Yemalahle: izakhiwo. Yemalahle: umsuka, ukukhiqizwa, inani lentengo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu isebenzisa amalahle emhlabeni njengoba umthombo wamandla. Futhi namhlanje kuba amaminerali ewusizo asetshenziswa kabanzi ngokwanele. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi amandla elanga, okuyinto igcinwe etsheni.

isicelo

Amalahle ashisiwe ukunikeza ukushisa ohleshulelwe amanzi ashisayo bafudumale kwezindlu. wezinsalela zamandulo Iwusizo elisetshenziswa sokuncibilikisa izinqubo of izinsimbi. Thermal izitshalo amalahle nokushiswa iguqulwe ibe ugesi.

kwentuthuko yesayensi baye abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa lolu ketshezi oluyigugu ehlukile. Ngakho, embonini chemical baye basungula ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe ivumela ukuthola kusuka amalahle uphethiloli uketshezi, kanye izinsimbi ezingavamile ezifana germanium futhi gallium. Kusukela eyigugu ezimbiwa phansi njengamanje ekhishwe carbon-graphite esiyinhlanganisela izinto nge-carbon vyskokoy okuhlushwa. Futhi wayekwenza izindlela ngokukhiqiza epulasitikini futhi ikhalori high uphethiloli igesi kusuka amalahle.

A ingxenyenamba eliphansi kakhulu ongaphakeme-ebangeni amalahle nothuli ngemva kokucubungula onomfutho briquettes. Lokhu kwaziswa uphelele amalahle izindlu zangasese kanye izakhiwo zezimboni. On wonke, ukukhiqiza izinhlobo engaphezu kwamakhulu amane ezahlukene imikhiqizo emva kokwelashwa zamakhemikhali, echayeke amalahle. Intengo yalezi imikhiqizo kaningi ephakeme ukwedlula izindleko impahla eluhlaza.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa adlule, abantu kwenza bekholelwa amalahle emhlabeni njengoba uphethiloli odingekayo ukuze kuvezwe, kanye energy conversion. Futhi kule minyaka yamuva isidingo salokhu eyigugu wezinsalela zamandulo iyakhula. Lokhu kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa imboni zamakhemikhali, kanye nesidingo etholakala therefrom izakhi ezibalulekile futhi ezingavamile. Kule ndaba, eRussia namuhla indlela olwenziwa ukuhlola kakhulu emasimini amasha, udala ezimayini nasezinkwalini, inkampani eyakhelwe ukucutshungulwa le nto eyigugu eluhlaza.

Umsuka wezinsalela

Ezikhathini zasendulo, izwe lingakabikho isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi kunomswakama okuyinto izimila ahlukahlukene ukuba uchume. Kusukela kulo ilahle esizayo futhi kwakhiwa. Umsuka walo ezimbiwa phansi itholakala ekuqongeleleni izinkulungwane zezigidi zamathani ezinto izimila efile ezansi emaxhaphozini, lapho bebehlala khona: embozwe inzika. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kube sekudlule abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-300. Iminyaka. Ngaphansi esinamandla ingcindezi isihlabathi, amanzi kanye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izimila kancane ukubola i-oksijini khulula imvelo. Lapho edalulwa okushisa aphakeme, okwakwenza eseduze magma solidification uyaca zenzeka, okuyinto kancane kancane siguqulelwa amalahle. Umsuka yonke imikhakha ekhona kuphela incazelo.

Mineral izinqolobane nezimayini

Eplanethini yethu, kukhona ezifakwa ezinkulu zamalahle. Sekukonke, ngokusho kombiko, kugcwele ukugcina amathani ayishumi nanhlanu isigidintathu lokhu yezimbiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimayini zamalahle e ububanzi usendaweni yokuqala. Ngonyaka kwaba amathani eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,6, noma amathani 0.7 owakhileyo iplanethi ngalinye.

Imali kwamalahle eRussia zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuwo ngamunye amaminerali umkhiqizo sinezici ezahlukene futhi has Ukujula kwawo. Ngezansi wuhlu, okubandakanya imali elikhulu yamalahle Russia:

1. Elga idiphozi. Itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Yakutia. I kwamalahle ukujula kulezi zindawo ivumela izimayini evulekile. Kudinga akukho nezindleko, esithinta wokwehla yokugcina umkhiqizo izindleko.
2. idiphozi Tuvan. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, insimu yalo yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Amathani namaminerali. Idiphozi ekhangayo wentuthuko. Ukuthi babengamaphesenti angu-imali yayo ayisishiyagalombili elise umthungo kokuba ukushuba 6-7 amamitha.
3. Minusinsk ensimini. Basuke etholakala e-Republic of Khakassia. Kuyinto Amasimu ezimbalwa, enkulu kunazo zonke okuyizinto baseMontenegro futhi Izykhsky. Amasheya emachibini amancane okubhukuda. Ngokusho uchwepheshe ulinganisela, kwakha amathani ephakathi kuka 2 no 7 bhiliyoni. Kukhona akhiphe lubaluleke kakhulu ekusenzeni izici zayo yamalahle. Izakhiwo amaminerali yokuthi lapho kushiswe eqoshiwe lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu.
4. Kuznetsk amalahle umcengezi. Le nkambu, akhiwe entshonalanga yeSiberia, ukunika umkhiqizo isetshenziswa embonini steel. Amalahle, okuyinto misela kulezi zingxenye, ingabe kuyinkazimulo ukuba coking. Umqulu imali kumane kakhulu.
5. Kuznetsky Alatau. Le nkambu ukunika umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. I izingqimba amaminerali ukujula enkulu ifinyelela amamitha angamakhulu amahlanu. Ukukhiqizwa wenziwa izigaba evulekile, futhi ezimayini.

Amalahle misela eRussia le Pechora amalahle umcengezi. Ayenziwa Amasimu e-Rostov esifundeni.

Yamalahle kwekhethelo inqubo ukukhiqizwa

Kulezo zimboni, isidingo sikhona amagama emikhiqizo ehlukahlukene edayiswa amaminerali. Yini Umehluko yamalahle? I izakhiwo kanye nezici qualitative komkhiqizo iyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Lokhu kwenzeka noma ngabe ilahle ine wokugubha efanayo. Iqiniso ukuthi izici wezinsalela zincike ukukhiqizwa yayo ye-Internet. Yingakho yonke inkampani, ngokukhetha ilahle ukukhiqizwa layo kumelwe ujwayelene izici zayo ngokomzimba.

izakhiwo

Amalahle zihlukaniswa Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

1. Ubuningi. Lena esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto emhlabeni 1.28 ukuze 1.53 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Ngezinye nokuminyanisa ephakeme kwandisa ukushisa ezithile omlilo of amalahle.
2. Okuqukethwe carbon. Kulolu hlu zokhahlamba kusuka 75 kuya kumaphesenti angu-97. Ngezinye wokuqukethwe ephakeme carbon kaphethiloli ingaphansi ivolumu amanyela. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uthole inani eliphezulu amandla omlilo of umkhiqizo.
3. amandla Mechanical. Lesi sici inquma ikhono wezinsalela ngokudlulisela zokuthutha. Lokhu ipharamitha ungaphakathi uhla kusuka 40 amakhilogramu ngayinye isentimitha square (kusuka lignite) kanye 300 (y anthracite).
4. Okuqukethwe nesibabule. engela zayo zingase isukela 0.5 kuya amaphesenti 5.4. Ngezinye value encane ubuningi fuel esetshenziswa ngokuphepha.
5. izingxenye oluyingozi (2-45%).
6. Umswakama. I-fuel ingaqukatha kusuka 4 kuya kwangu-15 umswakama. Kule sibalo incike kungaba amalahle itshe ngempumelelo. I izakhiwo umkhiqizo ezimanzi ngokuyisisekelo sihluke ezomile. amalahle okunjalo sikhuntile futhi equliswa weathering okusheshayo.
7. okuqukethwe Ash. Lokhu kwebalingisi kubonisa isibalo Izingxube ze-non-ezivuthayo eziqukethwe wezinsalela zamandulo. At umlotha okuqukethwe aphansi kwandisa ukushisa umthamo othize. Amaphesenti aphansi Izingxube ze-non-ezivuthayo babe anthracite. Kuyinto ngaphakathi 2%. Ukuze amalahle eyamukelekayo umlotha okuqukethwe ebangeni amaphesenti amathathu. Inani eliphezulu kakhulu lesi sici - 45%.
8. ukushisa Specific amandla omlilo. Lokhu Inkomba ku uhla kusuka 6500 kuya 8600 kcal / kg. It ephawula inani ukushisa ukuthi eyenziwe omlilo of eyodwa kilogram uphethiloli.

Izinga of kokucetshiswa

Ngo ehlukile amalahle kanzima angathengwa kuye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. ngaleyo ndlela Okokhelekayo Properties ziyacaca, esekelwe degree of kokucetshiswa. avelele:

1. ugxilisa. Lokhu fuel isetshenziswa ukulungiswa ugesi nokushisa.

2. Industrial Products. Zisetshenziswa yokusansimbi.

3. Sludge. Lokhu amalahle ingxenyenamba esihle (amamilimitha angu eziyisithupha), nothuli ezivezwa ukuchotshozwa idwala. Briquettes kwakhiwa kusukela slurry kokuba izakhiwo ezinhle Ukusebenza yasekhaya okuqinile fuel boilers.

I degree of coalification

zihlukaniswa le nkomba:

1. Brown amalahle. Lona amalahle efanayo, kuphela ingxenye kwakhiwa. Izakhiwo ke Kuthi okubi kunalokho of ephakeme zokubasa izinga. amalahle Brown ukhiqiza ukushisa low lapho eshile sikhuntile ngesikhathi ezokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it has ukuthambekela ukuzithiba Ignite.

2. yamalahle. Lokhu fuel has isibalo esikhulu izinhlobo (emamaki) kabani izakhiwo zihlukile. It is kabanzi amandla, yokusansimbi, Tinsita kanye umkhakha zamakhemikhali.

3. Anthracite. Lona izinga oluphakeme kakhulu kwamalahle.

I izakhiwo zonke lezi zinhlobo namaminerali zihluke kakhulu nomunye. Ngakho, ephansi calorific ukubaluleka lignite ejwayelekile, futhi ophakeme kunabo - anthracite. Yini kungcono ukuthenga amalahle? Intengo kumele kube kwezomnotho iphila. Ngakho, izindleko kanye ukushisa ethize i isilinganiso elikhulu ezitholakala ilahle elula (in the ezahlukene $ 220 ton ngayinye).

Ukwahlukanisa ngosayizi

Lapho ekhetha kubalulekile ukwazi ubukhulu kwamalahle. Lesi sibalo ngekhodi brand yezimbiwa. Ngakho, amalahle yiwo:

- "P" - setshe, okuyinto izingcezu ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-10 cm.

- "K" - ezinkulu, ne Ubukhulu ezisukela 5 kuya ku-10 cm.

- "O" - a nut, liphinde mikhulu, babutha izingcezwana eziyizinsalela nge osayizi 2.5 kuya 5 cm.

- "M" - amancane, nge izingcezu ezimbalwa 1.3-2.5 cm.

- "C" - imbewu - ingxenyenamba ezishibhile ukuze kwamazinyo eside ne Ubukhulu 0.6-1.3 cm.

- "W" - imfucumfucu, lapho abantu abaningi amalahle ziyacolwa senzelwe briquetting.

- "R" - yangasese, kumbe standardless, okungaba amafraktjhini letingemasayizi lahlukene.

I izakhiwo ansundu

Lona okungenani eliphezulu amalahle. Inani inezinga eliphansi kunawo wonke (cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi zamadola ngethani). amalahle Brown kwamiswa emaxhaphozini zamandulo kokucindezelwa ka Peat at a mayelana 0.9 km ukujula. Lena uphethiloli ezishibhile kakhulu oqukethe semali amanzi (cishe 40%).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lignite has a ukushisa iphansana amandla omlilo. Kukhona inani elikhulu (50%) yamagesi oluyingozi. Uma usebenzisa amalahle nsundu firebox esithandweni, kuba izinga libe nezici ukukhumbuza ukhuni emanzi. Umkhiqizo kunzima flare, eziningi intuthu futhi kushiya inombolo enkulu umlotha. Ngokuvamile, le nto ebomvu briquettes lelungiselelwe. They possess ukusebenza ngempela okuhle. intengo zabo zokhahlamba kusuka ruble ngethani ayisishiyagalombili ukuba ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.

Izakhiwo amalahle

Lokhu fuel kangcono. Coal - ukwakheka idwala ukuthi ine omnyama matte, Semi-matt noma ngaphezulu shiny.

Kulesi hlobo fuel iqukethe ingqikithi amaphesenti amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha umswakama, ngenxa okuyinto it has a ukushisa eliphezulu amandla omlilo. Kuqhathaniswa oki, Alder kanye birch izinkuni amalahle liletha ukutjhisa lingaphezulu izikhathi 3.5. Yini embi ngalo lolu hlobo fuel umlotha walo omkhulu. Intengo kwamalahle ehlobo nokuwa kwalo ebangeni ruble ngethani 3900 kuya 4600. Ebusika, intengo kaphethiloli inyuka ngo amabili amathathu amaphesenti.

Isitoreji amalahle

Uma fuel izosetshenziselwa isikhathi eside, khona-ke kufanele ibekwe engotsheni ekhethekile noma silo. Kube kufanele avikelwe elangeni futhi kwezulu.

Uma amalahle ezinkulu mbundu NGALESOSIKHATHI isitoreji kudingeka bahlale ukuqapha isimo sabo. Ingxenyana esihle lihambisana lokushisa eliphezulu futhi umswakama kungase okhela angesabi.