Uyini rocks umzali

Soil - umzimba wemvelo lapho sekwakhiwe ithonya elihlangene zezilwane nezitshalo, izici sezwe, izimo zezulu bese umsebenzi womuntu ezimbonini engxenyeni engenhla uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Ngo ubunjalo ukuphila kwabantu kanye nethuba umhlabathi ubalulekile. Ngokuyinhloko kuwumbandela sokuba khona izitshalo nezilwane, okwesibili - ngaphandle kokuthi umuntu umane ngabe abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala. Ngakho, umhlabathi, njengoba umkhiqizo ngalokhu kuphila, ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ukhona nokuthuthukiswa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Soil - indlela ekhethekile zokukhiqiza kwezolimo. Zonke selhozdeyatelnost umuntu esekelwe ukusetshenziswa kule nsiza. Nqampuna osebenza le khava njengoba osebenzelana kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni, isilwane - njengesisekelo umkhiqizo wokudla izinkomo. Ngoba abalimi siwulimi into isicelo force.

Yonke umkhakha wezolimo ngandlela-thile exhumene ukusetshenziswa ungqimba engenhla ungqimba lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke kuzuzisa isicelo yayo kumele okungenani babe nolwazi oluyisisekelo property ukwakheka, kumiswa nokusatshalaliswa nenhlabathi.

Inhlabathi ukwakheka

Inqubo luyindida: edwaleni umzali iguqulwe ibe ikhemikhali sihluke kakhulu yokuqala, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza, ukubukeka kwabo kodwa futhi izakhiwo zabo. Imibandela esiyinhloko umhlabathi yimpumelelo - ukukhokhela izinto eziphilayo edwaleni umzali. Zokugaya elikhiqizayo la magciwane kudingeka umswakama kanye uhlobo lokudla okudliwayo olungase itholakala kuleli fomu zokuphila. Zombili lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile zibangelwa weathering yamadwala. Inhlabathi ukwakheka - yikambiso yangamalanga, kuncike kokuqala idwala ekuxhumaneni eziphilayo, uphephele wakhe. Yena wabe kanje.

Izimpande izitshalo kuzixazulule edwaleni ukuba zikwazi ukuthola izakhi kuwo, okubangela ukuba avuke eduze kwamanzi. Uma isitshalo efa, izakhi eziqukethwe, iya ku isimo ephathekayo. Kule nqubo, ingxenye nto zakhukhula phansi ukugeleza kwezulu asemkhathini, enye ingxenye is imali ezingqimbeni ongenhla idwala, nokwesithathu uqhutshwa izitshalo ezintsha.

Ukubola, izitshalo akha humus - compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhi organic. Lokhu humus, aqoqana izingqimba engenhla idwala, ulunika izakhiwo ezintsha nemibala umbala mnyama. In parallel kumiswa humus ungaphakathi nenqubo yokubola.

Humus kumiswa nokubhujiswa, kanye ekuqongeleleni umsoco izingqimba engenhla kwenhlabathi, ezazibizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo begazi izidakamizwa - ngokuyisisekelo inqubo inhlabathi kumiswa. Kuyinto lokhu kunyatheliswa idwala oyinyumba sesakhekile.

Isayensi yanamuhla uhlukanisa main rocks inhlabathi-ukwakha nesisekelo izigaba eziningana. Ngamunye wabo kufanele kubhekwe eceleni.

diluvium

Lolu hlobo lwe-rocks umzali zihlanganisa moraines ahlukahlukene - main, eyayibonakala imali ezindaweni lapho ngaphambili kwakukhona yeqhwa, ukuphela kwakheka kwi emaphethelweni yeqhwa, icala langasezantsi libe, zitholakala endaweni ezinhlangothini ulimi uhlobo elisezansi ka glaciation.

Hhayi buzo babe hlobo liphethwe moraine, bayoba uhlobo ezifakwa imbokodo: loam sandy, isihlabathi, ubumba, loam - ngamanye amazwi, labo lapho Imininingwane isisindo isamba eziqukethwe ezinkulu ezahlukene. Looseness nokuningi babo equkethwe ikakhulu moraines abekelwe emaceleni, ubumba elinesimo ezinkulu.

ezifakwa glacial bakha imifanekiso ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi drumlins, nezinye ekupheleni-Sea.

drift idiphozi

Lezi amadwala nenhlabathi-ukwakha abizwa ngokuthi amanzi glacial. Leli gama ezikutholile ngenxa yokuthi kwakheka sibonga amanzi izinguzunga zeqhwa kwancibilika. Lezi ezifakwa ngokuvamile azungeze moraines phansi futhi esibulalayo, ngokuvamile agqagqene kubo. Lokhu kungenxa displacement kancane kancane yeqhwa. Fluvioglacial kumiswa melkovalunnyh noma iqukathe isihlabathi futhi amatshe ezifakwa ukwakha glacial delta eskers emikhulu kanye nezinye imifanekiso, ubhala ensimini ekugcineni esihlabathini-itshana.

Lezi amadwala elinesimo ebangeni eliphezulu impahla, yokuvikela ngocwazi okuyiyona kutsatsa luhlangotsi, kungabi okwemvelo ngoba ukugeleza kwamanzi imali.

rocks Inhlabathi-Isizinda kwakhiwe lolu hlobo ehlangana loam kokuba Bokuhlela cishe bushelelezi. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi onjalo loamy ezifakwa akhiwa ochithekile ezincane Amanzi glacial. isakhiwo wabo obukhulu, viscous, has a kwe-tint aphuzi. Ukuze lolu hlobo okuqukethwe nobuntu ezinkulu.

Ikakhulu esehlanganise loam basakaza ezindaweni nakangaka, Ukulala kwakhe moraine, okuvela kulo, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, a ukutjheja imikhawulo ecacile.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo kungenzeka nazo loess kanye loam. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali yamadwala umzali lolu hlobo loam iyafana isembozo, kodwa kuhluke carbonate.

Isikhathi esiningi, lezi ezifakwa ukunikeza ongaphakeme inhlabathi lokuzala. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana humus, izakhi, ongaphakeme umswakama lomthofu ebalulekile kulesi yi. Ezemfundo kwento ayimigodi, Clays podstelennyh, nge waterlogging endaweni kancane kancane, kuholela yokuthi kulezi zindawo kwakhiwa umzali rocks inhlabathi-ukwakha nenhlabathi podzolic. Ngezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu nomswakama endaweni ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo bog-podzolic.

ezifakwa Lacustrine-glacial

Emathafeni emadwaleni umzali akhiwa ezike namachibi egcwele esifundeni engezansi impumuzo eduze izinguzunga zeqhwa. Kulokhu, advantageously Kutholwe nendawo-egqinsiwe itheyiphu ubumba, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaba siyakhubeka esihlabathini futhi loam sandy nge engavezwanga ngamazwi babhekane nezinga elikhulu cishe ovundlile.

ezifakwa anesihlabathi

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa imali okuyinto akhiwa ezigodini emfuleni, futhi emilonyeni emfuleni kukazamcolo. Lezi ezifakwa abe Bokuhlela ahlukile. Izinhlobo umzali impahla hlobo lapho imali anesihlabathi kuzoncika imvelo, Ukwakheka yabo kungaba isihlabathi, ubumba, loam nokunye okunjalo. D.

lacustrine ezifakwa

Libhekene ukungabi tape layering zokwakheka echibini-glacial esingokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikwazi ikakhulu ngokuya ezihlukahlukene echibini imicengezi kumiswa.

Lacustrine-anesihlabathi ezifakwa

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, leli qembu kuhlanganisa idiphozithi yanoma uhlobo anesihlabathi kanye echibini. Lezi ezifakwa akhiwa emathafeni imifula, nasemahlathini. Ikakhulukazi ezivamile ezindaweni izikhukhula njalo futhi ezinzima entwasahlobo. umswakama ngokweqile e imishini yokusaha izingodo isikhathi eside yokujama tsi yamanzi kuholela ukubukeka ubumba ezifakwa echibini hlobo. Evundile umzali impahla izakhiwo yalolu hlobo ziphansi. Ezweni lethu, izindawo ezinkulu insimu ka Western eSiberia, Polesie nokunye. N. Ingabe ezakhiwe lolu hlobo imali.

ezifakwa proluvial

Ngaphansi le ncazelo inhlabathi kufanelekile kwakhiwa yesikhashana owehla evela ezintabeni. Indaba yalezi ezifakwa unsorted ehlanganisa gravelly, itshana futhi izakhi imbokodo. Lezi amadwala kungatholakala ngesikhathi kwentaba: ngisho umhosha encane inama esibalulekile offset. Ukuhlanganisa, lezi zinto ezakha Piedmont band plain. Isikhathi esining impela banayo ukubaluleka okukhulu - isibonelo esigqamile saleli-strip eduze Kopet Dagh.

Hallmark, njengoba kungaqondakala, imali proluvial kuyinto emise okwe-fan noma Isigaxa. Ukwakheka proluvium ahlukahlukene. Vala izintaba kuyinto ogxile gravelly schebenchatye imfundo, kunalokho ongahluziwe. Lapho ziqhubeka kususwe intaba sisetshenziswa, le ezincane oyiyo. Ngesikhathi ibanga esikhulu kunazo zonke esivela unyawo proluvium siqukethe yesihlabathi loam.

ezifakwa eluvial

Inhlabathi-Isizinda ukwakha rocks yalolu hlobo akhiwa weathering indlela okwakheke ngayo amadwala, uhlala endaweni.

Ngokusekelwe yokwakheka idwala okuyinhloko kanye uhlamvu badlula kungenziwa bahlulelwe onjani isakhiwo futhi amafutha. Lapho izakhiwo amathonya yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene yemvelo kungenzeka amabhlogo omkhulu zamatshe noma ubumba imikhiqizo bushelelezi. Intaba iphakama abacebile rock Ukusakaza, kuyilapho ehlanzeni ezinomswakama uphahlwe ezifakwa nobumba.

Eluvium libhekene usuke kancane kancane yamadwala nasemigodini nomehluko omncane ukubunjwa mineralogical ka inhlabathi kusukela umzali ukuze uthole imfundo.

ezifakwa deluvial

The main rocks inhlabathi-ukwakha kukhona yalolu hlobo imali edwaleni izinhlobo. Basuke kuxhumene kakhulu ngokungenakuhlukaniswa kuya eluvial, ngokuba, eqinisweni, kwenze nzima amagquma nemvula noma meltwater eluvium.

Owenza rocks yalolu hlobo kufanele yini ebangeni babhekane nezinga elikhulu abalulekile. Ngokuvamile, zogqinsi parallel emthambekeni entabeni. Ngokwengxenye enkulu aqukethe glinoobraznyh izinhlayiya. Ikhono ukubona esikhulu doti enamadwala lincane kakhulu.

ezifakwa ezinjalo zitholakala ezindaweni wokunciphisa impumuzo, eduze izintaba noma elaliphansi.

Eluvial-talus ezifakwa

Nature eluvial futhi talus ezifakwa wukuthi izindawo ezinkulu bona isondelene. Ngenxa yaleli lungiselelo, ukuba ihlukanise lapho omunye uhlobo inzika liqala futhi liphethe ngamazwi omunye, kunzima kakhulu, uma kungukuthi akwenzeki. Ochwepheshe wanquma ukuthi amadwala umzali kulesi simo kuyothiwa talus eluvial. Babehlale zitholakala ezindaweni sezintaba ezindaweni sezwe elinamagquma.

ezifakwa aeolian

Ukwakheka lezi ezifakwa njalo elihlobene ne ekuqongeleleni umsebenzi emoyeni.

Ngokuqinisekile ezifakwa aeolian kukhona idiphozithi yanoma isihlabathi ezakha indawo of izingwadule kanye lulwimi ezingwadule. Letakhi ukudala imifanekiso liyabonakala - amagquma. Kungenxa ukumbona ngokunembile zihlanganisa umsuka zohlobo nohlobo Eolian.

Ezindaweni ezindawo akuhlobene ezingwadule, futhi, sikwazi ukubona lolu hlobo amatshe umzali. Lezi zihlanganisa amagquma zasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: ulwandle, umfula, ezwekazini. Lezi Umumo akhiwa isihlabathi imali, elihunyushwe esikhathini esidlule, uma isimo sezulu sihlukile, noma inqubo perevevaniya namuhla - le nqubo ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya izinto ezenziwa abantu. Ngaphandle izakhiwo morphological sebethule eolian zihluke zonke ezinye izinhlobo Bokuhlela idayagonali kulandzelana nekuhlunga okusezingeni eliphezulu.

loess

Lezi amadwala quaternary ukwakha hlala ebalulekile ezweni lethu. Asemaqeleni yaseningizimu futhi eningizimu-mpumalanga cishe ubude balo lonke siqukethe loess futhi loess-like loam. Lezi zinhlobo amatshe abe izici zayo: friability, akukho babhekane nezinga elikhulu, porosity. Umehluko ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwawo - okuqukethwe eliphezulu magnesium calcium carbonate.

inhlabathi zasolwandle

Marine ukwakha namadwala ikakhulu emelelwa eRussia ukucindezeleka iCaspian. imfundo yabo kule wesifunda kwenzeka ngesikhathi iseqo zokugcina yoLwandle iCaspian. Lezi ezifakwa zitholakala lapha ngesimo aminyene ushokoledi platy Clays, Sands ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokuvamile, la madwala abe usawoti eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali zasolwandle nobuntu e-Arctic Ocean.