Uyini Mars? Kubukeka sengathi yeplanethi i-Mars?

Anombala ocwazimulayo ezinsukwini sokuba itholane phezulu eliyingozi abomvu futhi ucingo bakudala ukwesaba ezingaqondakali inkanyezi Ayindida futhi engaqondakali ukuthi amaRoma asendulo ogama lakhe behlonipha unkulunkulu impi Mars (Ares ngesiGreki), uyobe engabonisi ezifanela ngegama lomuntu wesifazane. AmaGreki nangokuthi Phaeton sokuvela 'ukuqhakaza futhi shining' ukuthi yeplanethi i-Mars ubophekile ukuba umbala futhi "kwenyanga" sezwe nge imigodi yezintaba-mlilo-mlilo, nezakhamuzi kusukela amagalelo giant emkhathini, izigodi ezingwadule.

Izimfanelo esemkhathini

I eyinqaba komzila wokuzungeza okweqanda kuyinto 0.0934 Mars, okubangela ngaleyo ndlela umehluko esiphezulu (ayizigidi ezingu-249 km) kanye ubuncane (izigidi ezingu-207 km) yokuqhelelana okuvela elangeni, ngenxa okuyinto inani engenayo amandla elanga iplanethi siyahlukahluka uhla 20-30%.

esemkhathini Isivinini isilinganiso 24,13 km / s. Mares livimbezele ngokuphelele nelanga izinsuku eliwumhlaba 686,98, eyeqa inkathi umhlaba kabili, abese ephenduka axis awo siqu cishe iyafana umhlaba (24 h 37 amaminithi). Ukuthambekela kuya Ecliptic ka izilinganiso ezahlukene kunqunywa kusuka 1,51 ° ukuze 1,85 °, kanye nokuthambekela yenkabazwe ka 1.093 °. Sun isihlobo nenkabazwe Mars orbit bayichezukisa at 5,65 ° (Nomhlaba - mayelana 7 °). Ukuthambekela Obalulekile yenkabazwe kwamaplanethi indiza orbit (25,2 °) kuholela izinguquko ezibalulekile sezulu ngezinkathi ezithile zonyaka.

nemingcele ngokomzimba planethi

Mars phakathi namaplanethi solar usayizi uhlelo lesikhombisa kanye amabanga eLangeni ithatha isikhundla wesine. Planet ivolumu 1,638 × 1011 cubic amakhilomitha, nesisindo 0,105-0,108 emhlabeni mass (6.44 * 1023 kg), wasinikeza a kwabantu abangaba ngu-30% (3.95 g / cm ^3). ukusheshisa adonsela phansi enkabazwe Mars ezinqunywe uhla 3.711 ukuze 3.76 m / s². Le ndawo ebusweni balinganiselwa ku 144 800 000 km². umfutho womoya uyahluka 0.7-0.9 KPA. Ijubane adingekayo ukunqoba amandla adonsela phansi (isikhala wesibili) - 5072 m / s. Ngo Nenkabazwe oseningizimu Mars surface okuyisilinganiso sabangu-3-4 km kunaleyo enyakatho.

izimo zezulu

Ungqimba ingqikithi Mars umoya imayelana 2.5 x 1016 kg, kodwa unyaka wonke-ke siyahluka kakhulu ngenxa ukuncibilika noma "esichazwa ngokuthi umnkantsha" equkethe carbon dioxide ofeleba polar. Ingcindezi anonya ezingeni ebusweni (mayelana 6.1 mbar) ngesikhathi esingaphansi ukuthi eduze ebusweni iplanethi yethu cishe izikhathi ezingu-160, kodwa ezitsheni ezijulile ifinyelela 10 mbar. Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, sesizini ingcindezi umehluko ezisukela 4.0 kuya ku-10 mbar.

Ngezinye 95.32% Mars umoya siqukethe carbon dioxide, 4% kusukela ingxenyenamba argon futhi nitrogen ne-oxygen kanye umhwamuko lingaphansi kuka 0.2%.

Silnorazrezhennaya umoya awukwazi eside ukugcina ukushisa. Naphezu "umbala ashisayo", okuyinto ivelele phakathi kwezinye iplanethi i-Mars, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lehla ebusika ukuze -160 ° C ngesikhathi Induku yenkabazwe ehlobo, ebusweni can kuphela efudumele + 30 ° C emini.

Isimo sezulu ngezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, njengoba emhlabeni, kodwa ukunwebeka kwemisila emzileni Mars kuholela umehluko okukhulu ubude kanye lokushisa izimo kwezinkathi zonyaka. Cool entwasahlobo nasehlobo yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe e bokugcina abangaphezu kwesigamu kakhulu ngonyaka Mars (371 Mars. Per ngosuku), futhi ebusika ekwindla zimfushane futhi umnene. South ashisayo ehlobo futhi esifushane, futhi ebusika kuyabanda futhi eside.

Kwesizini izinguquko sezulu ebonakaliswa ukuziphatha ofeleba polar ice embondelene doped nge, izinhlayiya emihle uthuli-like yamadwala ngokucacile kakhulu. I phambi enyakatho cap polar kungaba asuswe isigxobo cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ibanga ukusuka enkabazwe kanye yomngcele oseningizimu cap kuziwa ingxenye yalo ibanga.

Thermometer elise ncamashi in focus sibonakalisa isibonakude okuhloswe ngaso Mars, izinga lokushisa surface iplanethi sika selitholakele kakade kwawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Isilinganiso sokuqala (kufika ku-1924) yabonisa abakuzuzile -13 kuya -28 ° C, futhi ngo-1976 ephansi kanye engenhla lokushisa imikhawulo ziye ecacisiwe siwela Mars mkhathi "amaViking".

Mars uthuli iziphepho

"Ukuveza" uthuli iziphepho, ubungako bawo nokuziphatha wasiza embule imfihlakalo osekuyisikhathi eside wagcina Mars. Ingaphezulu iplanethi ngendlela engaqondakali kushintsha umbala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo bewitching izingqapheli. Imbangela "hameleonstva" luthuli iziphepho.

Ngokuphazima kweso lapho izinga lokushisa kukhona iplanethi ukuzitika Red kubangele gwingciza okuyinto esheshisa 100 m / s, kuyilapho yesisindo ongaphakeme, naphezu emoyeni-nemiphakathi yazo emincane ivumela imimoya ukuthi siphakamise uquqaba enkulu ziwuthuli ukuphakama ezingaphezu kuka-10 km.

Nucleation uthuli iziphepho nakho kunomthelela kwabangela ukwanda okukhulu umfutho womoya okubangelwa ukuhwamuka we eqandisiwe carbon dioxide ebusika ofeleba polar.

Izivunguvungu zenhlabathi njengoba show izithombe yeplanethi i-Mars, spatially gravitate ukuba ofeleba elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye uzisibekele endaweni enkulu, ngokuqhubeka kwezinsuku 100.

Enye Luhambo ngothuli, okumele Mars lokushisa okungavamile iyehla iyenyuka kukhona neziphepho, okuyinto ngokungafani "nozakwethu" eliwumhlaba zululeka hhayi kuphela ezindaweni eyihlane, kodwa futhi isingathwe emithambekeni asemigodini mlilo kanye nomthelela asemigodini, eqaphela-8 km. emikhondweni yabo eyaphuma banded imidwebo asabekayo eside eyayisele engaqondakali.

Izivunguvungu zenhlabathi kanye neziphepho zenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi zimpi ezinkulu lapho eningizimu akhawunti Nenkabazwe ehlobo esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini Mars ngokusebenzisa iphuzu eliseduze Sun, orbit emhlabeni (perihelion).

yathela impela ku neziphepho babe izithombe yeplanethi i-Mars esenziwe mkhathi i-Mars Global Surveyor, okuyinto azungeza iplanethi kusukela 1997.

Ezinye neziphepho ushiye izibazi, zishanela noma abancela ku okuxekethile ebusweni ungqimba izinhlayiya emihle zenhlabathi, abanye musa ngisho ukushiya "zeminwe", nabanye, ngezihluthu umdwebo izibalo eyinkimbinkimbi, zona ziye okuthiwa uthuli amademoni. Vortices ukusebenza, ngokuvamile kuphela, kodwa futhi ku iqembu "imibono" ungadikibali.

izici impumuzo

Mhlawumbe bonke labo, ayehlome isibonakude esinamandla, kuqala wabheka Mars, surface iplanethi sika ngokushesha wakhumbuza kwenyanga landscape, futhi ezindaweni eziningi lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa namanje geomorphology Mars ehlukile futhi eyingqayizivele.

impumuzo Regional izici iplanethi asymmetry ngenxa ubuso bayo. Nokunqoba surface flat we Nenkabazwe ngezansi kunemibandela zero ezingeni 2-3 km, futhi eningizimu nenkabazwe nzima asemigodini, ezigodini, emihosheni ezigodini nasezintabeni phezu 3-4 km ngenhla lekufa. Izoni inguquko phakathi ama- amabili ububanzi 100-500 km kakhulu elisetshenziswa morphologically kwaluqeda giant ukuphakama emahlombe mayelana 2 km, esehlanganise cishe 2/3 obungazungeza iplanethi kanye kuyofikwa iphutha uhlelo.

I evelele izinhlobo zosizo, esibonisa yeplanethi i-Mars, inikeza ezihlukahlukene genesis flecked asemigodini, agcwalise futhi uhlevane, izakhiwo ukushaqeka ayimigodi isiyingi (amachibi multiring), uhlevane yemigqa side (emikhulu) kanye ayimigodi ezimise irregularly emithambekeni emaweni.

ukuphakamisa Yande flat-isipikili imiphetho emaweni (mesas), enkulukazi asemigodini flat (isihlangu izintaba-mlilo) kanye nemithambeka kwaluqeda, emazombezombe esigodini nemingenela futhi imikhono ujenga upland (ithafa) kanye endaweni nemiyalezo kushintshana esigodini canyon-like (mazes).

Isici Mars elehlulekayo nokucindezeleka kanye impumuzo kunezinxushunxushu futhi ungenalutho, eside, eyinkimbinkimbi esiteji (esithweni), uchungechunge emikhulu sub-parallel kanye anemifantu, kanye emathafeni elikhulu ngempela "yasemhlabeni" ukubukeka.

Isiyingi wentaba nemicengezi ezinkulu (ngaphezu kuka-15 km ububanzi) asemigodini kuthiwa sokunquma izakhiwo morphological ngoba iningi Nenkabazwe oseningizimu.

Izifunda esiphezulu iplanethi nge amagama Tharsis futhi Elysium ku Nenkabazwe futhi zinkulu ithafa mlilo. Tharsis ithafa, esibheke ezizungeze ethafeni cishe 6 km, welula eduze ikuphi 4000 km 3000 km elula e-latitude. On ithafa zikhona 4 giant intabamlilo ukuphakama 6.8 km (Mount Alba) ukuze 21.2 km (Olympia, 540 km ububanzi). Eziqongweni zezintaba (izintaba-mlilo) Pavlin / Pavonis (Pavonis), Askriyskaya (Ascraeus) kanye Arsiya (Arsia) kukhona endaweni engamamitha 14, 18 no-19 km, ngokulandelana. Mount Alba ajame enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye inombolo okuqinile nezinye izintaba-mlilo futhi wentaba-mlilo iphaneli ibhodi kuyinto isakhiwo cishe ngo-1500 km ububanzi. Intaba-mlilo i-Olympus (Olympus) - intaba ephakeme kunazo hhayi kuphela kuyi-Mars, kodwa kulo lonke zesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Kusukela empumalanga nasentshonalanga kuya Tharsis eduze ezimbili ezibanzi ukucindezeleka meridional. Mark kobuso emathafeni wentshonalanga Amazon enegama eduze zero ezingeni le planethi, futhi ezingxenyeni eziphansi impela ukucindezeleka empumalanga (Chryse plain) ngezansi zero ezingeni 2-3 km.

Ngo esifundeni elisenkabazwe ye-Mars ngokufanele ngobukhulu wentaba-mlilo Elysium ithafa 1500 km ububanzi. Plateau silibangise enkangala ngenhla kumila 4-5 km athwala izintaba-mlilo ezintathu (empeleni Mount Eliza Albor Tholus futhi entabeni Hecate). Intaba ephakeme kunazo Elysium lakhuphuka lafika ku-km 14.

Ngasempumalanga ithafa Tharsis esifundeni bhé welula ngesilinganiso omkhulu Mars (cishe 5 km) riftoobraznaya uhlelo lezigodi (zigodi) Mariner, lungaphezu enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu Emhlabeni Grand Canyon cishe 10 izikhathi nezikhathi 7 ebanzi futhi ajulile. Ububanzi lezigodi ngokwesilinganiso 100 km, kanye izinhlangothi cishe mpo Amashalofu okubeka zabo zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-2 km. izakhiwo Linear kubonisa ukuthi zinomsuka zomhlaba.

Phakathi ezinkangala Nenkabazwe eningizimu, lapho yeplanethi i-Mars nje ngithuka asemigodini, kukhona olukhulukazi umthelela iplanethi circularity zokucindezeleka nge amagama Argir (cishe ngo-1500 km) kanye Hellas (2,300 amakhilomitha).

Plain Ellada ejulile ayimigodi iplanethi (cishe 7,000 amamitha ngezansi isilinganiso) njengoba emathafeni Argyre isihlobo ngokweqile ezingeni eziphakeme ezizungezile kuyinto 5.2 km. Okufanayo oyindilinga ethafeni elisezansi unkulunkulukazi u-Isis (1100 km ububanzi), lisendaweni elisenkabazwe ye Nenkabazwe esisempumalanga iplanethi futhi enyakatho eduze Araba kuze kufike Elysium.

Mars namanje Wazile ngezingcindezi 40 ezifana multi-indandatho lemiganu yokufafaza, kodwa ubukhulu ezincane.

I Nenkabazwe iyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Plain (Northern Plain), emngceleni esifundeni polar. Abamakayo iba sobala ngaphansi kwamanzi zero ezingeni.

namathafa aeolian

Kungaba nzima ngamagama ambalwa elichaza kobuso Earth, ebhekisela iplanethi sisonke, kodwa ukuze uthole umbono walokho yeplanethi i-Mars, ungakwazi, uma nje ngimbiza ezingaphili futhi omile, iba nsundu ngokubomvu, Stony nethafa sandy, ngoba Ukuma kwendawo yendlela dissected planethi isicaba okuxekethile ezifakwa anesihlabathi.

namathafa aeolian sakhiwa isihlabathi nothuli tonkoalevritovym impahla futhi kwakhiwa ngenxa yomsebenzi umoya, efaka cishe yonke le mbulunga. Lokhu ezivamile (kusezweni) izindunduma (transverse, longitudinal kanye diagonal) ngobukhulu kusukela amamitha ambalwa kuya ku-10 km, kanye laminates ezifakwa eolian-glacial ofeleba polar. impumuzo Special, "wadala Eolom", siyigubhe izakhiwo avaliwe - ezinzulwini sezihosha esikhulu asemigodini.

imisebenzi morphological avale, sokunquma izici engavamile Mars, ebonakaliswa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi olunzulu (deflation), okwaholela ekwakhekeni isici "libhalwe" evele amaselula kanye izakhiwo komugqa.

Egqinsiwe kumiswa eolian-glacial eligoqiwe exutshwe ikhava kwezulu ice the CAPS polar planethi. umthamo wabo balinganiselwa ku a km ambalwa.

izici Geological we ebusweni

Ngokusho kwenye ekhona yesimanje imicabango ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo Geological Mars izidakamizwa kuqala eyinhloko aphele iplanethi kwangaphakathi ikhenela encane owakhiwa ikakhulukazi yensimbi, nickel, nesibabule. Khona-ke, azungeze i-nucleus kwakhiwa eyohlobo Ukwakheka ukushuba we lithosphere ne uqweqwe of mayelana 1000 km, okuyinto cishe, futhi nanamuhla elisaqhubeka mlilo phezu ukukhululwa zonke izingxenye entsha magma. I ukushuba we uqweqwe Mars balinganiselwa ku 50-100 km.

Njengoba abantu baqala ukubheka bhá izinkanyezi, ososayensi, kanye bonke omakhelwane akuzona qakala abantu jikelele, phakathi kwezinye izimfihlakalo, ngokuyinhloko nesithakazelo esikhulu kulokho okufanekiselwa Mars.

Cishe yonke ungqimba iplanethi camera sinombala ophuzi-obomvu uthuli admixture ne tonkoalevritovogo futhi impahla anesihlabathi. Izingxenye ezisemqoka kukhona okubi inhlabathi silicates nge admixture enkulu yensimbi oxides, anikeza ebusweni Tint ngokubomvu.

Ngokusho ucwaningo oluningana eyenziwa mkhathi, kunyakaza sokuqanjwa zokucathula unconsolidated inzika ebusweni ungqimba iplanethi akuyona omkhulu kangaka njengoba ukuphakamisa ezihlukahlukene amaminerali Ukwakheka yamadwala ukuthi zakha uqweqwe Mars.

Kufakiwe enhlabathini isilinganiso Silicon okuqukethwe (21%), insimbi (12.7%), i-magnesium (5%), i-calcium (4%), alumina (3%), i-sulphur (3.1%), kanye ne-potassium ne-chlorine (<1%) wabonisa ukuthi base ebusweni inhlabathi unconsolidated bakha imikhiqizo lokubhubhisa rocks mlilo ukwakheka eziyisisekelo igneous eduze basalt phansi. Nokho, ekuqaleni, ososayensi baye bangabaza kwamangqamuzana enkulu ye igobolondo itshe le planethi mineral yabo ukwakheka, kwenziwe kohlaka Mars Exploration Rover (USA) nesisekelo esiqinile sezindinganiso ucwaningo Mars kuye kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwemilingo eliwumhlaba analogue of andesites (ukwakheka isilinganiso emadwaleni).

Lokhu okwatholakala, kamuva kuqinisekiswa okutholakele efanayo izinhlobo eziningi ukunikela bahlulelwe Mars, efana Ungqimba olungaphandle lomhlaba kungaba baye umahluko, njengoba kufakazelwa okuqukethwe abalulekile aluminiyamu, Silicon kanye potassium.

Kususelwa lenqwaba izithombe ezithathwe futhi mkhathi uzohlola kuyini yeplanethi i-Mars, phakathi kwamadwala igneous kanye mlilo, iplanethi khona sobala volcanosedimentary yamadwala nasemigodini inhlabathi ukuthi baziwa ngumuntu platy isici ngokwehlukana futhi yokuvikela ngocwazi ukuvezwa izinsalela.

Ubunjalo babhekane nezinga elikhulu yamadwala kungase kubonise ukwakheka kwazo ezilwandle kanye namachibi. Izindawo inzika ezilotshwe ezingxenyeni eziningi iplanethi, futhi avame ziseZwini asemigodini ezinkulu.

Ososayensi ukubeka eceleni futhi "ezomile" kodaka kumiswa uthuli Mars nge lithification yabo eminye (petrifaction).

frost ukwakheka

A indawo ekhethekile Mars ebusweni morphology ukuthatha kumiswa frost, iningi eyabonakala emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela umlando Geological planethi ngenxa ukunyakaza zomhlaba nethonya izici exogenous.

Ngesisekelo inani elikhulu izithombe satellite, ososayensi waphetha ngazwilinye ukuthi ukwakheka ukubukeka Mars, kanye mlilo indima ebalulekile kungokwalabo amanzi. mlilo kwaholela ukuncibilika iqhwa, okuyinto yena, ukuthuthukiswa amanzi ashaya leli dwala, iminonjana okuyinto kuyabonakala namuhla.

Iqiniso lokuthi eyiqhwa on Mars kwakhiwa ngesikhathi izigaba zokuqala emlandweni Geological le planethi, ngokuvumelana hhayi kuphela polar yiqhwa, kodwa futhi izinhlobo ezithile zosizo, efana landscape ezindaweni eyiqhwa Emhlabeni.

Swirls, imfundo, yini ukubukeka ku nezithombe zesiphuphutheki egqinsiwe ezifakwa ezindaweni ezibandayo le planethi, eduze kukhona uhlelo zamasimu, Amashalofu okubeka kanye ayimigodi, ukwakha ezihlukahlukene amafomu.

Imali polar ofeleba amandla amakhilomitha amaningana izingqimba aqukethe carbon dioxide futhi amanzi ice, exutshwe daka nezithombe tonkoalevritovym.

Nge cryogenic inqubo ukwa ukulandelanisa exhumene landforms provalno-nokuwohloka sici zone elisenkabazwe ye-Mars.

Water on Mars

Ngo iningi yeplanethi i-Mars, amanzi angaba khona esimweni liquid ngenxa ingcindezi ongaphakeme, kodwa kwezinye izindawo, endaweni ingqikithi mayelana 30% endaweni iplanethi NASA Ochwepheshe avumele ukuba namanzi.

Thembeke elisungulwe wamanje imithombo yamanzi on Mars ngokuyinhloko bagxila kule ungqimba ebusweni eyiqhwa (cryosphere) nge umthamo kuze kube ngamakhulu amaningi amamitha.

Ososayensi musa ukukhipha ukhona relict amachibi amanzi liquid ngaphansi kongqimba lwesihlabathi the CAPS polar. Kususelwa ivolumu ibalwa cryolithosphere Mars namanzi (ice) is elilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-77 cubic amakhilomitha, futhi uma sicabanga ivolumu kungenzeka yamadwala incibilikiswa, lesi sibalo zingancishiswa laya ezigidini ezingu-54 cubic amakhilomitha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa lokhu ngaphansi cryolithosphere kungenzeka amadamu ngenxa nenqwaba amanzi anosawoti.

Baningi ubufakazi bubonisa khona namanzi amaningi emhlabeni esikhathini esidlule. Ofakazi eziyinhloko amaminerali, ukwakheka okubandakanya iqhaza yamanzi. Lena ngokuyinhloko hematite, amaminerali ngobumba sulfate.

amafu Mars

Lonke inani amanzi emkhathini, "waqothula" iplanethi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100 ezincane kuno emhlabeni, kodwa yeplanethi i-Mars imbozwe futhi ake ezingavamile ukucasha, kodwa Nokho, ngisho nawo la amafu bluish, aqukethe ice uthuli. kwakhiwa Snow is in ezahlukene eziphakeme kusuka 10 kuya ku-100 km futhi ligxile ikakhulukazi ibhande bhé, akuvamile ngetulu kwetintfo 30 km.

Ice inkungu namafu ivamile futhi eduze ofeleba polar ebusika (ebumnyameni polar), kodwa lapha bangakwazi "ukucwila" ngezansi 10 km.

Amafu kungenziwa ezinemibala okhanyayo umbala pink lapho izinhlayiyana ice axutshwa nezinkolelo uthuli ephakanyiswe ebusweni.

amafu eqoshiwe ezakheke ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise mihlobiso, enemishwe enezimpiko.

Mars chithi saka kusukela ezansi ukuphakama ukukhula komuntu

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukubona, Kubukeka sengathi yeplanethi i-Mars kanye ukuphakama umuntu omude (2.1 m) uvunyelwe ahlomile ikhamera "isandla" lihamba ilukuluku ngo-2012. Besabhekile bamangala robot lwabonakala 'isihlabathi ", gravelly, gravelly ethafeni, oluneziqhingi amatshana amancane, nge outcrops esikhethiwe ayizicaba, mhlawumbe zomdabu, amatshe mlilo.

iphethini okuyisicefe futhi okuyisidina ngakolunye uhlangothi enlivened inamagquma yokhalo onqenqemeni emgodini Gale, futhi ngakolunye - pologosklonnaya hulk kweNtaba Cijela 5.5 km okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto into ukuzingela mkhathi.

Iqokomisa umzila phansi emgodini, abalobi project, ngokusobala wayengazi ukuthi yeplanethi i-Mars, kuthathwe rover Ilukuluku, kuyoba njengoba ahlukahlukene futhi heterogeneous, kuphambene ukulindela ukubona kuphela ogwadule okuyisicefe futhi okuyisidina.

Isendleleni ukukhweza Sharpe irobhothi kwadingeka banqobe Waphuka, platy Planar Ezindaweni ezitshekile wangenela emithambekeni volcanosedimentary (ukwahlulela by ukuthungwa egqinsiwe ku chips) amadwala blocky isihlakazeka amnyama volcanites bluish Mesh ebusweni.

Idivayisi ngokuhamba wadubula "efakwe ohlwini phezulu" Okuqondiwe (cobbles) laser pulses futhi yamba imbobo encane (ezijulile afika kwangu-7 cm) lapho kutadishwa ukwakheka impahla amasampula. Ukuhlolwa kwaleli impahla, ngaphezu okuqukethwe izakhi idwala-ukwakha nobuntu amatshe ayisisekelo (basalt), yabonisa khona nesibabule ezibangela, i-nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, i-methane, ne-hydrogen ne phosphorus, ukuthi "izingxenye ophilayo" kuyinto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubumba namaminerali kwakheka khona amanzi nge hlangothi acid ukubaluleka kanye lokuhlushwa elincane nosawoti atholakele.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha kuhlangene ulwazi ngaphambilini etholwe ososayensi izimisele baphetha ngokuthi izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule kwi Mars kwaba namanzi futhi kwabantu ezenzeka kulo moya ozungeze wamanje kakhulu kunalokhu.

Inkanyezi yokusa Mars

Kusukela ngoMeyi 2003, izwe orbited picture blue ucwezana Earth, eyenziwe Mars Global Surveyor mkhathi ukuzungeza Iplanethi Ebomvu ebangeni ayizigidi ezingu-139 km kanye eziningi, kubonakala sengathi yilokho Umhlaba iqaleka injani ukusuka yeplanethi i-Mars.

Kodwa eqinisweni, iplanethi yethu ibukeka ukusuka lapho mayelana nendlela sibona Venus ekuseni nakusihlwa amahora, kuphela esikhanya sinombala black esibhakabhakeni Mars wedwa (singabali omncane inyanga ukubonakala), iphuzu encane kancane licace kakhulu Venus.

Isithombe lokuqala Umhlaba ebusweni kwenziwa ekuseni abagibele rover uMoya ngoMashi 2004, njengoba mkhathi Ilukuluku Earth "on the ingalo of the Moon" owaphakanyiswa 2012 futhi zaphumela ngaphezulu "enhle" kuka okokuqala.