Vilfredo Pareto: Biography, wemiqondo eyisisekelo, imisebenzi emikhulu. Theory ka Vilfredo Pareto elite

Vilfredo Pareto (iminyaka yokuphila - 1848-1923) - isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esisebenza ezidumile Economist. Ungomunye abasunguli imfundiso yokuziphendukela izigwili, owawuthi umphakathi has simise pyramidal. Phezu mbhoshongo is elite, okuyinto kakhulu inquma impilo nomphakathi wonkana. Kodwa hhayi kuphela njengoba umdali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela eyaziwa Vilfredo Pareto. Umlando wakhe bayofaka kuwe impilo nangesandla impumelelo esemqoka yalolu isazi.

Umsuka, ebuntwaneni

UWilfredo wazalelwa emndenini ezihloniphekayo, owayehlala e-Paris. Uyise wayengumGreki i Marquis isiNtaliyane, adingiswa asuswa Italy ngezinkolelo republic futhi ovulekile. Pareto unina ubuzwe French. UWilfredo, ingane ezizikhuluma zombili lezi zilimi ngokucelwa ngabazali bazo noma kunjalo baba nomuzwa ikakhulukazi isiNtaliyane, kunokuba French. Ngo-1850, umndeni sivunyelwa ukuba sibuyele e-Italy, futhi ukanye kulelizwe kwakuhlobene okuphila kwesikhathi esizayo Vilfredo Pareto (, ubusha, futhi ingxenye yenkathi abavuthiwe).

kumiswa

Pareto lithole tebuchwepheshe zezenhlalakahle classical emfundo secondary. Kakade phakathi izifundo zakhe wabonisa isithakazelo futhi ukuthambekela zezibalo. UWilfredo eseqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-Turin, the Polytechnic University, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wathola ngezinga kwezobunjiniyela. Pareto bavikela ngo-1869 mqondo kumigomo yakhoibrium kwezinto eziqinile. nomqondo yakhoibrium liyobe omunye ukhiye emisebenzini yezomnotho kanye lwezenhlalo.

Ukuphila Florence

Florence kwaba yinkathi esilandelayo ukuphila Vilfredo Pareto. Wamenywa lapha isikhundla unjiniyela ujantshi. Ngemva kwesikhashana Pareto waba umphathi we izitshalo Metallurgical asezindaweni ezikahle kulo lonke elase-Italy. Ngalesi sikhathi ukusebenza kwakhe emelene nohulumeni wase-Italy waphishekela umgomo kwezempi. Pareto siveza nemibono yeningi.

Izenzakalo ezenzeka ekuphileni kuka yakhe siqu

Ngo-1889, i-Vilfredo washada intombazane Russian owazalelwa Aleksandre Bakuninoy. Nokho, umkakhe bamshiya 1901 futhi ebuyela eRussia. Ngemva konyaka, lapho uxhumeke ukuphila kwakhe uJeanne URégis, lapho wayehumusha umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, ebhalwe ngo-1912 ( "Treatise on Jikelele Sociology"). It yanyatheliswa ngo-Florence ngo-1916.

Ukujwayeleka ngemisebenzi zezomnotho isiNtaliyane, ushintsho ezinkolelweni

Pareto ngo-1891 bajwayelana imisebenzi zezomnotho ababili abavelele isiNtaliyane, L. Walras futhi M. Pantaleoni. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela yakhoibrium kwezomnotho, akhiwa kubo, yaba nethonya elikhulu phezu UWilfredo emhlabeni futhi kamuva yaba yisisekelo kwesimiso sakhe siqu lwezenhlalo. Ngu 90s yokuqala yekhulu le-19 kungokwalabo ukwa Pareto izinkolelo. Usosayensi waqala isikhundla futhi conservatism antidemocratic. Esikhathini kusuka 1892 kuya 1894 Pareto banyathelisa izincwadi eziningana izinto zabo ku ithiyori kwezomnotho.

Ukuhlala e-Switzerland

Ngo 1893, isikhathi entsha empilweni usosayensi wase-Italy. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwalokho wathuthela eSwitzerland, lapho aba uprofesa wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, kanye neNhloko yoMnyango eNyuvesi wendawo wase-Lausanne. Pareto salandelwa L. Walras, ngempela kulesi sikhundla Economist owaziwa. UWilfredo waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe nokuthi esimemo yakhe ukuza wase-Lausanne. Ngalesi sikhathi, abaningi Pareto wafunda isayensi iye yanyathelisa eziningana imisebenzi yakhe. ESwitzerland, kwakukhona "Inkambo Umnotho Political" yakhe (1896-1897), abhalwe French. Kanye Pareto efundisa umnotho 1897 waqala ukufunda e-University of Lausanne kanye kwabantu Yiqiniso. Ngemva konyaka, wathola isimo ezinkulukazi ngofuzo esivela kumalume wakhe. Ngo-1901 wathenga villa Pareto "Angora", etholakala uCelina ogwini Lake Geneva. Kwaba endaweni yakhe ozithandayo ukuze uphumule futhi umsebenzi. In Paris ncwadi Pareto "uhlelo sezenhlalo," esanyatheliswa ngo-1902 (isithombe ngezansi).

IMilan ngo-1907 wanyathelisa "I Incwadi ka Political Umnotho" Vilfredo Pareto. Imisebenzi emikhulu ke wathola eziningi notoriety, kodwa emsebenzini wakhe obaluleke kakhulu kwakuseza.

"Treatise on Jikelele Sociology"

UWilfredo kwadingeka ukuba uphazamiseke ngo-1907, efundisa imisebenzi ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo. Ngemva kwesikhashana, wafikelwa impilo engcono, wabhekisa ukusebenza "Treatise on Jikelele Sociology". Lo msebenzi UWilfredo wabhala eminyakeni 5, kusukela ngo-1907 kuya ku-1912. Ngo-1916 labetibambile ukushicilelwa yakhe kuqala isiNtaliyane, futhi eminyakeni 3 "Treatise" esanyatheliswa French. Vilfredo Pareto kusukela kulesi sikhathi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe ngokwenza ucwaningo kuphela emkhakheni wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu. ENyuvesi waseLausanne ngo-1918 yena waba yayigubha iminyaka engu-70.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Italian ku 1920 ekuseni enyathelisa incwadi eziningana ezithakazelisayo futhi ezibalulekile. Ngo-1921, "ukuguqulwa yeningi," esanyatheliswa Milan lapho ezibekwe isifinyezo yakha wonke imibono eyisisekelo yaleli nososayensi. Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu e eziningana yemibhalo yakhe enozwelo wobushiqela isiNtaliyane, okuyinto wathi uwusekela ngemibono. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngo-1922, uMussolini (ngenhla) uthatha izintambo ngo-Italy. Uhulumeni omusha ahlonishwe Pareto, abaningi amalungu ayo, kuhlanganise za yena, babezibheka abafundi UWilfredo. Pareto ngo-1923 waba yilungu lephalamende zombuso Italy. Khona-ke kwathi lapho efa ngo Celina wangcwatshwa lapha.

Izizathu kwabantu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Pareto ngempela ngasekupheleni waphendukela kwabantu, kakade uchwepheshe owaziwayo emkhakheni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Waba yini kwaba isizathu? Mhlawumbe, ukuthi UWilfredo saphela ukwanelisa welithi "indoda kwezomnotho", owayeyilungu abazibheka, futhi lapho usosayensi ukusebenza isikhathi eside ukutadisha emakethe esinakho, kanye nokusabalalisa imali emphakathini kanti ezinye nezinye izinkinga zomnotho. Ngisho e aqiniswa 19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 isebenza isithakazelo okusobala kwezinto umlobi model entsha yomuntu. Ngokugcwele, lokhu isithakazelo seyenziwe ku "Treatise on Jikelele Sociology" - kwenqwaba (mayelana 2000 emakhasini umbhalo).

Ukunqatshwa imodeli abazibheka

Pareto akuyona ngengozi anquma ukuba sisuke kuleli linqoba ngesikhathi imodeli abazibheka yomuntu, yize kwaba iminyaka eminingi abasekeli yalobo. Ngokulandela le-model, ngamunye isinyathelo kuqala ucabangela, ezihambisana nemigomo ebhekene nabo bese enze izenzo eziholela impumelelo yabo. Ngokusho umqondo Pareto, konke empeleni okuphambene. Okokuqala, umuntu wenza bedle kokuthandwayo imizwa yezenzo ezithile, futhi kuphela ke uchaza kubo, ukulwela ukuba semthethweni kanye mbono Izincazelo. Kulesi, empeleni, kungcono eyasungulwa omunye imiqondo esemqoka UWilfredo - imfundiso yokuziphendukela izenzo ezingekho okunengqondo.

Nokho, isazi sesayensi aluphumeleli mayelana nokuchazwa engenangqondo nezenzo zomuntu. Kunalokho, uzama ukuqinisa rationalism, ukuyivala ibe "ultraratsionalizm" lapho inkulumo kuhlanganisa logic nje kuphela kodwa futhi observation experiment ukuze adalule ukukhohlisa abantu ukuze akhohlise ngokwabo nabanye, abanye bezama ukufihla izisusa zangempela yokuziphatha yabo nezenzo.

Manje ake sixoxe lowombono ngokubukisisa abaningi bazi igama usosayensi njengoba Vilfredo Pareto.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izigwili

Pareto ungumdali imfundiso yokuziphendukela izigwili. Wakhuluma ushintsho zabo njalo. Umlando Italian wamazwe okuthiwa emathuneni elite, esizweni esincane nelungelo, ulwela amandla lapho efika kuwo, usebenzisa amandla futhi kuphenduke ngenye amancane. UWilfredo waphawula ukuthi izigwili bathambekele ukunqaba. Ngebanga lalokho, "neelity" bayakwazi ukudala abazolandela yabo ayakufanelekela. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izingane ngokuvamile awunawo nezimfanelo ezivelele yabazali bazo. Isidingo kwegazi njalo izigwili futhi ushintsho ngenxa yokuthi labo abanegunya ulahlekelwa amandla, eyabasiza ukuba bawine indawo phansi kwelanga.

izakhi

The Inkampani ulwela yakhoibrium kwezenhlalo, okuyinto bunikezwa nokuxhumana amabutho ahlukahlukene. Pareto ngokuthi izakhi amandla. UWilfredo kukhona izakhi 4 main: bokusungula, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe.

ukungalingani ngokwengqondo amadoda

Theory ka Vilfredo Pareto unaka ngokukhethekile ukuba izisusa zokuziphatha kwabantu, ngakho izinqubomgomo usosayensi wase-Italy ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi kwengqondo. Ukusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa ngezombusazwe kanye umphakathi indlela ezingokwengqondo, UWilfredo wachaza ukungalingani ngokwengqondo abantu ezihlukahlukene tikhungo tetenhlalo. Waphawula ukuthi umphakathi wehlukile, kodwa abantu kuhluke ngokokuziphatha, ngokomzimba futhi ngokuhlakanipha. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi UWilfredo elite kuchazwe izakhiwo isegazini ngokwengqondo. Baze simo iphuzu isistimu esasungulwa esasibonisa ukuthi amakhono omuntu kulolu noma izici zokuphila kwethu.

Ukuvumela elite amandla ayeba?

Pareto umqondo Elite ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye 2: "nepravyaschuyu" futhi "isinqumo". Kugcine ekuphathweni, futhi owokuqala ikude amandla okwenza izinqumo. ekilasini elincane amandla Kunenkolelo ngokwengxenye ibe yingalo yakhe, futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa ukwesekwa esigaba senceku. Nokho, njengoba Vilfredo Pareto waphawula, okuyinto imfundiso yokuziphendukela izigwili ngokuningiliziwe walungisiswa "isisetshenziswa kwemvume" ke ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi ikhono zababusi ukukholisa abanye abanamalungelo abo. Amathuba sivumelwano, wayekholelwa, kuncike ikhono lokuxhaphaza nemizwa nemizwelo yesixuku. Nokho, lokukholisa akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ngisize ukuze uzohlala emandleni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, elite kumelwe akulungele zikhathi zonke isinyathelo futhi zibe namandla.

Izinhlobo ezimbili izigwili

Okwazekayo, Pareto elite ume 2 ohlobo yayo "impungushe" futhi "ukukophula ezingonyameni?". Uma isimiso sezombusazwe uqinile, ubuswa "ukukophula ezingonyameni?". uhlelo engazinzile kudinga schemers, izinto, izibalo esinomdlandla, ngakho kukhona "impungushe". Ukubuyiselwa eyodwa elite ngomunye kuwumphumela yokuthi ngamunye zalezi zinhlobo izigwili kunezinzuzo zako. Nokho, bayayeka ngesikhathi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ukuphathwa kwabo. Ngakho-ke uhlelo Ukugcina kudinga yakhoibrium njalo ukuqhela elite njengoba zenzeka phambi ngokuphinda isimo.

Vilfredo Pareto Law

Lena enye ezithakazelisayo ukutholakala UWilfredo. Uma kungenjalo, ubizwa ngokuthi 20/80 Isimiso, noma Pareto isimiso. Kuyinto wesithupha, owawuthi 20% umzamo ukusinika 80% imiphumela, kanye asele 80% - 20%. Ukubusa Vilfredo Pareto ingasetshenziswa njengendlela kulungiselelwa eyisisekelo izici ukuhlaziywa nekusebenta umsebenzi othize, ogama njongo iwukuba nokwandisa imiphumela. Ngokwe Pareto ijika by kahle okungenani imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu sithola Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo yi Imininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngcono kanjalo ingaphumeleli, futhi kungase kube okungasekelwe ndawo.

Izibalo ekhonjiwe umthetho, yebo, kungaba ingalungi ngokuphelele. Kuyinto kunalokho wesithupha. Ukukhetha izinombolo 80 no-20 - a intela izinzuzo UWilfredo phendla distribution ingeniso wamakhaya Italy. Waphawula ukuthi u-80% imali engenayo is bagxila 20% imindeni.

Yiqiniso, sakhuluma kuphela ngokuya olujwayelekile mayelana umnikelo isayensi, eyethula Vilfredo Pareto. Sociology sibonga umsebenzi wakhe waqala ukuthuthukisa ngentshiseko. Ukunakwa abacwaningi abaningi yasinamathela ke. Vilfredo Pareto, umbono oyisisekelo kulezi esasebenza nanamuhla, ke ingenye zezenhlalo edume kakhulu futhi zezomnotho of 19-20 eminyaka.