Vula "Ukukhululeka": ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi

Ukuguquka kwesibhugali eFrance kwabangela ukuwa kwamakhosikazi aseWestern Europe, umzabalazo wabantu abacindezelwe ngenkululeko nokukhula kobuzwe babo. E-Russia ngaleso sikhathi, abameleli abahloniphekile babantu abahloniphekile baqaphela ukuthi ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom kwakudingeka ngokwezombusazwe, ngoba bekuyisivimbela ekuthuthukiseni umnotho nezenhlalakahle zombuso. Kodwa umsebenzi wabaholi bentuthuko wawubanzi kakhulu: bazibekela wona imigomo yokukhululwa komuntu ngamunye, inkululeko yakhe engokomoya. Ukunqoba kweRussia phezu kweNapoleon, ukuxosha ukubusa kwezwe, kwaholela ithemba lokuba izinguquko zomphakathi zizobe sezizoqhubeka ezweni. Izibalo eziningi zesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-tsar ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, esinqumayo.

Isihloko senkululeko emsebenzini ka-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Kuwo wonke ubuciko buka-Alexander Sergeevich, umbono weRussia mahhala udlula. Kakade emisebenzini yokuqala wayephikisa ukuxolisa nokungabi nabulungisa kwesimiso sezenhlalakahle zanamuhla, wamangalela udlame olwalulimaza abantu. Ngakho-ke, eneminyaka engu-16 wabhala inkondlo ethi "Licinia", futhi ngo-1818 - enye yezingoma ezinothando kakhulu ezinikezelwe inkululeko, "Ku-Chaadayev," lapho umuntu ezwa inkolelo yokuthi leli zwe "liyovela ephusheni." Isihloko senkululeko sizwakala ezinkondlweni "Arion", "Ekujuleni kwamatshe aseSiberia," "Anchar," nabanye.

Ukudala i-ode "Inkululeko"

Noma kunjalo, imibono kaPushkin yayibonakaliswe ngokucacile futhi ngokugcwele emgqeni wakhe odumile othi "Ukukhululeka", owabhalwa ngo-1817, ngemva nje kokukhululwa kwakhe eLyceum. Yadalwa efulethini labazalwane baseTurgenev. Amafasitela alo ayebheke indawo lapho uPaul engibulala khona, iNqaba yeMikhailovsky.

Ithonya lika-Radishchev ode ku-Pushkin's

Leli gama lithi u-Alexander Sergeevich uthatha njengesibonelo somlobi othile waseRussia ogama lakhe elifanayo. Ode "Ukukhululeka" (Radishchev), okuqukethwe okufushane okufana nokudalwa kwegama elifanayo ngu-Alexander Sergeevich, kusalokhu kuqhathaniswa nePushkin's. Sizozama ukuphendula ukuthi ncamashi.

I-Pushkin igcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe uhlotshaniswa nenguqulo ye-Radishchevsky yomunye owodwa kusukela enkondlweni ethi "Isikhumbuzo". Njengaphambili kwakhe, u-Alexander Sergeyevich udumisa inkululeko yezombangazwe nenkululeko. Zombili izimbongi zikhomba izibonelo zokunqoba kwenkululeko emlandweni (i-Radishchev - inguquko yesiNgisi eyenzeka ngekhulu le-17 , noPushkin - i-revolution eFrance ngo-1789). U-Alexander Sergeevich, olandela u-Alexander Nikolayevich, ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho owufanelwe kubo bonke uyisiqinisekiso sokuba khona kwenkululeko yezombusazwe kuleli zwe.

U-Oda "Ukukhululeka" Radishchev - ukubiza abantu ukuba bavuselele, ukudiliza amandla enkosi ngokujwayelekile, futhi u-Alexander Sergeevich uqondiswa kuphela kulabo abazibeka ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi umthetho "labashiqela". Yilokho uPushkin abhala mayelana ("Ukukhululeka"). Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi kusivumela ukuthi sisho ukuthi emsebenzini wakhe wabonisa imibono yabaseDecembrists bokuqala, abazwela futhi abaphethe ithonya lakhe.

Izici ze-Pushkin Odes

Amandla evesi lika-Alexander Sergeevich, ikhono lakhe lobuciko, lanikeza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kulolu hlelo. Njengoba isikhalazo sokuvula inkulumo sabonakala ngabantu abasha be-Ode "Ukukhululeka", ukuhlaziywa kwalo okuhlongozwayo kulesi sihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, uPirogov, udokotela ohlinzayo odumile waseRussia ngaleso sikhathi, ekhumbula iminyaka yakhe encane, utshela iqiniso elilandelayo. Ekhuluma ngemibono yezombangazwe ka-Alexander Sergeevich, eboniswe emsebenzini "Freedom", omunye wabafundi bakhe, ngenkathi esengumfundi, wathi ukuguqulwa kwezomnotho kusendleleni - ngakho-ke inguquko, "nge-guillotine," njengesiFulentshi.

Imigqa ephela ngevesi lesibili ibonakala inguquko, ikakhulukazi: "Abashayeli bezwe, thuthumela!"

Vula "Ukukhululeka": isifinyeto

UPushkin wabhala inkondlo yakhe, elandela isibonelo sikaRadishchev, ngesimo se-ode. Iqala ngokufaka isikhalazo kumamyuziyamu, umculi odume wenkululeko yama-tsars. Lapha isihloko sichazwe - umbhali ubhala ukuthi ufuna "ukuhlabelela inkululeko yezwe" nokushaya iphutha ezihlalweni zobukhosi. Emva kwalokhu kuvela isitatimende sesimo esiyinhloko: ngenxa yezwe elihle, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa imithetho enamandla nenkululeko yongcwele. Kuboniswa yizibonelo ezisuka emlandweni (uPaul I, uLouis XVI). Lapho echaza izenzakalo zomlando (ukubulawa kukaLouis ngesikhathi sePrince Revolution, ukubulawa kukaPaul I eNdlini yaseMikhailovsky ngezandla zamaphoyisa), imbongi ingayithandi nje kuphela ukuhlukumezeka, kodwa nalabo ababhubhisa izigqila, ngoba ukushaywa kwalaba bantu kuyinkohliso: ayimthetho futhi ayikhohlisi.

Ebiza ukuphikisana nokuziqhenya, umoya, u-Alexander Sergeevich uyaqonda ukubaluleka kokuxazulula izingxabano ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomthetho - yilokho ukuhlaziywa komlando kaPushkin kubonisa. Kufanele kutholakale inkululeko, kuyilapho kugweme ukuchithwa kwegazi. Enye indlela inhlekelele kubo bonke abashiqela kanye nabantu baseRussia ngokwabo.

Ode "Ukukhululeka," ukuhlaziywa kwalo okuqashelwe, kuphetha, njengenjwayelo, ngokufaka isikhalazo ku-sovereignty, ngesicelo sokufunda isifundo kulokhu okushiwo.

Ukuvumelana okuhlangene kusisiza ukuba siqaphe ukuhamba kwemizwa nemicabango yombongi. Izindlela zokukhuluma zokuqukethwe zihambisana nalokho. Ode "Ukukhululeka", isifinyeto esinikezwe ngenhla, isampula yokuphelela okuphezulu kwezobuciko.

Izici ze-poetics

Inkulumo yezinkondlo (ukujabula, ukukhuphula) kubonisa imizwa ehlukahlukene umlobi ayenaye: isifiso esinamandla senkululeko (esigabeni sokuqala), ukufutheka kwabacindezeli nabacindezeli (isigaba sesibili), usizi lwesakhamuzi sombuso lapho kubonakala ukungabi namthetho okudalwa (isigaba sesithathu), njll. Kwakungenzeka ukuthola amagama okufanekisa kanye nesikhathi esifanayo ukuze adlulise imizwa nemicabango eyayibaphethe. Isibonelo, ukhuluma "inkululeko njengomculi oziqhenyayo", "isiphepho samakhosi" ngesakhiwo se-Pushkin. "Ukukhululeka", ukuhlaziywa kwakho okunikezwa kulokhu kulesi sihloko, ngumsebenzi ophefumulelwe ovela phezulu. Kuyinto eyimfihlo ekhuthaza imbongi nge "izingoma ezibukhali".

Ukuguqulwa kwenani lama-odes

Ode "Ukukhululeka" (ukuhlaziywa ngenhla) kwaba nomthelela omkhulu wokuguqula abantu abaphila ngesikhathi sika-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, esetshenziselwa ukuhlukunyezwa yi-Decembrists.

Ngokushesha imbongi iyadumazeka ngemibono yakhe yangaphambili yokuthi inkosi izama ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphila kwabantu bayo, ngoba u-Alexander the First akakwazanga ukunquma ukuguqulwa okunamandla okwakuyoqeda insipho. IRussia yayisesimweni sama-feudal. Izicukuthwane ezazicabanga ukuthi zithuthuka, kuhlanganise nabangane baka-Alexander Sergeevich, zenzelwe ukuphoqa umbuso wecala ngenkani futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziqede izinsizakalo zemiphakathi ehlukahlukene.

I-Pushkin yayingekho ngokomthetho kubo bonke, kodwa imicabango yabantu abaguquguqukayo ababeba nayo yaholela ekuboneni ukuthi akunakwenzeka eRussia ngokuguqulwa okukhululekile "okuvela phezulu." Lo mqondo, wabonakala emisebenzini yakhe eyengeziwe. Vula "Ukukhululeka", ukuhlaziywa kwalo okukunikeza ukuqonda okungcono, okubizwa nangokuthi ukuchithwa kwamandla okucindezela "kusukela ngezansi" ngokuguqulwa.