Izimbangela nemiphumela endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu

Umnyaka Geological kuyiplanethi yethu eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5 ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Earth ishintshile kakhulu. I umkhathi, isisindo iplanethi, isimo sezulu - ekuqaleni ukuba khona yonke into ehluke ngokuphelele. ibhola Olubunjiwe kancane ekubeni indlela bakujwayele ukubona namuhla thina. Abanolwazi izingqimba zomhlaba, ukwakha amabanga entsha entabeni. On kancane ukupholisa phansi iplanethi kwakhiwa izilwandle nasolwandle. Bavele futhi wanyamalala amazwekazi, kokushintsha isimo sabo kanye nosayizi. Umhlaba kancane ukuphotha. Kwakukhona izitshalo kuqala bese ukuphila ngokwako. Ngakho, phezu izigidigidi ezidlule zeminyaka kule planethi sekube nezinguquko ezinkulu umjikelezo hydrologic, ukushisa exchange kanye nokusungulwa ozungeze umhlaba wethu. ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngabe kwenzeka wonke khona eMhlabeni.

Holocene okuqinisekile

Holocene - ingxenye yenkathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni we Cenozoic inkathi. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu era ukuthi zaziqale cishe eminyakeni 12,000 edlule futhi luqhubeke kuze kube manje. Holocene owaqala ngokuvukela ekupheleni Ice Age, futhi njengoba kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wanqomba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Le nkathi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi interglacial, njengoba zonke ngomlando wesimo sezulu planethi kwakukhona ubudala eziningana ice.

Ukupholisa Kugcine global iphutha cishe iminyaka 110,000 edlule. eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 14 edlule yaqala ukufudumala kancane kancane likhungethwe yonke le mbulunga. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-ayehlanganisa ngaleso sikhathi enkulu yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe zaqala ukugcwala amanzi bese iba yingxenye yomhlabathi. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu akwenzeki konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isikhathi eside kakhulu iplanethi ezinyakaziswayo lokushisa eqinile iyehla iyenyuka, izinguzunga zeqhwa ethuthuka ke zinhlanga futhi. Konke lokhu kuthinta ezingeni kwezilwandle.

isikhathi Holocene

Phakathi nezifundo eziningi, ososayensi baye banquma ukuba kwahlukaniswe Holocene izinkathi eziningana ngesikhathi, lokho kuncike esimweni sezulu. Cishe izinkulungwane 12-10 edlule, saya yiqhwa, woza post-glacial. EYurophu, emathafeni laqala ukunyamalala, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo birch, uphayini ehlathini emahlathini. Lesi sikhathi libizwa Arctic inkathi ye-Arctic.

Lokhu kwalandelwa Inkathi Boreal. Ehlathini Tundra bephushelwa kujana enyakatho. Ngo-Southern Europe, kwakukhona amahlathi ezibanzi enezicabha. Ngaleso sikhathi, yayinesimo sezulu ikakhulukazi cool futhi yomile.

Cishe 6000 edlule Atlantic inkathi, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho umoya wawufudumele futhi zinomswakama ufudumele ngaphandle yesimanje. Lesi sikhathi ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli zezulu Holocene elikhulu. Half Iceland laligcwele amahlathi birch. Europe ugcwele ezihlukahlukene izitshalo ukushisa-onothando. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ubude amahlathi esipholile yayiningi eminye kuya enyakatho. On the ogwini loLwandle uBarents sikhule amahlathi coniferous, ehlathini wafinyelela Cape Chelyuskin. At the site yeSahara sethu Savannah, kanye nezinga kwamanzi Lake Chad kwaba ngaphezu samanje 40 amamitha.

Khona waphinde wafika kwesimo sezulu. Kube busika eyathatha iminyaka mayelana 2000. Lesi sikhathi ngokuthi subboreal. Intaba amabanga e Alaska, e-Iceland, i-Alps sengisilethe izinguzunga zeqhwa. Landscape esishintshashintshayo baye sigudluke eduze nenkabazwe.

edlule ababecishe babe izinkulungwane 2.5 iminyaka waqala inkathi lokugcina Holocene yesimanje - Subatlantic. Isimo sezulu ngenkathi baba ezipholile futhi manzi kakhulu. Baqala ukuvela bogs Peat, emathafeni waqala kancane kancane axazulule ehlathini, ihlathi - ku asemaqeleni. Emhlabeni ngekhulu le-14 isimo sezulu Ukuphola, okuholela Little Ice Age, eyathatha kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi, thina baloba ayehlasela zeqhwa izintaba aseNyakatho Yurophu, e-Iceland, Alaska nase-Andes. Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene isimo sezulu emhlabeni angiguquki synchronously. Izizathu ukuqala Little Ice Age kukhona ayikaziwa. Ngaphansi ezicatshangwayo, ososayensi besimo sezulu kungase ziyahlukahluka ngenxa inyuka nokuqhuma nokunciphisa carbon dioxide lokuhlushwa emkhathini.

Ukuqala kokuma sezulu

Isiteshi sokuqala Meteorological Yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, manje ngaphansi ukuqapha okuqhubekayo sezulu ukuhluka. Kungaba credibly zithi kwembulunga yathoma khona ngemva Little Ice Age, futhi luqhubeke kuze kube manje.

Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, fixed izinga lokushisa embulungeni yonke isilinganiso iplanethi. Phakathi nekhulu le-20, kube nephutha obandayo okuncane, okuyinto yayingakuthinti isimo sezulu iyonke. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-70s futhi baba ukufudumala. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule kuye kwanda ngamaphesenti 0.74 degrees izinga lokushisa embulungeni yonke Zomhlaba. Ukwanda eliphezulu kakhulu le nkomba sabhalwa ngo-30 adlule eminyakeni.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu oluthinta ngqo isimo izilwandle. Global lokushisa kuyanda kuholela ukunwetshwa amanzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela nokwandisa amazinga. Futhi ukuza izinguquko amaphethini kwezulu, kona okungaholela nomthelela ukugeleza emifuleni kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa.

Ngokusho kokuma, ezingeni kwezilwandle zokugcina 100 eminyakeni lande ngamaphesenti 5 cm. I Ukushisa, ososayensi besimo sezulu baye exhumene ukwanda kwe-carbon dioxide okuhlushwa kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo Isivuvu.

nesimo sezulu

Ososayensi baye baqhuba izifundo eminingi eyatholakala futhi waphetha ngokuthi sezulu emhlabeni akuyona kakhulu nje ukushintshwa. yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo ziye phambili kulokhu. Ngokusho umbono owodwa, uma ibanga phakathi Zomhlaba kanye Sun izohlala injalo, kanye nesivinini ukujikeleza kanye engela oluvala amasondo iplanethi, isimo sezulu ngeke sizinzile.

iziphi izici zangaphandle endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu:

1. Ukushintsha emisebeni yelanga kuholela ekuguquleni solar fluxes ngemisebe.
2. Movement kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba kuthinte orography umhlaba, kanye ezingeni olwandle kwase kunyatheliswa.
3. Ukwakheka igesi ebangelwa umkhathi, e-methane ethile ne-carbon dioxide okuhlushwa.
4. Ukushintsha enyakazayo eksisi ukuzungeza.
5. Ukushintsha kwemigomo emzileni iplanethi maqondana ilanga.
6. Lasemhlabeni futhi yabika cosmic.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu kanye nomthelela wakhona isimo sezulu

Izimbangela endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu axhunyaniswa okuhlanganisa neqiniso lokuthi abantu kuwo wonke ukhona, ukugxambukela nemvelo. Kwamahlathi, ovula umhlaba sokufunwa m. P. Transformations kuholele umswakama nomoya nemibandela.

Lapho abantu benze izinguquko ukuze imvelo, nkinga emaxhaphozini, ukudala amachibi yokufakelwa, ukugawula amahlathi kanye ukutshala abasha, ukwakha amadolobha nokunye. N., Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izinkuni inomthelela kakhulu umbuso emoyeni, ebheka ukuthi iqhwa ziyokuwa, njengoba inhlabathi chilled.

izitshalo Green emadolobheni ukunciphisa umthelela emisebeni yelanga, umswakama ukwanda, ukunciphisa umehluko lokushisa ntambama nakusihlwa, ukunciphisa dustiness air.

Uma abantu bagawula amahlathi nasemagqumeni, esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kuholela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Futhi, wanciphisa inani izihlahla incipha izinga lokushisa embulungeni yonke. Nokho, lokhu kusho ukwenyuka lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide emoyeni, okungasekelwe kuphela amuncwa izihlahla, kodwa futhi ngaphezu kwalokho labelwe ngu noqhekeko kwezinkuni. Konke lokhu kuvala isikhala ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni futhi kuholela izithelo zalo.

Umkhakha kanye nomthelela wakhona isimo sezulu

Izimbangela endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu amanga kuphela kwembulunga jikelele, kodwa futhi imisebenzi isintu. Abantu anda lokuhlushwa emoyeni izinto ezifana carbon dioxide, i-nitrous oxide, i-methane, i-ozone tropospheric, hlorftoruglevody. Konke lokhu kugcina kubangele kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini futhi imiphumela ingaba engelapheki.

izitshalo zezimboni Daily ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana emoyeni omningi amagesi ayingozi. izimoto evame ukusetshenziswa engcolisa umkhathi nge emapayipini abo. Abaningi carbon dioxide imiswe phakathi neminyaka omlilo of amafutha namalahle. Ngisho nezolimo kubangela umonakalo ngokuthi umkhathi. Cishe ngo-14% azo zonke amagesi abamba ukushisa has kule kwekhabhoni ensimini. Lokhu Amasimu zilima, nokushiswa imfucuza, evuthayo eyihlanze, umquba, umquba, nemfuyo nokunye. N. Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini lisiza ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela ezishisayo le planethi, kodwa umsebenzi womuntu icacisa lo mphumela ngezinye izikhathi. Futhi kungaholela enhlekeleleni.

Kungani kufanele ngesabe endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu?

U-97% we sezulu emhlabeni bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphela kwento siguqulwe kakhulu past 100 iminyaka. Futhi le nkinga main endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu - kuba imisebenzi yomuntu. Awukwazi thembeke ukutshela kangakanani isimo, kodwa zikhona amaningi izizathu ukukhathazeka:

1. Thina Kuzodingeka Dweba nebalazwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma izinguzunga zeqhwa ancibilike Arctic angunaphakade Antarctic, emelela cishe 2% kwemithombo yamanzi global, amazinga olwandle bayovuka 150 amamitha. Ngokusho Ososayensi anolaka ukubikezela ukuthi Arctic kuyoba ice-free ehlobo lika-2050. Vuma amadolobha eziningi ezisogwini, eziningi esiqhingini uthi uzonyamalala ngokuphelele.
2. Usongo lwezigebengu indlala emhlabeni wonke. Kakade labantu emhlabeni kuyinto abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa. Eminyakeni 50 ezayo kulindeleke ukuthi labantu kuyoba angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu amanye amabili. Uma lokhu kwanda khona ubude bempilo kanye aphansi ukufa kwezinsana izinga e 2050 ukudla kuyodingeka ngu-70% ngaphezu izibalo zamanje. Ngaleso sikhathi, ezindaweni eziningi angase enezikhukhula. Ukwanda lokushisa uzoguqula ithafa eliwugwadule. Izitshalo asengozini.
3. Ukuqeda phambili Arctic nase-Antarctic ukuphuma global-carbon dioxide ne-methane. Ngaphansi ice okuphakade omningi amagesi abamba ukushisa. Lapho engena umoya, zikhulisa Isivuvu, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi ngesintu.
4. Ocean acidification. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu isikhutha is imali olwandle, kodwa ukuthi supersaturation igesi kuyoholela namachibi amanzi. Industrial Revolution kuye kwaholela ekwandeni namachibi ka 30%.
5. nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Yiqiniso, yokuqothulwa kuyinqubo engokwemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa muva nje yokuqothulwa izilwane eziningi kakhulu futhi izitshalo, futhi isizathu salokhu - imisebenzi isintu.
6. Extreme sezulu imicimbi. Ukufudumala komhlaba isiholele enhlekeleleni. Isomiso, izikhukhula, iziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ama-tsunami - ke uthola kakhudlwana futhi babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe. Manje zesimo sezulu esibi wabulala abantu 106.000 ngonyaka, futhi leli nani kuphela zikhule.
7. Kwesiphetho izimpi. Nesomiso kanye nezikhukhula uzoguqula izifunda lonke ku kungahlaleki, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abantu uyobheka ithuba lokusinda. Qala empini yase-imithombo.
8. Ukushintsha yolwandle. The main "heater" Europe Gulf Stream - wamanje efudumele egeleza kanye Atlantic Ocean. Kakade ngalesi uwela phansi esikhulu nokushintsha indlela yayo. Uma inqubo uyaqhubeka, Europe kuyoba ngaphansi ungqimba kweqhwa. Emhlabeni wonke, ngeke kube inkinga enkulu nge sezulu.
9. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu isivele kubiza izigidi zezigidi. Akwaziwa kangakanani kungaba ukwandisa le nombolo uma zonke izoqhubeka.
10. Hacking Earth. Akekho ongabikezela kangakanani ukushintsha iplanethi yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ososayensi basungula izindlela ukuvimbela izimpawu. Omunye wabo Uphonsa esiningi sulphur emkhathini. Lokhu kuzokwenza belingisa omkhulu umphumela kuqhuma futhi kuholele Ukupholisa ngomoya iplanethi ngenxa ukuvaleka elangeni. Akwaziwa ukuthi yini umthelela walesi simiso empeleni ukuthi isintu kuzokwenza kube sibi kakhulu.

I-UN Convention

Ohulumeni emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke sina besaba lokho kungase kube nemiphumela endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Framework Convention - Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 edlule, isivumelwano samazwe yasungulwa iZizwe Ezihlangene on Climate Change. Lapha sibheka zonke izinyathelo kungenzeka ukuvimbela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Manje EMhlanganweni iye samukelwa ngokomthetho amazwe 186, kuhlanganise naseRussia. Bonke ababambiqhaza umahluko ngemacembu 3: ngokuphakeme ezimbonini emazweni athuthukile, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye namazwe athuthukayo.

I-UN Convention on Climate Change elwa zokunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa ukwanda emkhathini futhi kuqiniswa okwengeziwe izinkomba. Lokhu kungafezwa noma ngokwandisa ama-greenhouse gases ukugeleza emkhathini noma ukwehla ekushayweni kwabo. Ukuze samuntu okokuqala udinga inqwaba ihlathi abasha, okuzokwenza okumunca isikhutha emkhathini futhi samuntu yesibili kuyofezwa uma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Zonke samukelwa ngokomthetho ezweni bangavuma ukuthi izwe kuyinto kwesimo sezulu embulungeni yonke. I-UN ilungele ukuba zenze konke ezingakwenza ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela isiteleka esondelayo emkhathizwe.

Abaningi emazweni iqhaza e komhlangano, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kuyoba ephumelela kunazo amaphrojekthi ngokuhlanganyela kanye nezinhlelo. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150 imisebenzi enjalo. Ngokusemthethweni, Russia has 9 izinhlelo ezinjalo, futhi ngokwethukela - 40.

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1997, i-Convention on Climate Change wasayina Kyoto olandelwayo, okuyinto sinquma ukuthi umnotho inguqulelo bazinikela ukunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa. Protocol iye samukelwa ngokomthetho amazwe angu-35.

Izwe lethu futhi bahlanganyela ukusebenza kwalesi Protocol. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu Russia kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi inani lezinhlekelele zemvelo liye laphindeka kabili. Ngisho noma sicabanga ukuthi insimu kwamahlathi Boreal zitholakala, abakwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke amagesi abamba ukushisa igesi. Kuyadingeka ukuba ngcono futhi kuthuthukise ihlathi zemvelo, bafeze imisebenzi emikhulu ukuze kuncishiswe kwekhabhoni emabhizinisini ezimbonini.

Izibikezelo yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke

Ingqikithi yalo ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze kuba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngokwe okubi kakhulu kulindeleke ukuba eminye imisebenzi womuntu engenangqondo kungandisa sokushisa koMhlaba ngezithuba 11 degrees. ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzoba engelapheki. Ukujikeleza Slow planethi uzofa abaningi izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki. Umhlaba amazinga olwandle bayovuka kangangokuba uzobe ukhungethwe iziqhingi eziningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini. Gulf zokusakaza angeke ashintshe inkambo yayo, okuyoholela entsha Little Ice Age e-Europe. Ingabe kwenzeke okwandile izinhlekelele, izikhukhula, iziphepho, izivunguvungu, isomiso, ama-tsunami nokunye. N. Ingabe siqale encibilika ice e-Arctic nase-Antarctica.

Ukuze isintu, ngemiphumela engaba inhlekelele. Ngaphandle isidingo siqhubeke siphila ezimweni of anomalies zemvelo oqinile kubantu eziningi nezinye izinkinga. Ikakhulukazi, inani lakhuphuka izifo zenhliziyo, izifo zemigudu yokuphefumula nesifo, iziyaluyalu ezingokwengqondo, izifo uqale. Ingabe uzizwa i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu ukudla nokuphuza amanzi.

Yini okumelwe uyenze?

Ukuze ugweme imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kumelwe siqale ukunciphisa izinga abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Humanity kumelwe uthuthele imithombo emisha amandla, okuyinto kufanele kube ephansi carb futhi ivuselelwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphambi umphakathi wezwe lonke uyovuka ngqo le nkinga, njengoba umthombo esetshenziswa namuhla - zokubasa amaminerali - non-ivuselelwe. ososayensi Ngolunye usuku kuzodala entsha, ubuchwepheshe ngempumelelo.

Kuyadingeka ukunciphisa izinga carbon dioxide emkhathini nokusiza nale can izindawo WOKUTSHALA IZIHLAHLA kuphela.

Ufuna ukusebenzisa imizamo esiphezulu ekulinganiseni izinga lokushisa embulungeni yonke Emhlabeni. Kodwa ngisho noma asisho aphumelele, abantu kufanele azame sifinyelele nomthelela othize yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.