Inhlabathi khathizwe - inhlabathi izingqimba nazo kule nqubo inhlabathi ukwakheka

isakhiwo Soil sifundwa kuwo ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukukhethwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinto kunqunywa ezidingweni ochwepheshe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona izindlela jikelele zokubukwa izici inhlabathi izingqimba, lapho ososayensi bayakwazi abajwayelene ngokucacile izimfanelo nezici ezivamile ikhava umhlaba lo noma kuleyo ndawo. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona athomu, aggregate kanye crystal futhi yamangqamuzana ezingeni ukumelwa izakhiwo ezenza kungenzeka ukufunda umhlabathi ngokuningiliziwe obuhlukahlukene. Kumiswa wesine isethulo ungqimba inhlabathi khathizwe. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, zingase zibonakale emhlabeni iphrofayli Sectional eye ezakhiwe izingqimba eziningana Geological isikhathi esithile.

subsurface khathizwe

Lona uhlobo base ungqimba futhi inhlabathi ezihleli okuyinto ethatha idwala umzali ngombono kumiswa izingqimba okwalandela maqondana kwamanzi. izingqimba ezinjalo heterogeneous futhi izindlela ezihlukene. Ochwepheshe ukukhomba isihlabathi, ubumba, udoti, kanye izingqimba kuhlangene, elinesimo umsuka ethile.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi khathizwe komama ngaphandle isizathu abizwa ngokuthi eziyisisekelo. Ziyakwazi khona kanye ngezansi, kodwa zinomthintela omkhulu phezu izingqimba engenhla. Lokhu kubonakala ikhono ukwakha izici amakhemikhali, mineralogical futhi mechanical, futhi izimfanelo zabo ezingokomzimba izingqimba evundile. Ngakho, udoti uzoba ikhange nakakhulu izinga agronomic kuka edwaleni umzali, izakhiwo mechanical bazimisele enesihlabathi esiningi noma ubumba kwengoma.

isimo somhlabathi izinhlobo

Ukuhlolwa izici emkhathizwe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ekutholeni oyiyo. Ngu zesakhiwo kusho uchungechunge amayunithi ngabanye noma izinhlayiya uyakwazi uwohloka ezinqumela. Lokho kuyinto impahla ukuthi ichaza isimo mechanical wokuhlanganisa uyaca inhlabathi. Omunye nemingcele okukuvumela ukuba ubheke labo khathizwe inhlabathi noma ezinye izakhiwo, amandla Ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi izici ngabanye of the ukwakheka test futhi microaggregates. Kuze kube manje, kukhona izigaba ezintathu zenhlabathi izikhungo isayensi, leyehlukile kuyizinhlayiyana osayizi, kanye ilungiselelo zabo bobabili. Lokhu prismatic, cuboid futhi plitovidnaya isakhiwo.

I izinhlayiya prismatic inhlabathi uquqaba athuthukile-eksisi ikakhulu mpo, isakhiwo cuboid eqala ukusatshalaliswa iyunifomu izinhlayiya e izindiza ezintathu elise perpendicular komunye nomunye. Plitovidnye nenhlabathi akhiwa izimbazo ezimbili nokufinyezwa okucacile isiqondiso mpo. Uma isisindo akusho iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku izinhlayiya ngabanye, futhi ekuqaleni libhekene nesimo khulula onganqamukiyo, ibizwa ngokuthi razdelnochastichnoy akusenjalo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa uthuli isihlabathi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, inhlabathi enamadwala kungase uyiswe akusenjalo okukhulu. izakhiwo ezinjalo zinezikhathi khona izigaxa enkulu shapeless.

Inani kuyizinhlayiyana Usayizi ukusatshalaliswa

Uma isakhiwo mechanical ichaza ukusatshalaliswa izakhi ngabanye nenqwaba inhlabathi, ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ukuhlaziywa kungacacisa ukuthi izakhiwo agronomic ngu kulinganiswa kuyizinhlayiyana ngqo. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi ukunikeza izici morphological iphrofayli umhlabathi uvala izici kwengoma. Ngakho, inhlabathi ehlane ikakhulukazi sandy, futhi inselele ngoba abacwaningi kuyinto ukuchaza ukufana okuqukethwe kanye predominance eyodwa noma elinye iqembu. izindlela zokulinganisa ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi usebenzisa imishini Metrology elisetshenziswa assays ezinjalo.

Inhlabathi lombala

Umbala inhlabathi mass ingenye izici ezivelele kunazo morphological, okungase ukucacisa zofuzo iphrofayli umkhathizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokomongo izwe inkomba zamatshe shades kusiza izifundo ezinjalo ukuba abambe futhi khathizwe umngcele. Nokho, umbala kanye nokusebenza umbala imiqondo akuzona okulingana kuleli cala. Ngaphansi umbala kusho jikelele isici heterogeneity futhi patchiness. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbala inhlabathi mass likhombisa inhlanganisela imibala, umfutho kanye nezinye izinga chromaticity. By the way, izinhlobo eziningi zenhlabathi uthola igama layo ngokunembile izici umbala - lokhu akunakubangelwa inhlabathi grey, inhlabathi ebomvu futhi mhlabathi omnyama.

Umbala umkhathizwe kungenzeka heterogeneous futhi eyohlobo. Esimweni sokuqala, mass ezinemibala ngemibala ehlukene, lapho umehluko kuthiwa kuyofikwa izici chromatique hhayi kuphela. Umbala ngokuvamile kubangela nezici zomzimba, ikhishwe kanye touch. Umbala iyunifomu, ngokwesibonelo ehlane umhlabathi, lapho izingqimba aphansi kwenzeka siphungule izinhlayiya zayo.

humus khathizwe

Lona iqembu elikhulu nenhlabathi, okuyinto akhiwa inqubo biodegradation. Hlukanisa umkhathizwe izingqimba kuhluke ukuphakama, izinga ngokomzimba, ukubunjwa, izakhi organic, njll D. Lokhu umthunzi uthambekele kakhulu uhla kusuka grey kuya black. izindawo esivamile emkhathizwe humus iyona asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi asemaqeleni. Empeleni, ihlathi komama ingxenyekazi engaphansi ngokuyinhloko nomthelela ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano izingqimba engenhla yalolu hlobo. Ikakhulukazi, ovelele wapheka umkhathizwe, serogumusovy futhi svetlogumusovy. Wapheka izingqimba ngokuvamile atholakala emathafeni futhi ehlathini izifunda. Enwetshiwe humus umkhathizwe nge humus. It is ngokuvamile atholakala namathafa ixhaphozi eningizimu. Horizons Bright iyona mass yalolu hlobo kwakuthé chithi saka nenhlabathi kwamazwe ezomile futhi ephuma kabili eyomile, okuyinto ubuswa efudumele sezulu eyomile.

khathizwe organic

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa khathizwe inhlabathi lapho okuqukethwe izingxenye organic ingu-30% noma ngaphezulu. Ngokuvamile kuba izingqimba engenhla sephrofayela. Ngokwesibonelo, ungqimba amaqabunga emkhathizwe Peat, obude 10 cm. Lakhiwa ukubola izimila izinsalela, herbaceous asemaqeleni felts futhi t. D. Humus ungqimba waba nazo ezifakwe kuleli qembu. Siyabonga kuye, kwakhiwa mhlabathi omnyama, ezingasetshenziswa futhi abe umbala ensundu black amnyama. zokwakheka enjalo ngokuvamile zilala izingqimba udoti-Peat. Kunezinye zenyathi umkhathizwe, ogama Ukwakheka nokumbiwa izakhi kungase kufakwe. Kodwa lo main izakhiwo wobunye esaba morphological nenhlabathi kufakwe kule sethi kusekelwe umsuka izinto eziphilayo. Lokho, kulesi kumiswa icala inhlabathi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya biodegradation.

Median inhlabathi khathizwe

I lolwehlukanisa lolu hlobo khathizwe yazo inhlabathi ukuze izinqubo ngokuqondile ngaphakathi isakhiwo ngaphandle kwethonya yangaphandle phezu isisindo. Ummeleli ejwayelekile yalolu hlobo kuba alfegumusovy umkhathizwe. It libhekene khona inclusions humic-ayoni phezu ifilimu noma lokubolekwa izinhlayiya amaminerali. Ngokuqondene umbala, kulesi simo, akukho ukusebenza esiqinile - kuxhomeke kakhulu ezinyathelweni Ukwakheka esithile, okungenza inhlabathi kanye emnyama, futhi ukukhanya shades aphuzi. Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi khathizwe uhlobo lesemkhatsini ezitholakala loamy noma nenhlabathi sandy. Isibonelo esihle isandiso okunjalo kuyoba ngomala kanye emkhathizwe. Lokhu mass brown, lapho isakhiwo futhi ngokuchichima mnogoporyadkovoy namafilimu multilayer. Nokho, umkhathizwe kungatholakala ngaphansi predominance ka ubumba nenhlabathi.

umkhathizwe eluvial

Iphrofayela ikhava, overlain ngu zamatshe organogenic noma humus, iyona umkhathizwe elikhanyayo kakhulu. It libhekene a engasindi ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ukusatshalaliswa futhi ukuhlukahluka izakhi zalo abamelwe ngokuya izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Lezi khathizwe ezingaphezulu podzolized, humus-eluvial futhi subelyuvialny izingqimba. Ngokwesibonelo, nenqwaba ezahlukene podzolic sandy and sandy usayizi loam kuyizinhlayiyana isisekelo, futhi kwezinye izimo, okungezona olwakhiwe base imvuthuluka. Ukuze uthole umkhathizwe inikezwe ilungiselelo esingokoqobo isakhiwo futhi zinomswakama namathafa alfegumusovyh. By the way, ngokusho kwabanye izici kwesakhiwo ezifana nalezo izingqimba umkhathizwe illuvial, nakuba lapho ukubusa brown zonke izimbangela futhi wabonisa umehluko zangaphandle.

umkhathizwe olimekayo

Nenhlabathi afakiwe khathizwe olimekayo, ngokuvamile ubheke indawo. Nokho, akuzona zonke ungqimba ebusweni ingase ibhekisele nenhlabathi evundile. A izinga ekhethekile ka umkhathizwe nje iqoqo izimo ezivuna ukutshala izitshalo. Ukwakheka kanye nezici agronomic kwenhlabathi ukuvumela uhlelo impande abangelwa yisisindo inhlabathi lokukha izinto ezidingekayo. izimo zemvelo ngokudala le mhlabathi omnyama, kodwa ngokuvamile izimfanelo ofiselekayo bayanda futhi ekhethekile izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of ukutshalwa umkhathizwe olimekayo, ukuvundisa ngezithukuthuku State of the ukulungiswa kwamanzi.

rocks umzali

Lokhu izingqimba olukha phezulu umzali, okuyinto laba isisekelo segama kumiswa inhlabathi entsha. Ngokuvamile, ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ukusatshalaliswa setha rocks enjalo yizici amaminerali - 80%. Ukukhethwa wukuthi ngaphandle Peat umkhathizwe, ogama ukugcwaliswa umthamo amaminerali kungaba ngaphakathi 10%. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi laba izingqimba kungaba yesikhulumi engcono sokuthuthukiswa inhlabathi evundile olimekayo nge high izakhiwo agronomic, kodwa akuzona endawni njalo. Lokhu kungase kube inhlabathi enamadwala noma idwala, kwakheka kumila okuyinto by igneous, sedimentary, namadwala metamorphic. Kodwa, naphezu ukusebenza okuncane ngokuya wenzalo izingqimba abanjalo bangabaphostoli isisekelo esihle ukuthuthukisa ikhange nakakhulu wezolimo izembozo.

isiphetho

Agro-technical ibhizinisi namahlathi kukhona amakhasimende ayinhloko kanye nabasebenzisi ngezinto, zenzelwe amabalazwe nezigaba umhlaba futhi ekhombisa iphrofayili umkhathizwe inhlabathi. idatha ezinjalo ziyadingeka izikhulu zibonise ukuqonda okwengeziwe ephelele isithombe wamanje kanye izici kwemithombo yemvelo nemibono ngekusasa ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo zayo. Ikakhulukazi, inhlabathi khathizwe uvumele ukuze ibone ukuthi yikuphi kungenzeka ukulungiswa okwengeziwe lichaza ekwakheni inhlabathi. Ukuze Ekuhloleni lezi khathizwe sisetshenziswa spectrum ezibanzi izindlela kusekelwa yesimanje izindlela lobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanesifiso izifundo ezinjalo ngokuvamile izinkampani ngokwabo bafeze imisebenzi okuhloswe ngaso ekushintsheni isakhiwo kanye nezici khathizwe ezithile.