-X-ray imithombo. Ingabe-X-ray tube umthombo ionizing emisebeni?

Kuwo wonke umlando wokuphila emhlabeni, izinto eziphilayo zilokhu zibonakala emisebeni ye-cosmic kanye ne-radionuclides eyakhiwe emkhathini, kanye nemisebe yezinto ezitholakala yonke indawo emvelweni. Ukuphila kwanamuhla kulungiswa kuzo zonke izici nokulinganiselwa kwemvelo, kuhlanganise nemithombo yemvelo ye-ray ray.

Naphezu kokuthi izinga eliphakeme lemisindo liyingozi empilweni, ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe yomsakazo zibalulekile empilweni. Isibonelo, imvelaphi yomswakama yanikela emisebenzini eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali kanye nemvelo. Okunye okusobala ukuthi ukushisa komgogodla womhlaba kunikezwa futhi kugcinwe ngenxa yokushisa ukushisa kwama radionuclides aphansi, emvelo.

Imisebe yama-cosmic

Ukushiswa kwemvelaphi yangaphandle, okuqhubekayo ibhomu iMhlaba, ibizwa ngokuthi i-cosmic.

Iqiniso lokuthi le mibala ephakathi ihlasela iplanethi yethu emkhathini, kunokuba imvelaphi yasemhlabeni, itholakale ekuhlolweni ukukala ionization ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela elwandle kuya ku-9000 m. Kutholakale ukuthi ukuqina kwemisebe ye-ionizing kuncishisiwe kuya endaweni engamamitha angu-700, Futhi yanda ngokushesha ngokukhuphuka. Ukunciphisa kokuqala kungachazwa ngokunciphisa ukuqina kwemidlalo ye-gamma yasemhlabeni, nokwanda kwezenzo zama-cosmic rays.

Imithombo ye-X ray ray emkhathini yile ndlela elandelayo:

• Amaqembu wezinkanyezi;
• Izigcawu ze-Seyfert;
• Ilanga;
• Izinkanyezi;
• Ama-quasars;
• Izimbobo ezimnyama;
• Izindleko ze-Supernova;
• Amancane amancane;
• Izinkanyezi ezimnyama, njll.

Ubufakazi be-radiation enjalo, isibonelo, ukunyuka kwamandla emisebe ye-cosmic ephawulwe eMhlabeni ngemuva kwama-flares ku-Sun. Kodwa ukukhanya kwethu akukwenzi umthelela omkhulu kulo lonke ukugeleza, ngoba ukuhluka kwayo kokushintshashintsha kokuncane kuyinto encane kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zemisebe

Imisebe yama-cosmic ihlukaniswe yaba yimpumelelo nesekondari. I-radiation engathintani nendaba emkhathini, lithosphere noma i-hydrosphere yomhlaba ibizwa ngokuthi iyinhloko. Iqukethe amaprotoni (≈ 85%) kanye nezinhlayiyana ze-alpha (≈ 14%), ezinama-flux amancane (<1%) wezinuclei ezinzima kakhulu. I-X-rays yesi-cosmic yesibili, imithombo yawo yemisebe iyimisebe eyinhloko nomkhathi, iqukethe izinhlayiyana ze-subatomic, njengama-pions, ama-muons nama-electron. Ezingeni elwandle, cishe wonke ama-radiation ahlonziwe ahlanganisa imisebe yesibili ye-cosmic, engu-68% ayi-muons no-30% ayi-electron. Ngaphansi kwe-1% ye-flux ezingeni lolwandle iqukethe amaprotoni.

Imisebe ye-cosmic eyinhloko, njengombuso, inamandla amakhulu kinetic. Bahlawuliswa kahle futhi bathola amandla ngenxa yokusheshisa emasimini. Emgumbini wesikhala esingaphandle, izinhlayiya ezikhokhwayo zingaba khona isikhathi eside nezigidigidi zokuhamba zeminyaka elula. Phakathi nalesi sezindiza bathola amandla aphezulu e-kinetic, ngokulandelana kwe-2-30 GeV (1 GeV = 10 ⁹ eV). Izinhlayiya zomuntu ngamunye zinamandla kuze kufike ku-10 ¹⁰ GeV.

Amandla aphezulu emisebe yama-cosmic eyinhloko avumela, ngokoqobo, ukwehlukanisa ama-athomu emkhathini wendawo ngesikhathi sokushayisana. Kanye nama-neutron, amaprotoni nezinhlayiyana ze-subatomic, izakhi ezilula ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-helium ne-beryllium zingakha. Ama-muons ahlale ephikisiwe, futhi aphinde alahle ngokushesha ama-electron noma ama-postitron.

Isihlangu Esimangalisayo

Ukuqina kwemisebe ye-cosmic ekhuphuka kakhulu kuya phezulu kuya endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-20. Ukusuka ku-20 km kuya emngceleni womkhathi (kuze kube ngu-50 km), amandla ayancipha.

Lokhu kuvamile kuchazwa ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwemisebe yesibili ngenxa yokwanda kwomoya. Emakhilomitha angaba ngu-20, iningi lemisebe eyinhloko isivele ihlangene, futhi ukwehla kwamandla ukusuka ku-20 km ukuya kolwandle kufaka ukukhishwa kwemisebe yesibili emkhathini, okulingana nokulinganisa kwamamitha ayi-10 wamanzi.

Ukuqina kwemisebe yabuye kuhlobene ne-latitude. Ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuphakama, ukuphuma kwe-cosmic kwanda kusuka ku-equator kuya endaweni engu-50-60 ° futhi ihlala ihlala njalo ezindongeni. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuma kwensimu yamagnetic yomhlaba kanye nokwabiwa kwamandla emisebeni eyinhloko. Imigqa yamandla kagesi ehamba ngaphesheya kwendawo, njengombuso, ifana nomhlaba womhlaba e-equator kanye ne-perpendicular to the poles. Izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zihamba kalula emigqeni yensimu yamagnetic, kodwa kunzima ukuwuwela ngapha nangapha. Kusukela ezigodini kuya ku-60 °, cishe wonke ama-radiation oyinhloko afinyelela emkhathini womhlaba, futhi ku-equator kuphela izinhlayiya ezinamandla ezingaphezu kwe-15 GeV zingangena ngokusebenzisa isihlangu sogesi.

Imithombo ye-X-ray yesibili

Ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwemisebe ye-cosmic ngendaba, i-radionuclides ebalulekile iqhutshwa njalo. Eziningi zazo ziyizingcezu, kodwa ezinye zazo zakhiwa ukuvuselelwa kwama-athomu aqinile ngama-neutron noma ama-muons. Ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo kwama radionuclides emkhathini kufana nokuphakama kwemisebe ye-cosmic ekuphakameni nasezingeni. Ezingu-70% zazo zenzeka e-stratosphere, futhi ezingu-30% ku-troposphere.

Ngaphandle kwe-H-3 no-C-14, ama-radionuclides ngokuvamile atholakala ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. I-Tritium ihlanjululwe futhi ixubene namanzi no-H-2, futhi i-C-14 ihlanganisa umoya-mpilo ukuze yenze i-CO ₂ , ehlanganiswe ne-carbon dioxide yomkhathi. I-Carbon-14 ingena ezitshalweni kuhlelo lwe-photosynthesis.

Imisebe yomhlaba

Kuma-radionuclides amaningi awakhiwa umhlaba, abambalwa kuphela abanesigamu-ukuphila, eside ngokwanele ukuchaza ukukhona kwabo kwamanje. Uma iplanethi yethu yakha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule, ngakho-ke ukuze uhlale ngobuningi obulinganiselwe, kungathatha isigamu sempilo okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu. Emayelana ne-radionuclides asemqoka ayatholakala, amathathu awakubaluleke kakhulu. Umthombo we-ray ray X-ray ngu-K-40, U-238 no-Th-232. I-uranium ne-thorium ngayinye yakha uketshezi lwemikhiqizo yokubola, cishe njalo lapho kukhona khona isotophi yokuqala. Nakuba eziningi ze-radionuclides zendodakazi zihlala isikhathi esifushane, zivamile emvelweni, njengoba zakhiwa njalo kusukela kokuqala kokuphila izinto zokuqala.

Eminye imithombo ehlala isikhathi eside yesikhathi eside ye-X-ray, ngifushane, isuke ephansi kakhulu. Lezi ziyi-Rb-87, i-La-138, i-Ce-142, i-Sm-147, i-Lu-176, njll. I-neutron engokwemvelo yenza amanye ama-radionuclides amaningi, kodwa ukuhlushwa kwabo kuvame kakhulu. Ekusebenzeni kuka-Oaklo eGabon, e-Afrika, kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona khona "impikiswano yemvelo" lapho kwenzeka khona amandla enuzi. Ukunciphisa u-U-235 nokutholakala kwemikhiqizo ye-fission ngaphakathi kwephoyinti e-uranium ecebile kubonisa ukuthi eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezedlule ukuphendulwa kwamakhansela okuzenzakalelayo kwenzeka lapha.

Naphezu kokuthi i-radionuclides yangempela iyabonakala, ukuhlushwa kwabo kuxhomeke endaweni. Umthombo omkhulu we radioactivity yemvelo yi-lithosphere. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlukahluka kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-lithosphere. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubangelwa uhlobo oluthile lwamakhemikhali namaminerali, ngezinye izikhathi - ngaphandle nje kwesifundazwe, ngokubambisana kancane nezinhlobo zamadwala namaminerali.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-radionuclides eyinhloko kanye nemikhiqizo yabo yokubola kwemvelo kwimvelo yemvelo kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi izindawo zamakhemikhali ze-nuclides, izici ezibonakalayo zendalo, kanye nezici zomzimba nezemvelo zezitshalo nezilwane. I-weathering yamadwala, i-reservoir yayo eyinhloko, inikezela u-U, Th no-K enhlabathini. Imikhiqizo yokubola yeTh no-U nayo ihlanganyela kulokhu kuthunyelwa. Ukusuka enhlabathini K, Ra, u-U omncane kanye noTh kakhulu kunjengezitshalo. Basebenzisa i-potassium-40 kanye ne-K. Radium eqinile, umkhiqizo wokubola we-U-238, isetshenziswe yisitshalo, hhayi ngoba isotopu, kodwa ngoba isekhemikhi eduze ne-calcium. Ukumuncwa kwe-uranium ne-thorium izitshalo ngokuvamile akubalulekile, ngoba la ma-radionuclides ngokuvamile ayengabonakali.

Radon

Okubaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imithombo yemisebe yemvelo kuyisici ngaphandle kokunambitheka nokuphunga, igesi elingabonakali eliphindwe izikhathi ezingu-8 kunesimo sezulu, i-radon. Iqukethe ama-isotopi amabili amakhulu - i-radon-222, enye yemikhiqizo yokubola ye-U-238, ne-radon-220, eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sokubola kweT-232.

Amatshe, inhlabathi, izitshalo, izilwane ziphuma emkhathini. Igesi liwumkhiqizo wokubola kwe-radium futhi likhiqizwa kunoma yiluphi ulwazi oluqukethe. Njengoba i-radon ingumgogodla we-inert, ingasuswa yizindawo ezihlangana nomkhathi. Inani le-radon elivela emkhatsini wedwala elinikeziwe lithinta inani le-radium kanye nomhlaba. I-rock encane, i-radon ngaphezulu ingayikhulula. Ukuhlushwa kwe-Rn emoyeni eduze kwezinto ezihambisana ne-radium nakho kuxhomeke ekuvinjeni komoya. Ezingaphansi komhlaba, emaphandleni kanye nasezimayini ezinezimoto ezimbi, ama-radon angafinyelela ezingeni elibalulekile.

Rn ukubola ngokushesha ngokusheshayo futhi kwakha uchungechunge of radionuclides indodakazi. Emva kokubunjwa emkhathini, imikhiqizo yokubola kwe-radon ihlanganiswe nezinhlayiya ezinhle zothuli, ezihlala emhlabathini kanye nezitshalo, futhi zihanjiswe izilwane. Imvula isebenza ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlanzeni umoya wezinto ezinomsakazo, kepha ukungqubuzana nokuxhaswa kwezinhlayiyana ze-aerosol nakho kunomthelela ekwenzeni imali.

Esikhathini sezulu esilinganiselwe, ukuhlushwa kwe-radon ekamelweni kuvamile cishe izikhathi ezingu-5-10 eziphakeme kunomoya ovulekile.

Emashumini ambalwa ambalwa adlule, umuntu "wenza ngokuhlakanipha" wakhiqiza ama-radionuclides angamakhulu amaningana, ama-X ray, imithombo, izindawo, ukusetshenziswa okusetshenziswa emithi, isayensi yezempi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, i-instrumentation kanye nokuhlolwa kwamaminerali.

Umphumela ngamunye wemithombo eyenziwe ngumuntu wemisebe ihlukahluka kakhulu. Iningi labantu lithola umthamo omncane wemisebe yokufakelwa, kepha ezinye - izikhathi eziningana ukukhanya kwemithombo yemvelo. Imithombo ye-Technogenic ilawulwa kangcono kunemithombo yemvelo.

Imithombo ye-X emithi

Embonini nasemithi, njengomthetho, kusetshenziselwa ama-radionuclide ahlanzekile kuphela, okwenza kube lula ukubona izindlela zokuvuza kusuka kumasayithi okugcina kanye nenqubo yokusebenzisa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe emithini yokwelapha kwande futhi kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu. Ihlanganisa imithombo ye-X-ray esetshenziselwa imithi ye:

• Ukuxilonga;
• Ukwelapha;
• Izinqubo zokuhlaziya;
• I-Cardiostimulation.

Ukusetshenziswa kokuxilongwa kokubili imithombo evaliwe, nezinhlobonhlobo zezinkomba zomsakazo. Izikhungo zezokwelapha, njengomthetho, zihlukanisa lezi zicelo njenge-radiology nemithi yenukliya.

Ingabe i- X-ray tube iyimithombo ye-radiation ionizing? I-tomography yekhompyutha kanye ne-fluorography yinkambiso yokuxilonga eyaziwayo eyenziwa ngosizo lwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-rayography yezokwelapha, kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa imithombo ye-isotopu, kufaka phakathi i-gamma ne-beta, nemithombo yokuhlola ye-neutron yamacala lapho imishini ye-X engabonakali khona , ingalungile noma ingaba yingozi. Ngokuphathelene nemvelo, imisebe ye-radiographic ayingozi uma nje imithombo yayo ihlala iphendula futhi ilahlwa kahle. Kulokhu, umlando wama-radium, izinaliti ze-radon nama-radium-luminecent compounds akukhuthazi.

Ngokujwayelekile, imithombo ye-x isetshenziswa ngokusekelwe ku- ⁹⁰ Sr noma i- ¹⁴⁷ Pm. Ukubukeka kwe- ²⁵² Cf njenge-generator ye-neutron ephathekayo eyenza i-neutron radiography iyatholakala kakhulu, nakuba ngokuvamile le ndlela isencike ngokuqinile ekutholakaleni kwamagesi enyukliya.

Imithi ye-nyukliya

Ingozi enkulu emvelweni imelelwe amalebuli e-radioisotope emithonjeni yamandla enyukliya kanye nemithombo ye-X-ray. Izibonelo zemiphumela engathandeki yilezi:

• Irradiation yesiguli;
• Ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi basebhedlela;
• Ukuvezwa kokuthuthwa kwemithi emithini yemishini;
• Ukuthinta inqubo yokukhiqiza;
• Ukuboniswa kumfucuza omsakazo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaba nomkhuba wokunciphisa ukutholakala kweziguli ngenxa yokungeniswa kwama-isotops okufutshane okusebenza kancane okugxile ekusebenziseni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo amaningi kakhulu.

Ukuncipha kwengxenye emifushane kunciphisa umthelela wokuchitheka kwemfucuza, ngoba iningi lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside lithengiswa ngezinso.

Ngokusobala, umthelela emvelweni ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuthuthwa kwamanzi akuxhomeke ekutheni isiguli sisesibhedlela noma sithathwa njengesiguli. Nakuba iningi lalezi zakhi ezivuthayo ezikhishwayo cishe lizophila isikhathi esifushane, umphumela wokuqoqa kakhulu udlula izinga lokungcola kwazo zonke izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezihlangene.

I-commonly used in medicine radionuclides yimithombo ye-x-ray:

• ^I-99m TC - ukuskena kwe-skull nobuchopho, ukuskena kwesibindi segazi, ukuskena kwenhliziyo, isibindi, amaphaphu, ukugcoba kwe-thyroid, indawo yangasese;
• ¹³¹ I-igazi, izibalo zesibindi, indawo yangasese, ukuskena kanye nokwelashwa kwegciwane le-thyroid;
• ⁵¹ - Ukunqunywa kwesikhathi sokuba khona kwamaseli abomvu noma ukulandelana kwegazi, ivolumu yegazi;
• Icala leShilling ⁵⁷ ;
• ³² P - metastases emathanjeni amathambo.

Uhlelo olubanzi lwezinqubo ze-radioimmunoassay, ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe ye-urine kanye nezinye izindlela zokucwaninga usebenzisa ama-organic compounds aqoshiwe kuye kwanda kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zamanzi-scintillation. Izixazululo ze-organic ze-phosphorus, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe ku-toluene noma i-xylene, zakha ivolumu enkulu kakhulu yemfucumfucu egazini edingekayo. Ukucubungula ifomu eliketshezi kungase kube yingozi futhi kungavumelani nemvelo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukushiswa kukhethwayo.

Kusukela kuphele isikhathi eside ku- ³ N noma ku- ¹⁴ C kutholakala kalula emvelweni, umphumela wabo ungaphakathi kobubanzi obujwayelekile. Kodwa umphumela wokuqoqa ungaba ophawulekayo.

Olunye uhlobo lwezokwelapha lwe-radionuclides ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-plutonium kuma-pacemaker anamandla. Izinkulungwane zabantu ziphila namuhla ngoba la madivayisi asiza ukwenza izinhliziyo zabo. Imithombo efihliwe ye- ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) iyafakwa ngokugcwele ngeziguli.

Imisebe ye-X-ray yezimboni: imithombo, izindawo, izicelo

Imithi akuyona yodwa indawo lapho le ngxenye ye-spectrum magnetic spectrum ithole isicelo. Ingxenye ephawulekayo yesimo somlilo we technogenic yi-radioisotopes nemithombo ye-X-ray esetshenziswa embonini. Izibonelo zezicelo ezinjalo:

• I-radiography yezohwebo;
• Ukukala kwemisebe;
• Izinhloli zomshukela;
• Izinto zokwakha ezikhanyayo;
• I-X-ray crystallography;
• I-Scanners yokukhishwa kwemithwalo nokuhlolwa kwemithwalo yesandla;
• Ama-lasers we-X;
• Ama-synchrotrons;
• Ama-cyclotron.

Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi lezi zicelo ezihilela ukusetshenziswa isotopes encapsulated, ngemisebe, kutawenteka ngesikhatsi zokuhamba, ukudluliswa, ukugcinwa kanye nokusetshenziswa.

Ingabe-X-ray tube umthombo ionizing emisebeni e umkhakha? Yebo, isetshenziswa non-elimazayo ukulawula sezindiza izinhlelo, e crystal ucwaningo, izinto zokwakha kanye izakhiwo, ukuhlolwa ezimbonini. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, umthamo njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye kwezesayensi umkhakha Usufike isigamu ukubaluleka le nkomba kwezokwelapha; Ngakho-ke, umnikelo obalulekile.

Encapsulated-X-ray imithombo bebodwa awakuthinti. Kodwa yokuhamba kanye nokulahlwa okwethusayo lapho elahleka noma ngephutha iphonswe dustbin. Okunjalo-X-ray imithombo kuvame enikeziwe futhi ezifakelwe akwazi ukugcina kabili uphawu noma amasilinda. Amaphilisi zenziwa insimbi engagqwali futhi zidinga wokuhlola ngezikhathi ukuvuza. Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile kungaba inkinga. imithombo esifushane ungagcina nokubuna, kodwa ngisho Kulokhu, kufanele uthole kunakwe, futhi impahla esebenzayo esele kumele zilahlwe ngendlela ebonisa ukukhathalela luhlobo ilayisense. Kungenjalo, amaphilisi kumele sithunyelwe izikhungo ezikhethekile. ukujiya yabo inquma usayizi okokusebenza asebenzayo futhi umthombo-X-ray ingxenye.

Isikhala sokulondoloza-X-ray imithombo

Inkinga yokukhula kuyinto decommissioning ephephile futhi decontamination amasayithi zezimboni lapho izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile zigcinwa esikhathini esidlule. Ngokuyisisekelo ngaphambilini eyakhelwe amabhizinisi ngoba kucutshungulwa izinto yenyukliye, kodwa kumele kube yingxenye nezinye izimboni, ezifana izimboni ukwenziwa tritium izimpawu self-elikhanyayo.

Inkinga olukhethekile imithombo eliphansi eside waphila, okuyinto esakazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ²⁴¹ Am isetshenziswa ethungatha umusi. Ngaphezu Radon main-X-ray imithombo ekhaya. Ngamunye wabo abalona ingozi, kodwa nabaningi babo kungaba inkinga esikhathini esizayo.

ukuqhuma yenuzi

Kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, ngamunye yabekwa isenzo kwemisebe ubuthi bemisebe kubangelwa yenuzi izikhali zokuhlola. Bona kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba eminyakeni 1954-1958 futhi 1961-1962.

Ngo-1963, amazwe amathathu (USSR, USA naseGreat Britain) yasayina isivumelwano ku ukuvinjelwa ngokwengxenye on ukuhlolwa zenuzi emkhathini, ezilwandle kanye emkhathini. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, France kanye China olwenziwa uchungechunge ngezilingo ezincane kakhulu, okuyinto ziphela ngo-1980 ukuhlolwa Underground Namanje kuqhutshwa, kodwa akuvamile ukuba abangele kwezulu.

kwazo imisebe emuva kokwenziwa asemkhathini iwe eduze indawo ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu. Ngokwengxenye, bahlale iThrojani efaka isimeli seseva futhi eyalo umoya emhlabeni wonke endaweni ekuyi-latitude efanayo. Njengoba siqhubekela, lize liwe phansi, ukuhlala isikhathi esingangenyanga emoyeni. Kodwa ingxenye engcono is bafakwa Stratosphere, lapho kungcola uhlala izinyanga eziningi, bese ngihlaliswa kancane emhlabeni wonke.

I fallout kuhlanganisa amakhulukhulu radionuclides ezahlukene, kodwa kuphela ezimbalwa bayakwazi ukwenza emzimbeni womuntu, ngakho ubungako bawo lincane kakhulu, futhi ukubola kushesha. C-14, Cs-137, Zr-95 futhi Sr-90 kukhona izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu.

Zr-95 has nengxenye-ukuphila izinsuku 64, kanye Cs-137 futhi Sr-90 - iminyaka engaba ngu-30. -carbon-14 kuphela ngokuphila nengxenye engu 5730 kuzohlala kusebenza nasesikhathini esikude esizayo.

amandla enuzi

amandla enuzi iyona impikiswano iningi yonke imithombo eyenziwe emisebeni, kodwa ngomnikelo omncane kakhulu ukuba umthelela empilweni yomuntu. Phakathi operation evamile insiza yenuzi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ku imvelo esincane yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Ngo-February 2016, kwakunabamemezeli 442 ezisebenza ezindaweni zamandla enunzi yombango emazweni 31, futhi enye 66 bangaphansi ukwakhiwa. Lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo umjikelezo zokukhiqiza uphethiloli zenuzi. Iqala nokukhiqizwa ukugaya of uranium-ore futhi usinika ukuzakhela fuel zenuzi. Ngemva ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni amandla fuel cell ngezinye izikhathi lucubungelelwa nokuvulwa uranium futhi plutonium. Ekugcineni, lo mjikelezo iphela indle zenuzi. Esigabeni ngasinye kulo mjikelezo ungase avuze imfucumfucu enemisebe.

Cishe ingxenye yabo ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni ka-uranium-ore livela emgodini ovulekile, enye ingxenye - ezimayini. Labe kutsho e Izigayo eziseduze ukukhiqiza esiningi imfucuza - amakhulu ezigidi amathani. Lokhu imfucuza ihlala enemisebe izigidi zeminyaka emuva kokuthi inkampani eyeka umsebenzi walo, yize ekushayweni emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni ingxenye encane kakhulu isizinda zemvelo.

Ngemva kwalokho, i-uranium uguqulwe fuel by kucutshungulwe kanye ukuhlanzwa ku Izigayo sokugxila. Lezi zinqubo kuholele emoyeni namanzi ukungcola, kodwa abaqiniseki kakhulu kunakwezinye izigaba zomjikelezo nophethiloli.