Umthetho wokuphatha we-Russian Federation

Izinkimbinkimbi zezenzo ezijwayelekile, ezilawula ubudlelwane bomthetho wezokuphatha, zakha umthetho ofanayo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zemibhalo esemthethweni. . Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe lokho umthetho wezokuphatha we-Russian Federation .

Isakhiwo

включает в себя: Noma yikuphi - umthetho wezomthetho, wezobugebengu, wezokuphatha uhlanganisa:

1. Izenzo eziyisisekelo. Kubo, okokuqala, uMthethosisekelo kanye nemibhalo yombuso (CoAP, uMthetho we-Federal "On State Service", i-FKZ "KuHulumeni", njll) kufakiwe.
2. Izenzo ezihlobene namanye amagatsha omthetho, noma kunjalo, ezakhiweni zawo zinemithetho elawula ubudlelwane bomthetho. Ngokuyinhloko, zifaka amaHlathi, iNtela, Amakhodi Amasiko.
3. Izenzo zomhlaba wonke ezandisa umthelela wazo kule ndawo yobuhlobo.

Izinhlamvu zemithombo

, ученые констатируют их значительную подвижность. Ukuhlaziya umthetho wokuphatha kanye nomthetho wokuphatha , ososayensi bathi ukuhamba kwabo okukhulu. Kubangelwa ikakhulukazi yizinguquko ezenzeka esakhiweni somthetho nesenhlangano kahulumeni. Imithombo, lapho ososayensi abangenabo ubunye emibonweni yabo, bafaka izibonelo zomthetho. Ngokuyinhloko, yizinqumo zeNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo kanye ne-Presidium yoMkhandlu Ophakeme. Zinikezwe uhlamvu olujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, abanalo incazelo yokuzimela futhi benze isikhathi eside uma izenzo zihunyushwa ngazo lezi zandulela. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo zibophezela. Zisetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokuzimela, kubandakanya ezimweni zokusebenzisa ukufaniswa komthetho. Lezi zinqumo zibhekwa njengeyokugcina, azikwazi ukunqotshwa ngokuphinde zamukele lesi senzo noma isimiso esithile esivumelana noMthethosisekelo. Zenza ngokushesha futhi kufanele zishicilelwe ezincwadini ezisemthethweni.

Uma sicabanga ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo njengabathwali bezomthetho, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi ziphathelene nenkululeko kanye nezithakazelo zabahlanganyeli abahlukene emphakathini. Bakha kabusha amalungiselelo ayo, okuhambisana nokubheka okudingekayo lapho izifundo zisebenzisa isimo sabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukujwayelekile kwalezi zenzo kunomqondo ohlukile ekuqondeni kwendabuko. Kuzo zonke izinto ezishiwo, singathola isiphetho esilandelayo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ziyimithombo yomthetho, kuhlanganise nomthetho wokuphatha , nomlingiswa ojwayelekile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba bafakwe ohlwini olukhona olubanzi lwamadokhumenti, kwisakhiwo somthetho sombuso.

Izinga lekhono elihlangene

, на которую распространяется действие государственной и региональной власти. Umthetho wokuphatha - i-sphere , ehambisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezifundazwe. Leli lungiselelo lihlelwe ubuciko. 72 soMthethosisekelo. Ngakho-ke, isistimu yezinga elibili lemithetho yokuphatha yenziwa. Ngomqondo obanzi, kuyisethi yezenzo ezisebenza emkhakheni wokuphatha umphakathi, ukulawula kanye nomthethonqubo. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho wokuphatha nokusemthethweni uqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi nemisebenzi uMthethosisekelo ubeka kuzo izihloko zamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo baqondile. Ziyizikhungo zamandla aphezulu.

Izinto ezidingekayo zokubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa

Ngokuvamile, kunezigaba ezine zokuhlinzekwa komthethosisekelo ezinomqondo oqondile wokuphatha nokusemthethweni. Okokuqala kuhlanganisa izenzo ezilungisa inkululeko eyinhloko, imisebenzi yezakhamuzi, ezitholakala emkhakheni wokuphathwa komphakathi. конкретизирует их по двум направлениям. Umthetho wokuphatha weRussia Federation ubacacisa ngezindlela ezimbili. Esokuqala yisimiso somthetho wenkululeko kanye namakhono omthetho womuntu nesakhamuzi. Esiqondeni sesibili, izinyathelo zithathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo.

Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuphatha kanye nomthethonqubo

Zenza isethi yesibili yezinkambiso ezinezinhlamvu zokuphatha. Zikhona ezihlokweni ezingaphezu kuka-10 zoMthethosisekelo. конкретизирует их в огромном количестве документов. Umthetho wokuphatha weRussia Federation ubacacisa ngenani elikhulu lamadokhumenti. Bakha izikhungo ezizimele nezigaba ezincane. очень тесно связано с конституционными положениями. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulezi ziqondiso imigomo yomthetho wokuphatha ihambisana kakhulu nemibandela yomthethosisekelo. Lokhu kubangelwa okulandelayo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukulawulwa kokusebenza kwesigungu esiphezulu kwenziwa emngceleni nomthethosisekelo.

Ukuhlukana kwezihloko zokubhekisela

Izenzo ezilawula izinkinga zokuzimela ezizimele zezinhlangano zombuso nezifunda zakha i-bloc yesithathu. Zihlanganisa ubuciko. 71-73, kanye no 76-78 womThethosisekelo. центральной и региональной властью. Eqinisweni, lezi zihloko zakha isisekelo sokunquma indawo lapho ukuqaliswa komthetho wokuphatha kwenziwa khona yiziphathimandla eziphakathi nendawo. Bakha imingcele yemisebenzi kahulumeni kanye nezifundo ekuxazululeni izindaba ezihlobene nokulawulwa kobudlelwane. Lezi zimiso zakha izinto ezidingekayo zokuqeda ukukhishwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ekuphathweni kwempahla kahulumeni, ukulawulwa kwezinkonzo zomphakathi, inhlangano kanye nokusebenza kwezikhungo eziphezulu, ukuqinisekisa inkululeko kanye namalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo abantu.

Izikhathi eziphikisanayo

Kumele kuthiwa isakhiwo esivumelanisiwe sezinga ezimbili zomthetho wokuphatha asakhiwanga kuphela ngesisekelo somthethosisekelo. Ukuyidala, izenzo ezikhethekile ziyadingeka, lapho izihloko zokuqhuba amandla emaphakathi nezifundazwe zicacisiwe. Abalobi abaningi babhala ukuthi njengamanje le nkinga ixazululwa kuphela ezingeni lekhodi yeziphambeko zokuphatha. Linikeza incazelo ephelele yamandla kahulumeni emkhakheni wemithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha (Isigaba 1.3 soMthetho). Ezimweni eziningi, izenzo ezinjalo azitholakali, noma lezi zinkinga azilawulwa yizo. Isibonelo yisimiso somsebenzi womphakathi. Ngo-1995, umthetho owasungula izisekelo zawo wamukelwa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ikhono lombuso nezifunda alichaziwe kulo. Ngenxa yalokho, ezenzweni zezifundo kukhona ukuphambuka okuphawulekayo emithethweni yomthethosisekelo elawula imisebenzi yomphakathi.

Izimo ezinzima

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi maduzane inkinga yokunquma umthelela wokulawula womthetho wesifundazwe nesifundazwe wawuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi izenzo zazingekho ukuchazwa kwemigomo "amandla", "isihloko", "ikhono". Namuhla lolu daba luye lwaxazululwa kancane ngokutholwa kwe-Federal Law No. 119. Lichaza izimiso zokuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kwezakhiwo zamandla zesifunda nezesifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, izihloko eziningi zokubhekisela, ezihlobene ngokuqondile nomthetho wokuphatha nezomthetho, zisalokhu ziphathwa kahle.

Isibonelo, ngokusho kwesigatshana "c" se-Article 71 soMthethosisekelo, ukuvikelwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezinkululeko zomuntu nesakhamuzi kungokwalabo okumele kube khona umbuso. Amandla wezifunda asungulwe esigatshaneni "b" se-Art. 72. Ngokusho kokuhlinzekwa, ukufaneleka kwezifunda kubandakanya ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko kanye namalungelo esakhamuzi nomuntu. Kulesi simo, kuphakama umbuzo ozwakalayo. Singawahlukanisa kanjani lawa mandla ngaphandle kwemithethonqubo ngesikhathi esisodwa? должно определять свои гарантии. Lapha kungacatshangwa ukuthi umthetho wezokuphatha wesifunda kufanele unqume ukuqinisekiswa kwawo. Isibonelo, ukwakha imizimba ekhethekile ukusiza umphakathi ekuvikeleni inkululeko nezithakazelo.

Izisekelo zokuqhutshwa komthetho

Zakhiwa yizinhlinzeko ezikhethekile zomthethosisekelo. Okusemqoka kuhloswe ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwezinqubo zomthetho zasendlini ngezindinganiso zesimiso sezomthetho kanye nokwandiswa kweziqinisekiso zomthetho zomuntu ngamunye. Ikakhulukazi, ngokubhekisela ku-Article 46 yoMthethosisekelo. Iqinisekisa bonke ukuvikeleka kwezakhamuzi enkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihloko ezingu-118 no-128 zibalulekile. Lezi zimiso ziphoqelela ukwamukela umthetho obeka imiqondo esemqoka ephathelene nezinqubo zokuphatha, izinqubo ezikhethekile zokubhekana nokuphikisana okuvela ekuhlanganyeleni komthetho.

Izindawo ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa

совершенствуется сегодня в двух аспектах. Namuhla, umthetho wokuphatha uthuthukiswa ngezici ezimbili. Ikakhulukazi, izinkinga zixazululwa:

1. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kohlelo lokubusa.
2. Ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwangempela kwamalungelo abantu emkhakheni wegunya eliphezulu.

Isixazululo sombuzo wokuqala sidinga ukuvunyelwa kwesethi yezinyathelo ezikhethekile. . Kufanele kuhloswe ekuthuthukiseni ukulawulwa kwezimboni ezithile ezakha umthetho wokuphatha . Izinyathelo, ikakhulukazi, kufanele zigxile ekulawuleni isimo sezinhlaka zikahulumeni, izinkonzo zomphakathi, izindlela nezindlela zikahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho ephathelene nalezi zinhlobo zokusebenzisana kwezenhlalakahle ukuthi, ngokusho komthethosisekelo, kufanele zilawulwe yi-Federal Law, kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlaka lomthetho

Ukuxazulula le nkinga kuhilela ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo eziqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokuvikelwa kwezakhamizi, kanye nabangane babo ezivela ezinqumweni ezingekho emthethweni nezenzo zamagunya omphakathi, izikhulu, kanye nabasebenzi bomasipala nabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, noma yikuphi ukwephulwa komthetho wokuphatha kufanele kumiswe. Ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka, okokuqala, ukuthuthukisa isikhungo sezinqumo ezikhangayo nezenzo zamathuluzi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukudala izimo ezifanele lapho ilungelo lazakhamuzi ukuzivikela enkantolo lizosetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunesidingo sokuqinisa indima yeziphathimandla ezicubungula izikhalazo. Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu kulezi ziqondiso ukusekwa kwesakhiwo sobulungiswa bokuphatha. Kuyindlela yokwenza izinkantolo zixazulule izingxabano mayelana nokuvikelwa okuqondile kwenkululeko kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho.

Elements of the Institute

Ubulungiswa bokuphatha kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili: inqubo kanye nempahla. Kusukela kulo mbono, umthethonqubo kufanele uqinisekise:

1. Ukwethulwa kwemithetho ekhethekile yezinqubo zomthetho - inqubo ekhethekile yokuxazululana izingxabano, ngokucabangela imininingwane yabo.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa komthetho ngesakhiwo sezindikimba ngokwemvelo yabo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezifundo zabo, uhlelo lwangaphakathi.

Phakathi kwabasebenzi basekhaya kanye nososayensi, umqondo wendlela ekhethekile yokuhlelwa kobulungiswa sekuye kwasakazeka kakhulu. Abalobi abaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo baqhubeka besesidingo sokuxazulula le nkinga ngezigaba. Ngokuyinhloko, kwaphakanyiswa ukuba kwenziwe izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinkantolo zamandla okuphatha amacala okuphatha, bese uveza izimo ezifanele.

Inqubo yokuphatha

Njengamanje, i-CAS iyasebenza. Noma kunjalo, ngokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwayo akukabi kakhulu. Isigaba esilandelayo se-Code of Offenses Offenses sisetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abalobi abahlukene bahumusha izincazelo ezahlukene zomqondo we "inqubo yokuphatha" ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Ngokuyinhloko, kusho:

1. Umsebenzi omuhle wokuphatha weziphathimandla zikahulumeni, ugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi kanye namalungelo abo. Ichazwe ngezinqubo ezehlukene.
2. Umsebenzi wokuphatha-wegunya. Ingqikithi yayo ukuxazulana izingxabano bese kusebenza izinyathelo zokuphoqelela.
3. Izinqubo zomthetho zokuphatha.

Isiphetho

Idalwe ngesisekelo soMthethosisekelo, umthetho wokuphatha usebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwezinhlinzeko zalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, okwamanje kunezinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululwa. Zixhunywe nokusetshenziswa kwezinkambiso, nokuvikelwa kwezinhlangano nezakhamuzi ezivela ezinqumweni ezingekho emthethweni nezinyathelo zeziphathimandla zomphakathi. Konke lokhu kubeka phambili umsebenzi omkhulu weziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezifundazwe. Njengamanje, izinyathelo ezithile zithathwe kakade ukuxazulula izinkinga zezindaba. Ngokuyinhloko, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, i-CAS yamukelwa. Ukusebenza kulo kwakuqhutshwa emaqenjini ahlomile. Ikhodi Yendlela Yokuphatha ibeka izinhlinzeko ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, zihlobene nendawo, indawo ehambelanayo, igunya eliphansi lezingxabano, isimo sabahlanganyeli ekuqhutshweni, izici zobufakazi kanye nesisekelo sobufakazi. Ikhodi ihlinzekela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha, isungula inqubo yokubuyekeza nokubukeza amacala, kuhlanganise nalabo ahlobene nohlobo oluthile lobuhlobo bomthetho womphakathi.