwa. izakhamizi eziningi edolobheni abahlushwa ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, inyumoniya, nezinye izifo zamaphaphu.

Kabwe

Siyaqhubeka cabanga emadolobheni angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Okulandelayo ku-simo yethu - Kabwe edolobheni, elise amakhilomitha 150 kusukela isizwe Afrika capital zaseZambia. Kuyaziwa for kule ndawo ngo ezifakwa yamadwala nomthofu-ocebile esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka lapha ijubane zezimboni metal anobuthi misela. Ukungakwazi ukulawula isimo kwemvelo esifundeni kuholela abalulekile komoya, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nomhlabathi. Ngezinye ibanga amashumi ukusuka edolobheni eziyingozi okuba angaphuzi emithonjeni, kodwa futhi nje kanjani ukuphefumula umoya. Akumangalisi ukuthi iphesenti phambili compounds egazini idlula somphakathi womuzi izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-10 imikhawulo kuvunyelwe.

Dzerzhinsk

Uhlu Emadolobheni amaningi angcolile emhlabeni uwela kanye Russian Dzerzhinsk. ifa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela le ndawo zinkulu izakhiwo zezimboni for ngokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali. Kuphela esikhathini kusuka 1930 asenhlabathini "yacebisa" amathani angaphezu kuka-300 eziyinkulungwane compounds ezinobuthi.

Ngokwe ucwaningo lwamuva, namuhla inani phenols ezisongela ukuphila futhi dioxins umdlavuza emanzini wendawo idlule amazinga ukusebenza izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Isilinganiso besilisa bempilo lapha imayelana 42 iminyaka, futhi abesifazane - engu-47. Banikezwe ngenhla, akumangalisi ukuthi Dzerzhinsk afakwe ohlwini, okuyizinto emadolobheni angcolile kakhulu ngemvelo emhlabeni.

Norilsk

Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala ukhona, Russian Norilsk kuloluhla, okuyizinto emadolobheni angcoliswe kakhulu zomhlaba ngendiza. Nge-yalolucwaningo 50 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka, indawo leli dolobha unedumela lokuba omunye abaholi umkhakha esindayo kule planethi.

Ngokusho idatha zakamuva ezivela neNhlangano ukuze ukulawula isimo kwemvelo ezweni ngonyaka likhipha zendawo engaphezu kuka-1000 amathani imikhiqizo anobuthi zokuwohloka nickel nethusi. Ngo umoya ayegcwele ezibucayi sulphur oxide. Ngenxa yalokho, isilinganiso sobude bokuphila kwabantu bendawo lancipha ngeminyaka 10-15 kuqhathaniswa nezwe lonke.

La Oroya

-Peruvian isikhungo yezimboni La Oroya futhi awe phezulu lapho kukhona imizi angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Iya kancane endaweni idolobha eliqhele elaliphansi kwamagquma Andes, lapho imali ore tibheke izinsimbi ezivamile. Iqela eminyaka athile bekwi isizinda phambili, ithusi, zinc kanye namanye amaminerali ngezinga ezimbonini. Kulokhu, lesi simo kwemvelo esifundeni uhlala ngaphandle kwesiqondiso izinhlangano abafanele. Namuhla emzini La Oroya ngokudabukisayo yaziwe eNingizimu neMelika njengendawo lapho kukhona eliphakeme lokufa kwezingane.

Sukinde

Uma ucabangela emadolobheni angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kufanele sinake isikhungo Indian zezimboni Sukinde. Uveza ezingaphezu kuka-95% chromium kuleli zwe. Ngenxa yalokho komuzi phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka, kube real udoti yokulahla. Esifundeni kwalesi sigodi, kukhona izindunduma eminingi ukuthi kukhona ngokuphelele umsuka ezenziwe umuntu.

Isibhakabhaka ngaphezu Sukinde ukhiphe ton hexavalent chromium. Kuyinto into eyaziwa ngokuthi kulethe enamandla ukuthi kuholela ekwakhekeni zamangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni. Ngo eliningi umdlavuza kutholakala hhayi kuphela emoyeni wasekhaya, kodwa futhi umhlabathi namanzi, okuyinto esetshenziswa izakhamuzi zedolobha ukuba amphuzise amanzi.

eChernobyl

Njengoba yaziwa, eChernobyl inhlekelele, okwenzeka eminyakeni engamashumi edlule, isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku esibi kunazo ingozi indoda-okubangelwa emhlabeni emlandweni wesintu. Kakade emva kokuqhuma yenuzi ophendulayo izitshalo amandla Eminyakeni yokuqala, inani izisulu phakathi kwabantu kudlulwe sibalo 5.5 million. Le ngozi emikhulu Walenza langakufanelekela ukuphila hhayi kuphela idolobha eliseduze Pripyat, kodwa futhi kwaholela ekwakhekeni engaba indawo okungayi km 30 emhlabeni emzaneni.

Minyaka yonke eChernobyl njalo zibalwa ohlwini, lapho kukhona imizi angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Amakhulu amathani plutonium abasizakali kanye nokwe-uranium namanje bagxila kule ndawo lapho itholakala a ophendulayo agugile. Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, endaweni yalokho likhona indawo okungayi, uyaqhubeka baphile abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezinhlanu.

Vapi

edolobheni elithile laseNdiya ka Vapi ithatha abantu abangaphezu kuka-70 eziyinkulungwane. Bonke bangabangasokile ezindaweni lapho luyanda yingozi empilweni yomuntu futhi ukuphila. Njengoba idatha izinhlangano kwemvelo, okwamanje akukho ubuchwepheshe ayezosenza sendawo ehlanzekile emoyeni, emanzini nasemhlabathini kusukela ezinobuthi.

Vapi itholakala ensimini ka wezwe zezimboni ibhande ubude amakhilomitha angaba ngu-400. amabhizinisi endawo ugweme izindleko izimali kabusha, okuyinto zinqwabelane in a izindawo ngokungenasizathu ngokuphelele esifundeni edolobheni. Vapi kubuye uhlobo imfucuza yokulahla nemizana eseduze.

Lapha kukhona olwenzeka omkhulu imfucuza amakhemikhali, izindwangu, uwoyela amabhizinisi. izinsimbi ezisindayo, ubuthi, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, equkethe chlorine ne-mercury izidakamizwa ukuwa nsuku zonke emfuleni futhi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okusalayo Into enkulu siphuza bendawo. Ukuze uqonde izinga izinhlekelele zemvelo, bheka nje emfuleni Colac, okuyinto etholakala eduze Vapi. Ngokwe-abacwaningi, e amanzi yokugcina akukho okunye ukuphila yemvelo ngokuphelele.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho sabuka imizi angcoliswe kakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni bafanelwe ngempela isimo sabo. Eqinisweni, uhlu nemizana ezisongela ukuphila kuhlanganisa amakhulukhulu amadolobha emhlabeni wonke. Ngo amazinga ethu thina ethulwa kuphela izibonelo yesiteleka kakhulu kwaba isimo sengqondo sokunganaki yomuntu emvelweni bese endaweni yazo siqu.